BiOL 1400(Nutrition) Chapter 9

Rank where water is lost in the body in order from the greatest source of loss to the least.

-urine -insensible preparation and sweat -expired air -feces

An iron deficiency can lead to the development of impaired oxygen transport in the blood, a condition known as

anemia

Heme iron is the iron provided by hemoglobin and myoglobin in______

animal tissue

Which of the following is a hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland and that acts on the kidneys to decrease water excretion?

antidiuretic

The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as minerals is absorbed and available to the body is called its______.

bioavailability

Which of the following are functions of calcium?

blood clotting, bone building, and muscle function

Where is most of the calcium in the body found?

bone

Skeletal fluorosis which results from excessive fluoride consumption causes______.

bone pain

The hormone responsible for lowering blood calcium levels when they become elevated is ______.

calcitonin

The absorption of _____ is enhanced if taken with vitamin D, ingested with a meal, and by taking only 500 mg at one time.

calcium

Which of the following are major minerals?

calcium potassium sodium

Choose the nutrients that are classified as major minerals.

calcium sodium sulfur

Where is most of the potassium in the body found?

cells

Which of the following are good food sources of calcium?

cheese bok choy sardines canned in oil with bones

The production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach requires the mineral

chloride

Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should______.

choose more fruits and veggies

Because molybdenum is needed for the function of several enzymes, molybdenum is considered to be a ________.

cofactor

Which of the following are functions of zinc?

cofactor for hundreds of enzymes DNA synthesis

Some minerals, such as copper and magnesium, work as , enabling various proteins, such as enzymes, to function.

cofactors

Examples of diuretics include______.

coffee tea caffeine

In the body, copper is involved in______.

collagen production iron metabolism immune function

After red blood cells die, the body breaks them down and______.

conserves the iron from hemoglobin

One role of which mineral is to associate with several enzymes that act as antioxidants?

copper

Which of the following are nutrients that may compete with zinc for absorption?

copper and iron

Foods that contain milk but are not good sources of calcium include _____.

cottage cheese sour cream and cream cheese butter

If a female is pregnant and does not have enough iodine in her diet, what is the possible outcome for the fetus?

cretinism

A harmful reduction in body water is termed

dehydration

Which of the following is not a factor that may limit calcium absorption?

dietary glucose

Which of the following are roles of water as a solvent?

dissolving glucose many substances dissolve in water

A substance that increases urine output is called a(n)

diuretic

What is the source of most minerals?

earth's rocks soils natural water

Manganese is a component and activator of many ______.

enzymes

Which sex hormone is important for maintaining strong bones?

estrogen

Increasing bone density when a person is young is the best defense against osteoporosis. This is accomplished by______.

exposing skin to sunlight to stimulate the production of vitamin D performing weight-bearing exercise obtaining adequate amounts of calcium from foods

Osmosis is the diffusion of minerals through a selectively permeable membrane.

false

Signs and symptoms of dehydration include _____.

fatigue and thirst coma rapid weight loss

The body stores iron in the liver bound to the protein

ferritin

Which of the following condition is most likely to cause dehydration in children?

fever

Overall, minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants because binders such as ______ are not present to hinder absorption.

fiber

A key role of potassium is maintaining proper balance.

fluid

What is the main function of potassium?

fluid balance (electrolyte inside cells)

The consumption of excess fluoride over a long time period can result in

fluorosis

Patients who ______ may be at risk for potassium deficiency.

have chronic diarrhea

deficiency of selenium would lead to ____ disorders.

heart thyroid

As perspiration evaporates from the skin's surface into the air, the body is cooled by the loss of ______.

heat

The form of iron present in hemoglobin and myoglobin is called

heme iron

The genetic disease which causes people to absorb too much iron resulting in iron overload is called

hereditary hemochromatosis

Iron overload can result from______.

hereditary hemochromatosis consuming excess iron supplements

The condition characterized by elevated blood calcium levels is called

hypercalcemia

Recall that selenium has numerous functions, including______.

immune system function antioxidant activity thyroid hormone metabolism

Signs and symptoms of water intoxication include _____.

inability to coordinate movements drowsiness nausea and vomiting weight gain

Intracellular water is water that is______.

inside the cell

Chromium may help with the function of which hormone?

insulin

Chromium may help with _____.

insulin's action on the cell membrane holding the door open for glucose's entry into the cell

Where does water move, if a cell has more sodium ions in the cell than there are in the solution surrounding the cell?

into the cell

Most of the body's potassium is found in the _____.

intracellular fluid

The fluid contained within a cell is also called _____.

intracellular fluid

Which of the following is a trace mineral?

iodine

In order for water to become the main component of urine, the kidneys first filter excess _____ from the blood and then water follows.

ions

Which of the following minerals is the most common trace mineral deficiency in the United States?

iron

Examples of minerals that interact with proteins are _____.

iron sulfur cobalt

Myoglobin is the ____ protein that binds oxygen in muscle tissue.

iron-containing

myoglobin hemoglobin

iron-containing protein in muscle cells iron-containing protein in RBC's

Which of the following is not a bodily function associated with magnesium?

kidney function

The heavy ion content of concentrated urine increases the risk of formation in susceptible people (generally men).

kidney stone

Of the foods listed below, the food that provides the most potassium is ______.

lima beans

The diastolic pressure is always __________ than the systolic pressure.

lower

Roles for chloride in the body include _____.

maintaining fluid balance maintaining acid base balance nerve transmission

Calcium, sodium and potassium are examples of _____ minerals

major

The AI of 1500 mg/day for sodium does not apply to which of the following?

marathon runners people who work in hot extremely hot conditions

Humans are able to make some water and to obtain it from which of the following types of foods?

meats fruits veggies

When iodide is lacking in the diet during pregnancy, the infant can be born with______.

mental retardation growth retardation

Which of the following is a poor source of iron?

milk

The group of elements that exist in the Earth's rocks, soil and water is called

minerals

A male has more muscle tissue than a female, therefore he will have _____ fluid in his body.

more

Lean muscle tissue contains ____ water than fat tissue.

more

Select the food source that has the least amount of selenium per serving.

mushrooms, 1/2 cup

Choose the functions of iron.

necessary for oxygen transport important in brain development needed for immune system function

The iron in vegetables, grains, and supplements is _____.

nonheme iron

The passage of a solvent such as water through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated compartment to a more concentrated compartment is called______.

osmosis

What is the passage of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a less concentrated region to a more concentrated region called?

osmosis

The cells that stop tearing down bone tissue in response to calcitonin secretion are called

osteoclasts

When blood calcium levels fall, PTH signals to tear down bone tissue

osteoclasts

When blood calcium levels fall, PTH signals to tear down bone tissue.

osteoclasts

Obtaining adequate amounts of calcium from foods and performing weight--bearing exercises are good ways for a young person to prevent later in life

osteoporosis

When the density and quality of bone is reduced and a person has porous bone, the individual is diagnosed as having

osteoporosis

Much of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is not absorbed because of the presence of ______ acid.

oxalic

Select rich food sources of zinc.

oysters beef roast baked beans

Persons at high risk of developing magnesium toxicity include______.

patients with kidney failure elderly patients

Through what process does the body use water to regulate body temperature?

perspiration

Maintenance of intracellular fluid volume depends on the intracellular concentration of _____ ions.

phosphate potassium

In response to dehydration, which gland releases the antidiuretic hormone?

posterior pituitary gland

Major contributors of ______ to the adult diet include milk, whole grains, dried beans, and meats.

potassium

Which of the following minerals participate in nerve transmission?

potassium calcium sodium

Much of the zinc in our diet is supplied by the consumption of______.

poultry red meat

Which of the following are good sources of iron?

pumpkin seeds beef liver

Iron is an important component of Blank______.

red blood cells

Roles for sulfur in the body include being______.

required for enzyme activity incorporated into antioxidant molecules

Selenium functions within the body as a component of several proteins referred to as _____.

selenoproteins

Choose the statements that accurately describe hypertension.

serious public health problem in the US persistently elevated blood pressure

If infants develop diarrhea or vomiting, they are at risk for depletion of the mineral

sodium

The hormone aldosterone participates in the conservation of water and what other nutrient?

sodium

if infants develop diarrhea or vomiting, they are at risk for depletion of the mineral

sodium

Maintenance of extracellular fluid volume depends on the extracellular concentration of _____ ions.

sodium chloride

The two electrolytes that have a key role in maintaining fluid balance are _____.

sodium potassium

Plants obtain the minerals they need from______.

soil and fertilizers

A(n) is a liquid substance in which other substances dissolve; of which water is one example.

solute

Other sources of water include______.

soup fruit milk

Choose the good food sources of magnesium.

spinach and green leafy vegetables chocolate whole grains beans, nuts, and seeds

The roles for fluoride in the body involve the______.

strengthening of bones strengthening of teeth

Molybdenum is required for the normal function of which enzymes?

sulfite oxidase aldehyde oxidase

The mineral that is a component of the amino acids, cysteine and methionine is

sulfur

When you have your blood pressure determined, the first of the two readings is called the pressure.

systolic

Factors that influence/interfere with the bioavailability of zinc include______.

the body's need for zinc excess dietary iron excess dietary copper

Where does water move if a cell has fewer sodium ions in the cell than there are in the solution surrounding the cell?

the water moves into the surrounding solution

Select the primary function of iodine.

thyroid hormone synthesis

Taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ______ occur.

toxicity

Which of the following are functions of water?

transport nutrients major solvent regulate body temperature

Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane, such as the plasma membrane of a human cell.

true

Select the food source that provides the most selenium per serving

tuna, 3 oz

Which of the following dark green, leafy vegetables are good sources of calcium?

turnip greens kale

Kidney stones are formed by the presence of which of the following?

waste products minerals

When an excessive amount of water is consumed in a short time the condition that can develop is called

water intoxication

Select the food that supplies the highest source of iron.

whole grain total, cereal, 3/4 cup

Which of the following are vegetarian sources of iron?

whole-grain total cereal kidney beans mushrooms

Enzymes that require manganese function in which of the following processes?

wound healing antioxidant activities bone formation

Grow retardation and delayed sexual maturation in children are signs of ______ deficiency.

zinc

The Adequate Intake (AI) for total water intake is approximately cups for young women and approximately cups for young men.

11 for woman and 15.5 for men

What is the RDA for iron in women under the age of 50?

18 mg/day

Food supplies approximately what percentage of our total water intake?

20

Magnesium participates in more than chemical reactions in the body.

300

The body increases fluid conservation by producing hormones. The hormone forces the kidneys to conserve water. The kidneys respond by reducing urine flow

ADH

Which of the following is NOT a function of water within the body?

Bodily fluids serve as the basis for storage of fat-soluble vitamins in the body.

Which of the following dietary changes could a person make to increase iron absorption?

Consume nonheme sources of iron in combination with heme sources of iron. Choose a rich source of vitamin C, such as a glass of orange juice, when taking an iron supplement.

Which of the following are functions of zinc in the human body?

DNA synthesis and function wound healing growth and development during pregnancy

The mineral that is mostly stored in bones and teeth is

F

The protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to tissues and contains iron is

Hemoglobin

Choose the roles of sodium within the body.

Nerve transmission Transporting small substances into cells Proper muscle functioning

How are trace minerals different from major minerals?

Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more

What can you do to enhance the absorption of a calcium supplement?

Take only 500 mg of calcium at a time . Choose a supplement with vitamin D. Take the supplement with meals.

The RDA for iron is highest for_____

a 30-year-old woman

Animal foods tend to be a more reliable source of minerals because they have?

a higher concentration

Which of the following scenarios put a person at risk for potassium deficiency?

a middle-aged man who suffers from kidney disease a person with bulimia nervosa who habitually purges excess calories by vomiting an endurance athlete who sweats profusely during a training run in hot weather

The primary function of iron is to______.

aid in oxygen transportation

which of the following are the hormones that play a role in water conservation?

aldosterone antidiuretic hormone (ADH)