Inart 50Z

White noise

(1/.5f1) or a mean frequency of .5

pink noise

(1/f1) or a mean frequency of 1

Brownian noise

(1/f2) or a mean frequency of 2

swing

(stylistic rhythmic placement), or the relative timing between two performers do not scale proportionally (i.e. they do not maintain relative ratios).

2/2

2 beats in a measure and one half note equals a beat

3/4

3 beats in a measure and one quarter note equals a beat

grace note

A grace note is a kind of music notation denoting several kinds of musical ornaments. It is usually printed smaller to indicate that it is melodically and harmonically nonessential. When occurring by itself, a single grace note normally indicates the intention of an acciaccatura.

Forward Masking

A louder sound can raise the audibility threshold of another sound that is played within 100-200 ms later.

major and minor scale

A major scale is a scale in which the third scale degree (the mediant) is a major third above the tonic note. In a minor scale, the third degree is a minor third above the tonic.

semitone

A semitone, also called a half step or a half tone

Auto-Tune

Auto-Tune (or autotune) is an audio processor introduced in 1997 by and registered trademark of Antares Audio Technologies,[4] which uses a proprietary device to measure and alter pitch in vocal and instrumental music recording and performances.[5] It was originally intended to disguise or correct off-key inaccuracies, allowing vocal tracks to be perfectly tuned despite originally being slightly off-pitch.

auto correlation

Autocorrelation, also known as serial correlation, is the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself as a function of delay. Informally, it is the similarity between observations as a function of the time lag between them

Drut

Drut (द्रुत; also called drut laya) is the concluding section, in fast tempo (or laya), between 160 and 320 beats per minute, of the performance of a vocal raga in Hindustani classical music.

group theory

In mathematics and abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups. The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such as rings, fields, and vector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additional operations and axioms.

scale

In music theory, a scale is any set of musical notes ordered by fundamental frequency or pitch. A scale ordered by increasing pitch is an ascending scale, and a scale ordered by decreasing pitch is a descending scale.

Triad

In music, a triad is a set of three notes (or "pitch classes") that can be stacked vertically in thirds. Typically consists of the root, third, and fifth

interval class cycles

In music, an interval cycle is a collection of pitch classes created from a sequence of the same interval class. In other words, a collection of pitches by starting with a certain note and going up by a certain interval until the original note is reached. c minor, b major, etc

consonance and dissonance

In music, consonance and dissonance are categorizations of simultaneous or successive sounds. Within the Western tradition, consonance is typically associated with sweetness, pleasantness, and acceptability; dissonance is associated with harshness, unpleasantness, or unacceptability although this depends also on familiarity and musical expertise

ornamentation

In music, ornaments or embellishments are musical flourishes—typically, added notes—that are not essential to carry the overall line of the melody

Measure

In musical notation, a bar (or measure) is a segment of time corresponding to a specific number of beats in which each beat is represented by a particular note value and the boundaries of the bar are indicated by vertical bar lines.

Musical intervals

It refers to the amount each successive note is played. The smallest growth is a semitone and can be larger depending on ratio. for examples The notes can be increased by a third or fifth.

jhaptal

Jhaptal is a tala of Hindustani music. It presents quite a different rhythmical structure from Teental, unlike which it is not symmetrical. It is used in madhyalay (medium-tempo) Khyal. Jhaptal is a 10-beat pattern used in raga exposition. It has ten beats in four divisions (vibhag), of 2-3-2-3, the third of which is the khali, or open division. To follow the tal the audience clap on the appropriate beat, which in jhaptal is beats 1, 3 and 8 (the first beat in each full division). A wave of the hand indicates beat 6, the first beat of the khali section. Series of Claps and Waves: clap, 2, clap, 2, 3, wave, 2, clap, 2, 3

Madhya

Madhya Pradesh is a state of India. Music from the area includes rural folk and tribal music, ceremonial and ritual music and Indian classical music. Unlike in many parts of India, the people of Madhya Pradesh place few restrictions on who can sing which songs. With the exception of some ritualistic works, people sing songs from across ethnic and racial boundaries.

meantone temperament

Meantone temperament is a musical temperament, that is a tuning system, obtained by slightly compromising the fifths in order to improve the thirds. Meantone temperaments are constructed the same way as Pythagorean tuning, as a stack of equal fifths, but in meantone each fifth is narrow compared to the perfect fifth of ratio 3:2.

Basilar membrane

Membrane along the center of the cochlea that vibrates in response to mechanical energy received from the ossicles

masking

Phenomenon by which one sound renders another inaudible; frequency-domain masking describes how sounds at a given frequency raise the threshold of hearing for sounds near in frequency; time-domain masking describes how a sound can mask another sound arriving shortly after(even before_

equal loudness curves

Plot of intensity levels over the range of audible frequencies that shows how intensity levels need to be adjusted to maintain a constant perceived loudness. Equal-loudness curves show how frequency dependent loudness is.

Nicole Oresme

Proved the Merton Rule of uniform acceleration. (see oxford calculators for definition)

Critical band

Range of basilar-membrane real estate displaced by a stimulus tone; refers to the range of hair cells that are excited when a stimulus tone sounds. Each point along the basilar membrane responds at maximum excitation to a given frequency but is excited to a lesser degree when neighboring cells are excited. A sound at a given frequency excites nerves belonging to a range of frequencies.

Rhythm

Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός, rhythmos, "any regular recurring motion, symmetry"—Liddell and Scott 1996) generally means a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions" (Anon. 1971, 2537). This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time can apply to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or frequency of anything from microseconds to several seconds (as with the riff in a rock music song); to several minutes or hours, or, at the most extreme, even over many years.

Squillo

Squillo is the resonant, trumpet-like sound in the voices of opera singers. It is also commonly called "singer's formant", "ring", "ping", "core", and other terms.[1] Squillo enables an essentially lyric tone to be heard over thick orchestrations, e.g. in late Verdi, Puccini and Strauss operas. Achieving a proper amount of squillo in any performing context is imperative: too much and the tone veers towards the shrill; too little and the purpose of the squillo cannot be achieved

Singer's formant

Studies of the frequency spectrum of trained classical singers, especially male singers, indicate a clear formant around 3000 Hz (between 2800 and 3400 Hz) that is absent in speech or in the spectra of untrained singers. It is thought to be associated with one or more of the higher resonances of the vocal tract.[15] It is this increase in energy at 3000 Hz which allows singers to be heard and understood over an orchestra.

Teental

Teental (alternatively spelled tintal, teentaal, or tintaal, and also called trital; Hindi: तीन ताल) is the most common tala of Hindustani music, and is used for drut (fast-tempo)e structure of tintal is so symmetrical that it presents a very simple rhythmic structure against which a performance can be laid.[1]. It is played on Tabla as well as on Percussion instruments. Tintal has sixteen (16) beats[2] in four equal divisions (Vibhag). The period between every two beats is equal. The first beat out of 16 beats is called sam and the 9th beat is called khali ('empty'). To count the Teental, the audience claps on the first beat, claps on the 5th beat, then waves on the 9th beat and lastly again claps on the 13th beat; these three claps (Hindi tin 'three' + tāl 'clap') give the rhythm its name.

Euclid's elements

The Elements (Ancient Greek: Στοιχεῖον Stoikheîon) is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt c. 300 BC. It is a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions (theorems and constructions), and mathematical proofs of the propositions. The books cover plane and solid Euclidean geometry, elementary number theory, and incommensurable lines. Elements is the oldest extant large-scale deductive treatment of mathematics. It has proven instrumental in the development of logic and modern science, and its logical rigor was not surpassed until the 19th century.

international phonetic alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.[1] The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech-language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators and translators.[2][3]

Cochlea

The cochlea (plural is cochleae) is a spiraled, fluid filled, hollow, conical chamber of bone, in which waves propagate from the base (near the middle ear and the oval window) to the apex (the top or center of the spiral). The spiral canal of the cochlea is a section of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear that is approximately 30 mm long and makes 2¾ turns about the modiolus

Cricothyroid Muscle

The cricothyroid muscle is the only tensor muscle of the larynx aiding with phonation. It attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the cricoid and the inferior cornu and lower lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and its action tilts the thyroid forward to help tense the vocal cords.

Transposition

The increase or decrease a tone or collection of tones by a certain amount

vocal fry

The lowest vocal register and is produced through a loose glottal closure that permits air to bubble through slowly with a popping or rattling sound of a very low frequency

vibrational modes (m,n)

The mode number for vibrational nodes in a circular plate is (n, m), where n is the number of nodal diameters and m is the number of nodal circles

Harmonic cascade

The succession of bifurcation transitions

vocal folds

The vocal folds, also known popularly as vocal cords, are composed of twin infoldings of mucous membrane stretched horizontally across the larynx. They vibrate, modulating the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation.

tone

Traditionally in Western music, a musical tone is a steady periodic sound. A musical tone is characterized by its duration, pitch, intensity (or loudness), and timbre (or quality).[1]

Vibrato

Vibrato (Italian, from past participle of "vibrare", to vibrate) is a musical effect consisting of a regular, pulsating change of pitch. It is used to add expression to vocal and instrumental music. Vibrato is typically characterised in terms of two factors: the amount of pitch variation ("extent of vibrato") and the speed with which the pitch is varied ("rate of vibrato")

vilambit

Vilambit (Hindi: विलंबित; also called vilambit laya) is an introductory slow tempo, or laya, between 10 and 40 beats per minute, used in the performance of a raga in Hindustani classical music

rubato

While rubato is often loosely taken to mean playing with expressive and rhythmic freedom, it was traditionally used specifically in the context of expression as speeding up and then slowing down the tempo.

bifurcation

a bifurcation occurs when a small smooth change made to the parameter values (the bifurcation parameters) of a system causes a sudden 'qualitative' or topological change in its behavior.[1] Bifurcations occur in both continuous systems (described by ODEs, DDEs or PDEs) and discrete systems (described by maps). The name "bifurcation" was first introduced by Henri Poincaré in 1885 in the first paper in mathematics showing such a behavior.[2] Henri Poincaré also later named various types of stationary points and classified them with motif

Complexity of pattern

a complex pattern is one where it has to be written in full and can not be created with an algorithm by a computer

rhythm deformation

changes in the score/chart timeing

taali

claps in an avartan beat

downbeat

first beat in a measure

oxford calculators

group of oxford scientists that found the Merton Rule of Uniform acceleration . It states that a uniformly accelerated body (starting from rest, i.e. zero initial velocity) travels the same distance as a body with uniform speed whose speed is half the final velocity of the accelerated body.[2]

Avartan

he avartan is the cycle in North Indian Music. It is composed of measures (vibhag) which are in turn composed of beats (matra). The avartan is in some ways comparable to the Western cycle (e.g. a 16 bar blues pattern) with but a few differences. One of the biggest differences is that in Western music the measure is considered inviolate, while in North Indian music the cycle is considered inviolate. That is to say that a Western musician would think nothing of establishing a 16 bar pattern, break the pattern for some artistic reason and then reestablish it; however the measures would all be the same. Conversely, Indian musicians typically will mix the measures. For instance jhaptal is four measures of two-beats, three-beats, two-beats, three-beats respectively, however the overall 10 beat pattern may not be altered.

non linear

in mathematics and science, a nonlinear system is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input

cent

is a logarithmic unit of measure used for musical intervals. Twelve-tone equal temperament divides the octave into 12 semitones of 100 cents each

pitch class

is a set of pitches that are a whole octave apart

Pythagorean tuning

is a system of musical tuning in which the frequency ratios of all intervals are based on the ratio 3:2.[2] This ratio, also known as the "pure" perfect fifth

pelog

is one of the two essential scales of gamelan music native to Bali and Java, in Indonesia.

12 tone equal temperament

is splitting an octave into 12 equally separated notes

7 tone equal temperament

is splitting an octave into 7 equally separated notes

n-tone equal temperament

is splitting an octave into n equally separated notes

Tempo

is the speed or pace of a given piece. In classical music, tempo is typically indicated with an instruction at the start of a piece (often using conventional Italian terms) and is usually measured in beats per minute (or bpm). In modern classical compositions, a "metronome mark" in beats per minute may supplement or replace the normal tempo marking, while in modern genres like electronic dance music, tempo will typically simply be stated in bpm.

Gamelan

is the traditional ensemble music of the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese peoples of Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussive instruments.

scale degrees

it refers to whether a scale is a major or minor

logistic map

logistic map which explains how chaotic behavior can arise. A logistic map is a system that can calculate chaotic behavior by calculating the limitations of x n.

Taal (tala)

metimes spelled Titi or Pipi, literally means a "clap, tapping one's hand on one's arm, a musical measure".[1] It is the term used in Indian classical music to refer to musical meter,[2] that is any rhythmic beat or strike that measures musical time.[3] The measure is typically established by hand clapping, waving, touching fingers on thigh or the other hand, verbally, striking of small cymbals, or a percussion instrument in the Indian subcontinental traditions

just noticeable difference (JND)

minimum difference between two frequencies to be perceptibly noticeable. Varies with frequency, transient time, and musical training of listener

adante

moderately slow

do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti

musical technique to follow the major scale of western music

chaotic behavior

once a logistic map reaches a certain threshold it goes into a state of extreme excitement

presto

quick

meter

refers to the regularly recurring patterns and accents such as bars and beats. Unlike rhythm, metric onsets are not necessarily sounded, but are nevertheless implied by the performer (or performers) and expected by the listener.

beat

the beat is the basic unit of time, the pulse (regularly repeating event), of the mensural level[1] (or beat level).[2] The beat is often defined as the rhythm listeners would tap their toes to when listening to a piece of music, or the numbers a musician counts while performing, though in practice this may be technically

pitch

the degree of highness or lowness of a tone

Slendro

the older of the two most common scales (laras) used in Indonesian gamelan music

Largo

very slow tempo

khali

waves in an avartan beat

octave equivalence

whereby the first pitch is duplicated in character, although it is a duplicate version that is higher or lower than the original pitch.

Backward Masking

which describes a louder sound masking a softer sound that occurs earlier in time. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that sound perception is integrated over time intervals of about 200 ms.