Imperialism/Decolonization

Sepoy Mutiny

(1857-1858) During the time of the British East India Company. A rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India. Inspired by the new pork/beef fat cartridges which required biting being issued in the army. This made them feel like the British were trying to eradicate Hindu and Islam in India.

Berlin Conference

(1884-1885) A meeting at which representatives from European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa and made the map of Africa

Indian National Congress

(1885 India) A major political party in India; founded in 1885 to press for greater rights for Indians under British rule, it later became one of the main forces calling for Indian independence.

Social Darwinism

An application of Charles Darwin's scientific theories of natural selection and the survival of the fittest to struggle between nations and races; used in the late 1800s to justify imperialism and racism

French Colonial Independence

Decolonization of Algeria and other french territories.

Why was Pakistan divided into East and West? Where was East Pakistan located? What country did East Pakistan become and what challenges did it experience?

East and West Pakistan were separated by over 1,000 miles and by deep differences in language, religion, and culture. The west was smaller, but controlled the government. Government policies and spending favored the west while the east remained desperately poor. East Pakistan was surrounded by India, the Indian Ocean, and Burma. East Pakistan became Bangladesh. Bangladesh was one of the poorest and most densely populated countries in the world. Most of it is just a few feet above sea level, and destructive floods and storms have often swept the country, killing many people and leading to a widespread famine.

Taiping Rebellion

Followers captured large territories in SE China; by 1853, controlled the city of Nanjing--Defeated in 1864 (more than 20m Chinese killed)

Nationalist Movements

Indian National Congress, Muslim League, Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion

How did Japan deal with Western influences differently than China?

Japan actually sought out certain Western influence, in contrast with China who resisted it as much as possible. Japan identified Western influences that would suit their culture well, and brought them into their culture. Japan selectively brought in culture aspects, whereas China attempted to block it out.

Where is Kashmir? How is the region controlled today?

Kashmir is a region near the northern border between India and Pakistan. Today, Kashmir is still a war zone, with disputes over the sphere of control. India, Pakistan, and China all have land claims here.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Late 40s Leader of the Muslim League in India. Helped created the partition. Was opposed by Gandhi.

Hong Xiuquan

Led the most serious revolt (Taiping rebellion)--believed he was the brother of Jesus. He wanted to create the "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace" where no one is poor.

Sun Yatsen

Nationalist who firmly believed in China as a democracy (nationalism, democracy, people's livelihood--> possible set up for communism)

What domestic challenges did Pakistan face? What outside threats did they face from India?

Pakistan faced the domestic challenges of government instability. Pakistan has had many ethnic and religious conflicts since the civil war, as well as conflicts about the role of Islam in the government. Many leaders have put in place regimes that have since fallen, and Pakistan has been home to many overthrows of the government. Pakistan has faced the threat of a nuclear India, with whom relations have always been a least tense. Also, hostility between Hindus and Muslims causes much conflict and fighting.

Nationalism

Sense of pride and devotion to one's nation.

What religions exist in India? How did this affect independence? Who led the various religious groups? Did their fighting end after India's independence? If not, why? Who died as a result of this conflict and why?

The religions that exist in India are Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. This affected independence because as Indian independence rose, so did religious tensions. Muslims feared that democratic India would be dominated by the large Hindu population, and believed that Indian Muslims needed a separate nation in order to protect their rights. The Muslim League formed a partition. Muhammad Ali Jinnah led the Muslims, and Jawaharlal Nehru led the Hindus. The fighting didn't end after India's independence because the partition created religious conflict throughout the region, causing a million people to meet their deaths. Gandhi was a victim too, shot by a fellow Hindu who thought that he had sacrificed the Hindu values.

British Colonial Independence

decolonization of Africa (Ghana (Kwame Nkrumah) prison and becoming prime minister and stuff).

Jawaharlal Nehru

(1889-1964 India) The Prime Minister of India following the independence movement in India. A Hindu leader and father of the next Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, he died in 1964. *First Prime Minister of India* He believed in the improvement of women's rights, and equal rights, no matter one's religion.

Muslim League

(1900's) Created in the 1880s and led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, this league called for a partition or division of India and the creation of separate Muslim and Hindu countries. Violence occurred between Muslims and Hindus in the early 1940's, British leaders decided the partition was the best way to ensure a safe and stable region. India was divided into separate Hindu and Muslim nations.

Indira Gandhi

(1950s) Daughter of Nehru, elected prime minister for four years two years before Nehru died. She sent Indian troops (1984) to stop a Sikh movement where Sikh militants occupied the Golden Temple. Thousands were killed- Sikhs were enraged. Since they were all enraged, Indira's Sikh bodyguards assassinated her. Because of this assassination an anti-Sikh wave killing a couple more thousand, started.

What two courses of actions resulted as a response Britain's presence in China?

1.Nationalist movements a.Taping rebellion (1850) 1) Hong Xuiquan—brother of Jesus Christ. 2) Largest rebellion and following (20 mil dead) b.Boxer rebellion (1899) 1) Harmonious Fists—restoration of China's glory. 2) Attacked missionaries and Christian's. 2.Attempted reforms by Qing a.Reforms made to compete/cooperate with Western ideals: 1) Technological i. Railways ii. Coal 2) Adoption of Western language i. Opposed by nationalists scholars 3) Reforms come too late **Also leads to economic involvement by France, Russia, and United States (Open Door Policy)

Boxer Rebellion

1899, The harmonious fists were trying to keep the western reformers out of China. The goal of the rebellion was to restore china's glory. This included attacking missionaries and christians. Basically attacking anything that was western. The Qing dynasty tried to cooperate. with the western ideas by building railways, coal mines, and adopting western languages. but by the time the reformers came, it was too late.

Punjab Incident

1984 a small group of Sikhs occupied the Golden Temple Indira Gandhi ordered Indian troops to drive the militants out of the temple. When troops attacked the shrine, hundreds of people were killed. As a result, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her bodyguards for sending in Indian troops, making her seem like she was inti-Sikh.

Kashmir

A small country surrounded by India Pakistan, and China. Kashmir was fought over because of cultural, religious, and language differences. Not only that, but the borders of India and Pakistan had not been clearly defined and because of Kashmir being a city of interest, India and Pakistan began to fight over it. China then saw this conflict as an opportunity to claim more land. Today, Kashmir is divided between China, Pakistan, and India.

What challenges did independent India face? What was their response to the Cold War? Who was Indira Gandhi and what challenges did she face? What happened in the region of Punjab in 1984?

Independent India faced challenges when Great Britain left, they left behind two independent nations, Pakistan and India. Hindus mainly occupied India, and Muslims Pakistan. So when these two countries were formed, people crossed the sub-continent to be with their religious and ethnic groups. these migrations led to serious ethnic conflicts, leaving over a million dead. After these troubles, India responded to the Cold War by staying neutral and not taking a side, focusing on economic development instead. Indira gandhi was the daughter of Jawarharlal Nehru, who took office as India's prime minister in 1966. One of her biggest challenges was a Sikh independence movement in the indian state of Punjab in 1984. She ordered Indian troops to drive the rebels out of the temple. They did, killing many and damaging the temple's holy scripts and temples. This caused outrage among the Sikhs, including Indira's bodyguards who then assassinated her.

Why did so many African countries gain independence in the 1950s and 1960s? Were their experiences similar or different?

So many African countries gained their independence then because it was right after WWII, which was a war fought for independence and freedom. Many of the powers who were controlling Africa were the powers fighting for the Allies in the war, and therefore felt hypocritical fighting for freedom and occupying these countries.

What changes and improvements have been made in India since the 1990's?

The Indian government loosened its controls on many industries and reduced its trade barriers, which helped encourage the growth of new businesses. Service industries, particularly information technology and the customer service industry, have expanded rapidly. In these recent years, the Indian economy has grown at a remarkable rate.

Open Door Policy

Understood economic foreign policy in which the US could still continue free trade with china no matter who was in power

How did WWII lead to the independence movement in India? Who was Mohandas Gandhi? How did he help/lead in the movement toward independence? In what year did India officially become independent?

WWII led to the independence movement of India because at the start of the war, the British had informed India that Indians would have to fight for the Allies. Many were furious with the British because they were being forced to fight for Democracy while being denied their own independence. Mohandas Gandhi was a prominent leader of Indian National Congress in British-ruled India. He began the "Quit India" campaign, which was a nonviolent protest that aimed to drive the British from India. India officially became independent in 1947.