Immunity

The following are steps in phagocytosis: (1) Bacterium is digested by lysosomal enzymes; (2) phagocyte approaches bacterium; (3) phagocytic vesicle fuses with lysosome; and (4) phagocyte engulfs bacterium, forming a phagocytic vesicle. In which order do these steps occur?

2-4-3-1

Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____.

B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells

B lymphocytes mature in the ________.

Bone marrow

Which of the following is associated with the specific defenses of the body?

Cell-meditated immunity

Which of the following are proteins in the blood, which when activated can lyse bacterial cells, mark other bacterial cells for destruction, and enhance inflammation?

Complement

Why do some physicians advise patients with a bladder infection to drink a lot of cranberry juice?

Cranberry juice makes the urine more acidic, decreasing the rate at which microorganisms can grow and reproduce.

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?

Cytotoxic T cells

T or F: Viral infections can usually be treated with antibiotics.

False

_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages.

Helper T cells

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?

Humoral Immunity

filters microorganisms and cellular debris from lymph

Lymph Node

Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium?

Macrophage

B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____.

Plasma cells

Which of the following is a benefit of resident bacteria?

Resident bacteria can out-compete harmful bacteria and lower the incidence of infection.

removes microorganisms and old red blood cells from the blood

Spleen

Which immune system cell must be presented with antigen by an antigen-presenting cell such as a macrophage, in order to become appropriately activated?

T lymphocyte

What do lysozyme, keratin, and mucus have in common?

They are all part of the first line of defense.

secretes hormones important in the maturation of T cells

Thymus

filters out microorganisms that enter the throat by food or air

Tonsil

T or F: Prions are infectious proteins that cause normal proteins in the brain to misfold.

True

When comparing viruses and bacteria, which one of the following statements is CORRECT?

Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material.

A specific antibody will bind to __________.

a specific antigen

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?

an antigenic determinant

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?

cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they both __________.

contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid

Which one of the following enables T helper cells to stimulate and activate other cells of the immune response?

i

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins __________.

identify a body cell as "self"

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?

innate external defenses

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?

innate internal defenses

DiGeorge syndrome is a congenital disease that results in a poorly developed, nonfunctioning thymus gland. Which of the following would be a likely problem experienced by a baby with DiGeorge syndrome?

lack of T cells

The primary immune response is __________.

less effective than the secondary immune response

transports lymph in the body

lymphatic vessel

Tears and saliva contain ________, an enzyme that kills bacteria.

lysozyme

The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from

mast cells

Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response?

memory cells

Which of the following leukocytes kills its target cells, such as cancer cells or virus-infected cells, by releasing chemicals that break down the target cell membrane?

natural killer cells

The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response.

perforin ... cell-mediated

What cells make antibodies?

plasma B cells

Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies?

plasma cells

Which of the following pathogenic agents cause a self-propagating misfolding of proteins in nerve cells?

prions

The spleen __________.

removes damaged red blood cells from circulation

Viral DNA makes mRNA by the process of _____.

transcription