BiOL 1400(Nutrition) Chapter 9
Rank where water is lost in the body in order from the greatest source of loss to the least.
-urine -insensible preparation and sweat -expired air -feces
An iron deficiency can lead to the development of impaired oxygen transport in the blood, a condition known as
anemia
Heme iron is the iron provided by hemoglobin and myoglobin in______
animal tissue
Which of the following is a hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland and that acts on the kidneys to decrease water excretion?
antidiuretic
The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as minerals is absorbed and available to the body is called its______.
bioavailability
Which of the following are functions of calcium?
blood clotting, bone building, and muscle function
Where is most of the calcium in the body found?
bone
Skeletal fluorosis which results from excessive fluoride consumption causes______.
bone pain
The hormone responsible for lowering blood calcium levels when they become elevated is ______.
calcitonin
The absorption of _____ is enhanced if taken with vitamin D, ingested with a meal, and by taking only 500 mg at one time.
calcium
Which of the following are major minerals?
calcium potassium sodium
Choose the nutrients that are classified as major minerals.
calcium sodium sulfur
Where is most of the potassium in the body found?
cells
Which of the following are good food sources of calcium?
cheese bok choy sardines canned in oil with bones
The production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach requires the mineral
chloride
Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should______.
choose more fruits and veggies
Because molybdenum is needed for the function of several enzymes, molybdenum is considered to be a ________.
cofactor
Which of the following are functions of zinc?
cofactor for hundreds of enzymes DNA synthesis
Some minerals, such as copper and magnesium, work as , enabling various proteins, such as enzymes, to function.
cofactors
Examples of diuretics include______.
coffee tea caffeine
In the body, copper is involved in______.
collagen production iron metabolism immune function
After red blood cells die, the body breaks them down and______.
conserves the iron from hemoglobin
One role of which mineral is to associate with several enzymes that act as antioxidants?
copper
Which of the following are nutrients that may compete with zinc for absorption?
copper and iron
Foods that contain milk but are not good sources of calcium include _____.
cottage cheese sour cream and cream cheese butter
If a female is pregnant and does not have enough iodine in her diet, what is the possible outcome for the fetus?
cretinism
A harmful reduction in body water is termed
dehydration
Which of the following is not a factor that may limit calcium absorption?
dietary glucose
Which of the following are roles of water as a solvent?
dissolving glucose many substances dissolve in water
A substance that increases urine output is called a(n)
diuretic
What is the source of most minerals?
earth's rocks soils natural water
Manganese is a component and activator of many ______.
enzymes
Which sex hormone is important for maintaining strong bones?
estrogen
Increasing bone density when a person is young is the best defense against osteoporosis. This is accomplished by______.
exposing skin to sunlight to stimulate the production of vitamin D performing weight-bearing exercise obtaining adequate amounts of calcium from foods
Osmosis is the diffusion of minerals through a selectively permeable membrane.
false
Signs and symptoms of dehydration include _____.
fatigue and thirst coma rapid weight loss
The body stores iron in the liver bound to the protein
ferritin
Which of the following condition is most likely to cause dehydration in children?
fever
Overall, minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants because binders such as ______ are not present to hinder absorption.
fiber
A key role of potassium is maintaining proper balance.
fluid
What is the main function of potassium?
fluid balance (electrolyte inside cells)
The consumption of excess fluoride over a long time period can result in
fluorosis
Patients who ______ may be at risk for potassium deficiency.
have chronic diarrhea
deficiency of selenium would lead to ____ disorders.
heart thyroid
As perspiration evaporates from the skin's surface into the air, the body is cooled by the loss of ______.
heat
The form of iron present in hemoglobin and myoglobin is called
heme iron
The genetic disease which causes people to absorb too much iron resulting in iron overload is called
hereditary hemochromatosis
Iron overload can result from______.
hereditary hemochromatosis consuming excess iron supplements
The condition characterized by elevated blood calcium levels is called
hypercalcemia
Recall that selenium has numerous functions, including______.
immune system function antioxidant activity thyroid hormone metabolism
Signs and symptoms of water intoxication include _____.
inability to coordinate movements drowsiness nausea and vomiting weight gain
Intracellular water is water that is______.
inside the cell
Chromium may help with the function of which hormone?
insulin
Chromium may help with _____.
insulin's action on the cell membrane holding the door open for glucose's entry into the cell
Where does water move, if a cell has more sodium ions in the cell than there are in the solution surrounding the cell?
into the cell
Most of the body's potassium is found in the _____.
intracellular fluid
The fluid contained within a cell is also called _____.
intracellular fluid
Which of the following is a trace mineral?
iodine
In order for water to become the main component of urine, the kidneys first filter excess _____ from the blood and then water follows.
ions
Which of the following minerals is the most common trace mineral deficiency in the United States?
iron
Examples of minerals that interact with proteins are _____.
iron sulfur cobalt
Myoglobin is the ____ protein that binds oxygen in muscle tissue.
iron-containing
myoglobin hemoglobin
iron-containing protein in muscle cells iron-containing protein in RBC's
Which of the following is not a bodily function associated with magnesium?
kidney function
The heavy ion content of concentrated urine increases the risk of formation in susceptible people (generally men).
kidney stone
Of the foods listed below, the food that provides the most potassium is ______.
lima beans
The diastolic pressure is always __________ than the systolic pressure.
lower
Roles for chloride in the body include _____.
maintaining fluid balance maintaining acid base balance nerve transmission
Calcium, sodium and potassium are examples of _____ minerals
major
The AI of 1500 mg/day for sodium does not apply to which of the following?
marathon runners people who work in hot extremely hot conditions
Humans are able to make some water and to obtain it from which of the following types of foods?
meats fruits veggies
When iodide is lacking in the diet during pregnancy, the infant can be born with______.
mental retardation growth retardation
Which of the following is a poor source of iron?
milk
The group of elements that exist in the Earth's rocks, soil and water is called
minerals
A male has more muscle tissue than a female, therefore he will have _____ fluid in his body.
more
Lean muscle tissue contains ____ water than fat tissue.
more
Select the food source that has the least amount of selenium per serving.
mushrooms, 1/2 cup
Choose the functions of iron.
necessary for oxygen transport important in brain development needed for immune system function
The iron in vegetables, grains, and supplements is _____.
nonheme iron
The passage of a solvent such as water through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated compartment to a more concentrated compartment is called______.
osmosis
What is the passage of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a less concentrated region to a more concentrated region called?
osmosis
The cells that stop tearing down bone tissue in response to calcitonin secretion are called
osteoclasts
When blood calcium levels fall, PTH signals to tear down bone tissue
osteoclasts
When blood calcium levels fall, PTH signals to tear down bone tissue.
osteoclasts
Obtaining adequate amounts of calcium from foods and performing weight--bearing exercises are good ways for a young person to prevent later in life
osteoporosis
When the density and quality of bone is reduced and a person has porous bone, the individual is diagnosed as having
osteoporosis
Much of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is not absorbed because of the presence of ______ acid.
oxalic
Select rich food sources of zinc.
oysters beef roast baked beans
Persons at high risk of developing magnesium toxicity include______.
patients with kidney failure elderly patients
Through what process does the body use water to regulate body temperature?
perspiration
Maintenance of intracellular fluid volume depends on the intracellular concentration of _____ ions.
phosphate potassium
In response to dehydration, which gland releases the antidiuretic hormone?
posterior pituitary gland
Major contributors of ______ to the adult diet include milk, whole grains, dried beans, and meats.
potassium
Which of the following minerals participate in nerve transmission?
potassium calcium sodium
Much of the zinc in our diet is supplied by the consumption of______.
poultry red meat
Which of the following are good sources of iron?
pumpkin seeds beef liver
Iron is an important component of Blank______.
red blood cells
Roles for sulfur in the body include being______.
required for enzyme activity incorporated into antioxidant molecules
Selenium functions within the body as a component of several proteins referred to as _____.
selenoproteins
Choose the statements that accurately describe hypertension.
serious public health problem in the US persistently elevated blood pressure
If infants develop diarrhea or vomiting, they are at risk for depletion of the mineral
sodium
The hormone aldosterone participates in the conservation of water and what other nutrient?
sodium
if infants develop diarrhea or vomiting, they are at risk for depletion of the mineral
sodium
Maintenance of extracellular fluid volume depends on the extracellular concentration of _____ ions.
sodium chloride
The two electrolytes that have a key role in maintaining fluid balance are _____.
sodium potassium
Plants obtain the minerals they need from______.
soil and fertilizers
A(n) is a liquid substance in which other substances dissolve; of which water is one example.
solute
Other sources of water include______.
soup fruit milk
Choose the good food sources of magnesium.
spinach and green leafy vegetables chocolate whole grains beans, nuts, and seeds
The roles for fluoride in the body involve the______.
strengthening of bones strengthening of teeth
Molybdenum is required for the normal function of which enzymes?
sulfite oxidase aldehyde oxidase
The mineral that is a component of the amino acids, cysteine and methionine is
sulfur
When you have your blood pressure determined, the first of the two readings is called the pressure.
systolic
Factors that influence/interfere with the bioavailability of zinc include______.
the body's need for zinc excess dietary iron excess dietary copper
Where does water move if a cell has fewer sodium ions in the cell than there are in the solution surrounding the cell?
the water moves into the surrounding solution
Select the primary function of iodine.
thyroid hormone synthesis
Taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ______ occur.
toxicity
Which of the following are functions of water?
transport nutrients major solvent regulate body temperature
Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane, such as the plasma membrane of a human cell.
true
Select the food source that provides the most selenium per serving
tuna, 3 oz
Which of the following dark green, leafy vegetables are good sources of calcium?
turnip greens kale
Kidney stones are formed by the presence of which of the following?
waste products minerals
When an excessive amount of water is consumed in a short time the condition that can develop is called
water intoxication
Select the food that supplies the highest source of iron.
whole grain total, cereal, 3/4 cup
Which of the following are vegetarian sources of iron?
whole-grain total cereal kidney beans mushrooms
Enzymes that require manganese function in which of the following processes?
wound healing antioxidant activities bone formation
Grow retardation and delayed sexual maturation in children are signs of ______ deficiency.
zinc
The Adequate Intake (AI) for total water intake is approximately cups for young women and approximately cups for young men.
11 for woman and 15.5 for men
What is the RDA for iron in women under the age of 50?
18 mg/day
Food supplies approximately what percentage of our total water intake?
20
Magnesium participates in more than chemical reactions in the body.
300
The body increases fluid conservation by producing hormones. The hormone forces the kidneys to conserve water. The kidneys respond by reducing urine flow
ADH
Which of the following is NOT a function of water within the body?
Bodily fluids serve as the basis for storage of fat-soluble vitamins in the body.
Which of the following dietary changes could a person make to increase iron absorption?
Consume nonheme sources of iron in combination with heme sources of iron. Choose a rich source of vitamin C, such as a glass of orange juice, when taking an iron supplement.
Which of the following are functions of zinc in the human body?
DNA synthesis and function wound healing growth and development during pregnancy
The mineral that is mostly stored in bones and teeth is
F
The protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to tissues and contains iron is
Hemoglobin
Choose the roles of sodium within the body.
Nerve transmission Transporting small substances into cells Proper muscle functioning
How are trace minerals different from major minerals?
Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more
What can you do to enhance the absorption of a calcium supplement?
Take only 500 mg of calcium at a time . Choose a supplement with vitamin D. Take the supplement with meals.
The RDA for iron is highest for_____
a 30-year-old woman
Animal foods tend to be a more reliable source of minerals because they have?
a higher concentration
Which of the following scenarios put a person at risk for potassium deficiency?
a middle-aged man who suffers from kidney disease a person with bulimia nervosa who habitually purges excess calories by vomiting an endurance athlete who sweats profusely during a training run in hot weather
The primary function of iron is to______.
aid in oxygen transportation
which of the following are the hormones that play a role in water conservation?
aldosterone antidiuretic hormone (ADH)