immunizations and infectious diseases, milestones, and respiratory quizlet

What are the LIVE VIRUSES?

-Varicella -Influenza -MMR -Rotavirus

-Pulls up to stand, walks holding on to furniture ("cruising") -Birth weight triples -BIrth length increased by 50% -Anterior fontanel closes -Walks without support (≅1 year - 15 months)

1 YEAR

A 6-month-old infant is receiving his immunizations. What needle length is the most appropriate for the vaccines? 1" needle, 22-25 gauge 1"-1¼" needle, 22-25 gauge ⅝" needle, 22-25 gauge

1" needle, 22-25 gauge

The nurse is teaching a 9-year-old child with asthma how to use a metered-dose-inhaler (MDI). Place the instructions in the appropriate order. All options must be used. Rinse mouth with water Take a slow deep breath and hold for 10 seconds Shake MDI and attach it to spacer Exhale completely Deliver one puff of medication into spacer Place lips tightly around the mouth piece Deliver one puff of medication into spacer

1. Shake MDI and attach it to spacer 2. Exhale completely 3. Place lips tightly around the mouth piece 4. Deliver one puff of medication into spacer 5. Take a slow deep breath and hold for 10 seconds 6. Rinse mouth with water

-Sorts shapes and colors -Follows 2-step directions -Handedness established -Uses fork -Testing limits, tantrums, negativism ("no!") possessive ("mine!") -Achieves 50% of adult height -Erikson Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt -Spectator/Onlooker Play moving into Parallel Play -Piaget Preoperational Stage

2 YEARS

How much oxygen is present in room air? _____ percent

21%

-Pedals Trike -Undresses -Toilet trained -Up stairs using alternating feet -Role play "pretending" -Why questions -All baby teeth in -Erikson Initiative vs. Guilt -Associate Play

3 YEARS

-Balances on one foot -Skips -Draws person (10 body parts) -Counts to 10 accurately and recites ABCs by rote -Follows group rules -Games with rules -Ties shoes -Dresses self

5 YEARS

Which drug is usually given first in the emergency treatment of an acute, severe asthma episode in a young child? A. Singulair (Montelukast) B. Short-acting β2 agonist C. Leukotriene modifiers D. Inhaled corticosteroids

B. Short-acting β2 agonist

pink eye, a highly contagious infection is also known as

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

A nurse who is caring for a 2-day-old neonate suspects that the infant has cystic fibrosis. What early sign of this disorder did the nurse identify? A. Unstable body temperatures B. Airway irritability C. Meconium ileus D. Meconium stool at birth

C. Meconium ileus

A 3-year-old boy in respiratory distress is treated in the emergency department. A diagnosis of acute spasmodic laryngitis (spasmodic croup) is made. At the time of discharge, the mother asks how to handle another attack at home. What should the nurse recommend? A. Offering him warm tea sweetened with honey B. Bringing him to the emergency department C. Placing him near a cool-mist humidifier D. Giving him over the counter cough syrup

C. Placing him near a cool-mist humidifier

A mother arrives at the hospital emergency department with her child, in whom a diagnosis of epiglottitis is documented. Which prescription, if written by the health care provider, should the nurse question? A. RN to obtain axillary temperatures. B. Administer humidified oxygen. C. RN to obtain throat culture D. Administer acetaminophen for fever.

C. RN to obtain throat culture

What are the characteristics of Rhonchi?

Continuous, snoring, low pitched sounds heard through inspiration, may clear with coughing.

This vaccine prevents the respiratory illness is know for its class whooping cough

DTAP or Pertussis

What allergy would prevent a child or an adult from receiving influenza and MMR

EGG ALLERGY, gelatin, neomycin

The X-ray shows which respiratory disease?

Epiglottis

-Cries in different ways to show hunger, pain, or being tired -Reaches for toy with one hand -Holds head steady, unsupported (Head lag should be gone) -Moro reflex has disappeared

FOUR MONTHS

T/F: CF is a progressive but curable disease

False

The rash appears in 3 stages erythema, cheekily giving a "slap face" appearance

Fifth disease

Which immunization protocol should be followed by a nurse administering a hepatitis B vaccine to an infant whose mother is diagnosed HBsAg-positive during pregnancy?

Give the immune globulin with it within 24 hrs

Which vaccine is used to prevent human papilloma virus infection?

HPV

This vaccine provides protection against polio which is an infection that leads to permanent paralysis

IPV

This is a viral infection that attacks your respiratory system your nose , throat and lungs . Influenza is commonly called the flu, but it's not the same as stomach " flu" viruses that cause diarrhea and vomiting .

Influenza

The nurse is teaching a group of parents about the side effects of vaccines. Which side effect should the nurse include in teaching about the Haemophilus influenzae (Hib) vaccine? Generalized rash Lethargy Low-grade fever Malaise

Low-grade fever

The first sign indicative of cystic fibrosis is likely to be: a. sterility in boys b. delayed puberty in girls c. meconium ileus d. wasting of tissues

Meconium ileus

The parent of a newborn asks a nurse why, except for hepatitis B vaccine, the immunization schedule does not start until the infant is 2 months old. Which response from the nurse is best? "The vaccine will cause the disease in the infant." "Infants younger than 2 months are rarely exposed to infectious disease." "Newborns are not at risk for disease." Passive immunity from the mother will be diminished by age 8 weeks (2 months) and will no longer interfere with the development of active immunity to most communicable diseases."

Passive immunity from the mother will be diminished by age 8 weeks (2 months) and will no longer interfere with the development of active immunity to most communicable diseases."

This is the most common cause of bronchiolitis which is inflammation of the airway in children 1 year of age in the U.S

RSV

A child has been admitted to the pediatric unit with a severe asthma attack. What type of acid-base imbalance should the nurse expect the child to develop?

Respiratory acidosis

T/F: Estimated life expectancy for child born with CF in 2009: 37.4 years

True

Progression of Cystic fibrosis is evident by: a. chronic hypoxemia b. weight gain c. ease of coughing up of secretions d. need for a reduction in vitamin supplements

a. Chronic hypoxemia

what is a likely secondary diagnostic test? a. salt chloride test b. CBC c. EEG d. liver panel

a. salt chloride test

Which play is most typical of the preschool period?

associative

What developmental task should the nurse consider when caring for toddlers?

autonomy

Eventually pancreatic fibrosis occurs and results in: a. increased weight b. low blood sugars c. diabetes mellitus d. none of the above

c. diabetes mellitus

The nurse is assessing an 8-month-old client during a well-child visitWhich assessment finding should the nurse report to the health care provider

closed posterior fontanel

RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) is what precautions?

contact precautions

Maintenance therapy with (?) may improve lung function and reduce hospital admissions: a. multivitamins b. IV antibiotics c. Oral antibiotics d. Aerosolized antibiotics

d. Aerosolized antibiotics

Mumps, pneumonia, and all respiratory diseases are what type of precautions?

droplet precautions

The parent of a 4-year-old boy tells the nurse that the child believes that monsters and boogeymen are in his bedroom at nightWhat is the nurse's best suggestion?

keep a night light on in the child's bedroom

Which developmental milestone would the nurse emphasize while providing safety education to the parents of a 6-month-old infant?

roll over

This infection is an endemic infection caused by mites.

scabies

A nurse teaches the parents of a 1 year old infant that the primary developmental milestone to be accomplished between 12 and 15 months of age is which ability?

walking

This is the type of isolation needed if the child has chicken pox or measles

Airborne

This virus causes this type of hepatitis and spreads through contact with an infected person's stool .

Hep A

This vaccine helps prevent meningitis in children younger than 5 years. Also prevents common cause infections in the ears , lungs , blood , skin , and joints in children .

HiB

This infection can cause meningitis or inflammation in the brain

HiB (in children 5 years or younger) Meningococcal (11, 12, 13)

Which childhood vaccine provides some protection against bacterial meningitis, epiglottitis, and bacterial pneumonia? Influenza Hepatitis B Hib Varicella

Hib

The nurse has provided instructions to the mother of a child with cystic fibrosis about appropriate dietary measures. Should the diet be high in calories or low?

High

What is the characteristic of Wheezing?

High pitched whistling sound, usually heard on expiration and common to asthma. Caused by narrow airways or inflammation.

What are the characteristics of stridor?

High pitched, wheezing sound caused by disrupted airflow from blockage in larynx or trachea.

This highly infectious bacterial infection includes exudate that dries to form heavy, honey-colored crust

Impetigo

A nurse places some x-ray contrast the toddler is to drink in a small cup instead of a large cup. Which concept of a toddler's preoperational thinking is the nurse using?

Inability to conserve

The clinic nurse prepares to administer a measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine to a 5-year-old child. The nurse should administer this vaccine by which method? Intramuscularly in the anterolateral aspect of the thigh Subcutaneously in the gluteal muscle Subcutaneously in the outer aspect of the upper arm Intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle

Subcutaneously in the outer aspect of the upper arm

-Coos, makes urgling sounds -Turns head towards sounds -Posterior fontanel has closed

TWO MONTHS

Which characteristic best describes the language of a 3-year-old child?

Talks incessantly, regardless of whether anyone is listening

An 18-month- old toddler who stepped on a rusty nail is brought to the emergency department a weak later. The nurse determines that the family lives in a rural area and that the toddler has never received health care. The child shows signs of neck and jaw stiffness and facial muscle spasms What disease does the nurse suspect ?

Tetanus

Period of communicability is probably 1 day before eruption of lesions to 6 days after crist crop of vesicles when crust have formed. Vaccine is administered SQ

Varicella- don't get it until 1 year of age (airborne)

Croup, also known as acute laryngotracheobronchitis, is a self-limiting upper airway obstructive disease that affects younger children. Is croup caused by a viral infection or a bacterial infection?__________ infection

Viral

Solitary play (0-2 years)

When a child plays alone and are not interested in playing with others quite yet.

Parallel play (2+ years)

When a child plays alongside or near others but does not play with them

Cooperative play (4+ years)

When a child plays with others and has interest in both the activity and other children involved in playing.

Associate play (3-4 years)

When a child starts to interact with others during play, but there is not much cooperation required. Ex: kids playing on the playground but doing different things.

Spectator/onlooker behavior (2 years)

When a child watches and observes other children playing but will not play with them.

Unoccupied play (0-3 months)

When baby is making movements with their arms, legs, hands, feet, etc. They are learning about and discovering how their body moves.

Which Erikson's developmental stage is specific to toilet training?

autonomy vs shame and doubt

A child presents with vesicles on the buccal mucosa and refuses to take a bottle. The nurse recognizes that this is a common symptom of children who present with ___, ___ and ___ disease.

Hand-foot-mouth

This parasite causes itching, caused by the crawling insect and insect saliva on the skin. Treatment consists of the application of pediculicides and manual removal of nits.

Head lice (Pediculosis capitis)

These disease are seen with measles. They are small, white spots (often on a reddened background) that occur on the inside of the cheeks early in the course of measles.

Koplik spots

The earliest diagnostic evaluation is done when? a. at the 2 month well baby check-up b. with the newborn neonatal screens c. when the child presents with a problem d. none of the above

b. with the newborn neonatal screens

This is a contagious infection caused by a herpes virus called Epstein-Barr

Mononucleosis

T/F: Stagnation of mucus and bacterial colonization result in destruction of lung tissue

True

A child is admitted to the hospital with pneumonia. In addition to ensuring a patent airway, all of the following interventions are appropriate except: A. Exercise B. Rest promotion C. Hydration D. Pain and fever control

A. Exercise

The nurse is assessing a 12 month old healthy infant who weighed 3.6 kg at birth. The nurse would expect the infant to now weight approximately

10.8

The nurse administers an initial dose of HiB vaccine to a 2-month old infant. When should the nurse admit the final dose of the vaccine to the infant?

12-15 months

-Able to throw a ball overhand -Builds towers of 3 or 4 blocks -Imaginative play starts (pretends to feed a stuffed animal) -Walks alone, may walk up stairs and run -Eats with a spoon -Drinks from a cup -Can help undress herself

18 MONTHS

While a 3-month-old infant is at the well-baby clinic for a checkup, the parents express concern that their baby still has a soft spot on the top of the head. The nurse informs the parents that their infant's anterior fontanel will close around what age?

18 months

When does a child achieve 50% of his height?

2 years old

-Hops on one foot -Downstairs alternating feet -Cuts shape with scissors -Tells a story -Counts to 4, knows 4 colors -Cooperative play

4 YEARS

What is the best age for solid food to be introduced into the infant's diet?

4-6 months

A parent asks the nurse "when will my infant start to teethe?" The nurse responds that the earliest age at which an infant begins teething is?

6 months

The nursing student is assigned to administer immunizations to children in a clinic. The student should question whether to administer immunizations to a child with which condition? Mild diarrhea A severe febrile illness A cold Otitis media

A severe febrile illness

A child with laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) is placed in a cool mist tent. The mother becomes concerned because the child is frightened, consistently crying and trying to climb out of the tent. Which is the most appropriate nursing action? A. Let the mother hold the child and direct the cool mist over the child's face. B. Tell the mother that the child must stay in the tent C. all the health care provider and obtain a prescription for a mild sedative. D. Place a toy in the tent to make the child feel more comfortable.

A. Let the mother hold the child and direct the cool mist over the child's face.

Which play item should the nurse bring from the playroom to a hospitalized toddler in isolation? a. Small plastic Lego b. Set of large plastic building blocks c. Brightly colored balloon d. Coloring book and crayons

ANS: B Play objects for toddlers must still be chosen with an awareness of danger from small parts. Large, sturdy toys without sharp edges or removable parts are safest. Large plastic blocks are appropriate for a toddler in isolation. Small plastic toys such as Lego can cause choking or can be aspirated. Balloons can cause significant harm if swallowed or aspirated. Coloring book and crayons would be too advanced for a toddler.

Interpret the following arterial blood gases: PH 7.30, pCO2 59. HCO3- 28: A. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis B. Partially compensated respiratory acidosis C. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis D. Partially compensated metabolic acidosis

B. Partially compensated respiratory acidosis

The emergency department nurse is caring for a child diagnosed with epiglottitis. In assessing the child, the nurse should monitor for which indication that the child may be experiencing airway obstruction? A. The child is leaning backward, supporting himself or herself with the hands and arms. B. The child is leaning forward, with the chin thrust out C. The child has a low-grade fever and complains of a sore throat. D. The child exhibits nasal flaring and bradycardia.

B. The child is leaning forward, with the chin thrust out

During clinical conference, a nursing student is discussing care for a child with a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). Which comment by a student indicates the need for further review of information about CF? A. It is a chronic multisystem disorder affecting the exocrine glands B. This disease causes dilation of the passageways of many organs C. It is a condition transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. D. CF causes mucus that is formed to be abnormally thick.

B. This disease causes dilation of the passageways of many organs

Interpret the following arterial blood gases. PH 7.40, pCO2 40, HCO3- 24: A. Normal B. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis C. Partially compensated respiratory acidosis D. Partially compensated metabolic acidosis

B. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis

The nurse is caring for a client with respiratory tract infection that started with a common cold but has has progressed to whooping cough. The client also has coughing fits that lasts for several minutes. Which organism is responsible for the clients condition?

Bordetella pertussis

What is the characteristic of Crackles?

Bubbling or crackling sound from the base of the lungs. May sound wet or dry, caused by excess fluid in lungs.

The parents of a 4-month-old infant with a diagnosis of acute otitis media and fever ask the nurse about the use of antibiotics to treat this condition. What is the best response by the nurse? A. "Typically antiviral medications are given to treat acute otitis media." B. "Current practice is to wait 72 hours to see whether the condition resolves." C. "Motrin and Tylenol are used to relieve pain, especially in the first 24 hours of infection." D. "Antibiotics are recommended for infants younger than 6 months with confirmed diagnosis of AOM (bulging tympanic membrane, ear pain, fever greater than 102.2 0 F

D. "Antibiotics are recommended for infants younger than 6 months with confirmed diagnosis of AOM (bulging tympanic membrane, ear pain, fever greater than 102.2 0 F)

During a 2 month well visit with a patient and her mother you educate the parent on the most common cause of epiglottitis. You explain to the mother the most common cause of this condition is the _______________. In addition, you explain the _________ vaccine can help prevent most cases of this condition?

H. Influenzae, type B (HiB)

The parents of an 18-month-old toddler are anxious to know why their child has experienced several episodes of acute otitis media. What should the nurse explain to the parents about why infants and toddlers are prone to middle ear infections? A. Young children have short, horizontally positioned eustachian tubes. B. The child's tympanic membrane slants horizontally rather than vertically. C. A child's external canal slants downwards. D. A & B answers are correct E. All answers are correct.

D. A & B answers are correct

The mother of a child with cystic fibrosis (CF) asks the clinic nurse about the disease. What should the nurse tell the mother about CF? A. Transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait B. A disease that causes the formation of multiple cysts in the lungs C. A disease that causes dilation of the passageways of many organs D. A chronic multisystem disorder affecting the exocrine glands

D. A chronic multisystem disorder affecting the exocrine glands

A 4-month-old infant is to receive the second diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis (DTaP) immunization. The nurse reviews the infant's medical history before administering the vaccine. What information in the infant's history will influence the decision whether to administer the vaccine? A. Allergy to eggs B. High fever after the first dose C. Anaphylactic reaction after the first dose D. Both B & C

D. Both B & C (High fever after first dose and anaphylactic reaction after the first dose)

A 6-month-old infant is brought to the emergency department in severe respiratory distress. A diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is made, and the infant is admitted to the pediatric unit. What should be included in the nursing plan of care? A. Place in a warm, dry environment B. Allow parents and sibling to room in with the infant. C. Administer prescribed antibiotic immediately D. Maintain standard and contact precautions

D. Maintain standard and contact precautions

The nurse is caring for an infant with bronchiolitis, and diagnostic tests have confirmed respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). On the basis of this finding, which is the most appropriate nursing action? A. Inform the staff that they must wear a mask, gloves, and a gown when caring for the child. B. Initiate strict enteric precautions. C. Leave the infant in the present room because RSV is not contagious. D. Move the infant to a room with another child with RSV.

D. Move the infant to a room with another child with RSV.

Most cervical cancers are associated with this virus , a sexually transmitted infection

HPV (human papilloma virus)

The vaccine conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is recommended for preventing and decreasing the severity of pneumococcal infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniaeThese invasive infections includes: A. media B. Pneumonia and meningitis C. Sepsis D. Only B & C E. A, B & C

E. A, B & C A. media B. Pneumonia and meningitis C. Sepsis

Which vaccine is used to prevent a human papilloma virus infection?

HPV or Gardasil

Common side effects from the rotavirus vaccine include irritability, mild diarrhea, or vomiting. A small but increased risk for developing __ has been noted after receiving the first dose of rotavirus vaccine

Intussuception

A school-aged child who has cystic fibrosis complains to the nurse about having to undergo chest physiotherapy and wonders why it is necessary. You are the nurse. How do you explain the primary purpose of chest physiotherapy in terms the child can understand?

It helps to break all the yucky stuff inside you so you can cough it up and it wont be so yucky anymore.

What condition does the nurse expect from a bulls eye rash?

Lyme disease

Pregnant women should never get this vaccine

MMR

A child is scheduled to receive immunizations. The child's mother reports to the nurse that the child has been receiving long-term immunosuppressive therapy. The nurse prepares the scheduled immunizations knowing that which vaccine is contraindicated? Hepatitis B MMR (measles-mumps-rubella) Inactivated Poliovirus DTaP (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis)

MMR (measles-mumps-rubella)

Match the vaccines with the correct route. MMR Hepatitis B Rotavirus Influenza, live, attenuated

MMR = Subcutaneous injection Hep B = Intramuscular Rotavirus = oral Influenza, live, attenuated = Intranasally

Koplik spots with small, irregular, red spots with minute, bluish white center first seen on buccal mucosa appear 2 days before rash appears on face and gradually spreads downwards

Measles

-Object Permanence is established -Makes a lot of different sounds like "mamamama" and "bababababa" -Stranger Anxiety at its peak -Sits without support -Pulls to stand -Crawls -Plays peek a boo and patty cake

NINE MONTHS

Bacterial conjunctivitis, a highly infectious condition, is also know as

Pink eye

Giardiasis and __ are two of the most common parasitic infections among children in the United States

Pinworms

The clinic nurse reads the results of a tuberculin skin test (TST) on a 3-year-old child. The results indicate an area of induration measuring 10 mm. The nurse should interpret these results as positive or negative?

Positive

Which vaccine is administered orally in children?

Rotavirus

Also known as German measles, this virus is communicable 7 days before to about 5 days after appearnce of the rash. Pregnant women should NOT receive this vaccination.

Rubella

-Rolls over in both directions (front to back, back to front) -Begins to sit without support (tripod sitting) -Brings objects to midline/Starts moving things from one hand to the other -Plays peek-a-boo -Usually when teething begins -Birth weight doubles

SIX MONTHS

Dermatophytosis, also known as ___ is a fungal infection of the skin. It typically results in a red, itchy, scaly, circular rash

Ringworm

It is usually marked by high fevers followed by a pinkish-red rash on the trunk, limbs, neck and face

Roseola

Early symptoms are fever and vomiting, followed by 3-7 days of watery diarrhea

Rotavirus

You note a 12-month-old is using the fine pincer grasp. Which option below best describes this milestone?

The infant is able to grasp large objects with the palm and thumb.

A client is scheduled for a pulmonary function test. The nurse explains that during the test one of the instructions the respiratory therapist will give the client is to breathe normally. What should the nurse teach is being measured when the client follows these directions?

Tidal volume

T/F: Failure to thrive may be seen in a child with Cystic fibrosis

True

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive trait disorder which means: a. Defective gene was inherited from both parents b. defective gene was inherited from one parent c. neither parent, it just happens

a. Defective gene was inherited from both parents

Medicines to replace the effect of digestive enzymes include all but: a. protonix b. pancreaze c. creon

a. protonix

Which behavior would indicate that one of a toddler's developmental milestones has been achieved?

accepting external limits

measles, varicella, TB are what type of precautions?

airborne precautions

An infant is brought to the clinic for his third diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-acellular pertussis vaccination (DTaP). The mother reports that the infant developed a 99.4°F (37.4°C) temperature after the last DTaP. Which action is most appropriate? a. Withhold the vaccination. b. Administer the vaccination. c. Draw blood for a pertussis titer. d. Notify the health care provider.

b. Administer the vaccination.

Which bite causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever? a. Flea b. Tick c. Mosquito d. Mouse or rat

b. Tick

A child with rubeola (measles) is being admitted to the hospital. In preparing for the admission of the child, the nurse should plan to place the child on which precautions? a. droplet precautions b. airborne precautions

b. airborne precautions

Chronic multisystem disorder characterized by: a. endocrine gland dysfunction b. exocrine gland dysfunction

b. exocrine gland dysfunction

The child's skin will taste... a. sweet b. salty c. bad d. good

b. salty

An infant is being seen in the pediatrician's office for a 2- month-old well-child visit. The nurse encourages the mother to allow the infant to suck on a pacifier during a routine immunization. The nurse explains to the mother that the child is at which stage of Piaget's cognitive development? a. Trust development b. Autonomy development c. Sensorimotor development d. Preconceptual development

c. Sensorimotor development

Presentation is likely to include all except: a. clubbing of fingers and toes b. repeated bronchitis and pneumonia c. cyanosis d. diffuse red raised rash on the chest

d. Diffuse red raised rash on the chest

Which body system does cystic fibrosis NOT directly affect? a. lungs b. pancreas c. GI system d. GU system

d. GU system

Medicine to control the amount and thickness of mucus include all but: a. dnase b. pulmozyme c. acetylcysteine d. albuterol

d. albuterol

Gastrointestinal management includes all the following except: a. Replacement of pancreatic enzymes b. High-protein, high-calorie diet c. relief of intestinal obstruction (ileus) d. colostomy

d. colostomy

Abnormal quantities of fat with the feces due to reduced absorption of fat by the intestine: a. azotorrhea b. obesity c. gastritis d. steatorrhea

d. steatorrhea

High-frequency chest wall obstruction is used to break up secretions. This is also called the: a. the ventilator b. the nebulizer c. the tie d. the vest

d. the vest

Jean Piaget, an early pioneer in psychology believed that magical thinking was a hallmark of the __ stage of cognitive developmentThis is the stage between 2 and 7 years old when children develop language and abstract thought. It is also when they begin symbolic play, "playing pretend"?

pre-operational stage

A nurse is assessing the development of an 9-month-old infant. Which behavior is expected at this age of development?

the infant says mama