Industrial Revolution, Slave Trade and Convicts: The trade of human life

What was the agricultural revolution? How did it case British people to move to the cities in search of jobs?

Changes to agricultural production and the organisation of farming land brought further change to eighteenth-century Europe. From the time of the arrival of the Saxons in England, in the fifth century CE, farmers had used a three-field system of agriculture. Two fields were cultivated, leaving one-third of the land uncultivated. This allowed the soil in the uncultivated field to be rested, so it could regain fertility. Each village also had common land, called the common. The common belonged to the whole village and was often used only as a place to gather firewood or graze animals in summer.

Darwinism Impact

Charles Darwin Caused controversy by questioning the theory of Creationism and established new guidelines for the study of life forms

The belief that men of all status should vote:

Chartism

The origins of Chartism

Chartism grew from discontent. In 1780, fewer than three per cent of men were entitled to vote. Even after the Representation of the People Act 1832 (also known as the first Reform Act or Great Reform Act) extended the vote, six out of seven men were still excluded by a property qualification; they did not occupy property with rates of ten pounds sterling per year.

6. Where did a major shift in European populations around 1800 see many people move to?

Cities

Imperialism Impact

Claimed large areas of the globe, imposing law, language and culture

How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to: • the movement of convicts and free settlers to Australia?

Convict transportation Without jobs and a future many people turned to crime. Their choice was between stealing or starving. At this time there was no organised police force and no real way of managing the serious social problems of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain. The British government responded to the crime wave by sentencing more criminals to death. Executions were carried out in public to act as a reminder to criminals of what would become of them if caught. By the early nineteenth century there were 200 different crimes punishable by death.

2. Industrial revolution

2. The growth of factories and use of machines put people out of work (e.g. Textile mass produced using looms)

2. Tobacco and cotton

2. Were grown on plantations in the 'new world' countries, including America. Slaves and other laborours were brought there to harvest and create a profit for the plantation owners

3. Land

3. Land was cheap in newly discovered territories. Sometimes land grants were made. This attracted people living in crowded conditions who wanted vast, fertile and underdeveloped land for farming

3. Population growth

3. Population grew because of improvements in technology and medicine. People flocked to the cities for work which resulted in overcrowding, disease and crime.

4. Overcrowding poor conditions

4. The population of countries like like Britain grew and streets became filled with garbage and sewage as there were too many people for the town to hold. The gap between the wealthy and poor increased. Many were destitute and lived in slum-like conditions. Travel was a punishment for convicts (often poor) and promised better loving conditions (more space) for others

10. How many people are thought to have left Europe between 1800 and 1930?

48 million

18. At the peak of the slave trade, how many African slaves were being shipped across the atlantic each year?

80000

Experiences of single free female settlers

9 months on ship No shelter or farmers Needed to be strong Overcrowded in prisons - deported Women were kepted on ships Marriage was not actually allowed - 10 children was normal Hunger - stole - sentenced to death - instead deported Hundreds packed into 11 boats Women below with men - harassed scared Men fought Rich lived in luxury and food Imperialism was seen Convicts - poor conditions Stench - terrible conditions - sick - whipped if disobey Crew read to convicts - prayed

21. Which American president signed the emancipation proclamation freeing slaves in 1863?

Abraham Lincoln

What happened to Africans when they were captured

Africans died when they were captured, died when they were held in 'factories' awaiting transportation, died when they were packed into filthy conditions onboard the slave ships and died when they arrived in the seasoning camps before being sold at the slave markets. On becoming slaves they died from overwork, poor nutrition, beatings and the common European diseases that Africans had no natural immunity to.

What happened after the invention of the thread machine

After • Thread was mass produced for the production of yarn • No one was needed to make thread

Chartism

a UK parliamentary reform movement of 1837-48, the principles of which were set out in a manifesto called The People's Charter and called for universal suffrage for men, equal electoral districts, voting by secret ballot, abolition of property qualifications for MPs, and annual general elections.

Imperialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.

Socialism

a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

17. Number thefollowing events in chronological order from one to three (one being the first) a) Ending of transportation to NSW: b) The convict revolt at castle hill: c) The final convict ship arriving in the swan river settlement:

a) Ending of transportation to NSW: 2 b) The convict revolt at castle hill: 1 c) The final convict ship arriving in the swan river settlement: 3

19. Identify whether the following statements are true or false: a) Most slaves were shipped to the united states: b) More slaves died than survived on the voyages across the atlantic:

a) Most slaves were shipped to the united states: false b) More slaves died than survived on the voyages across the atlantic: false

4. Prior to the 18th century period of colonization and imperialism, most European economies were based around ____ and ____

agriculture and trade

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Suggest why the government of the colony would have wanted to attract free settlers to New South Wales:

build economy and stimulate economy

An economic system that encourages competition between sellers to make profit is a feature of:

capitalism

The development of the factory system, which made the capitalists very wealthy, is a feature of

capitalism

Positive feature of nationalism in Australia:

development of accepting and embracing cultures + federation of Australia

The development of a society in which all people have equal wealth:

egalitarianism

7. Improvements in ______ and _____ contributed to an increase in urban populations from the 18th century

food production and medicine

Invention within manufacture:

industrial revolution

A negative feature of nationalism can be:

leads to war

The belief that the people living in Australia share a unique culture is a feature of:

nationalism

The belief that other cultures are inferior to ones own is a feature of:

nationalism, imperialism, social Darwinism

A belief that rich entrepeneurs should share their wealth with workers is a feature of:

socialism

Egalitarianism

the doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

Darwinism

the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin.

Feature of chartism was the grouping of workers into:

trade union

11. Typical diseases that often spread through migrant ships were _____ and _______

typhus and cholera disease

Chartism Impact

• Chartism rallied widespread support. • Five of the Charter's six points were eventually achieved. • Chartist ideas were influential in Australia.

1. Land: Europeans saw land as something to be owned and exploited effect

• Europeans abused the traditional use of the land and decided to easily take land as they pleased • Private property restricted aboriginals (nomadic) from moving around - beliefs • Caused conflict between aboriginals and Europeans • Farming - to make money

• Caused conflict between aboriginals and Europeans effect

• Europeans were restricted and unable to suit the traditions of the land • Other species of animals and plants destroyed the land. E.g. Rabbits

• Farming - to make money effect

• Introduced unfamiliar diseases like tuberculosis. Allowed them to maintain their lifestyles • Decreased aboriginal population due to smallpox. All Tasmanian aborigines were killed - trugamini last aboriginal woman in Tasmania. E.g. Smallpox

Push events between 1750 and 1901

• Irish potato famine: between 1845 and 1851 this killed 1 million Irish due to 'potato blight'. Drive 2 million Irish around the world • In America, many native Americans (e.g. Cherokee, Choctaw) were forced to move west and give up their land • Scottish were defeated by the British at the battle of collided and forced to move to other countries after giving up their farming land to the British. Moved to America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand • Transportation of British and Scottish convicts to penal colonies in Australia

• Private property restricted aboriginals (nomadic) from moving around - beliefs effect

• they began to take over their land • Killed in order to do so • Changed aboriginal lives - wanting order • Food supply was impacted due to the Europeans developing and zoning areas • Spiritual beliefs • Children, beliefs, right taken

what do we learn about the living conditions of south sea islander workers from sources?

- Forced to live kn in cramped conditions with many people - Men, women and children - Malnutrition - Little protection from weather - Basic living conditions

Improvements of Industrial Revolution

- Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, etc. - More needs for cotton, spinning jenny - More slaves needed

What do we learn about the working conditions of south sea islander workers from sources?

- Manual labour (backbreaking) worked with basic tools + equipment - Little technology - Dangerous animals living in lcane (e.g snakes) that SSIs would have little knowledge - Basic clothing - little protection form the sun

1. Gold

1. Discovery of gold in Australia, and America. Gold was discovered by Edward Hargreaves near Bathurst in 1851 and as a result, Australias population fouled between 1850 and 1860. Brought new thinkers such as Chartists and revels. Opportunity to express beliefs more freely in newly settled countries

Push factors: 1. Agricultural revolution

1. Farming became more mechanised and efficient in 18th and 19th century Europe. The number of labourers required and their wages decreased. People moved overseas to find new work and make money. The enclosure acts forced farmers to section off previously shared land for private use - less was left over for the community to use

Aboriginal contact: Causes

1. Land: Europeans saw land as something to be owned and exploited 2. Civilisation: Europeans considered their civilisation superior 3. Environment: Europeans had no understanding of Australian ecology 4. Disease: Europeans introduced diseases previously unknown to aboriginal people

20. The movement of slaves across the atlantic saw approximately how many slaves leave Africa?

12.5 million

What happened after Darwins research

After the voyage, Darwin continued his research and established his reputation as a writer on biology and geology.

What dominated British economy

Agriculture had dominated the British economy for centuries. During the 18th century, after a long period of enclosures, new farming systems created an agricultural revolution that produced larger quantities of crops to feed the increasing population. In early 19th-century Britain, land was of great political and economic significance: the aristocracy and gentry owned much of the countryside, and their tenants farmed and reared livestock. New tools, fertilizers and harvesting techniques were introduced, resulting in increased productivity and agricultural prosperity. Indeed, despite the phenomenon of urbanization and industrialization, agriculture remained a principal provider of employment in the provinces, both supporting and being supported by industry.

The People's Charter

In 1837, William Lovett and Francis Place, two leading members of the London Working Men's Association — an organisation of skilled tradesmen, clerks and some professionals — drew up a document called the People's Charter. In May 1838 it was published in London and then in Birmingham. The People's Charter echoes the name of a much earlier document — the Magna Carta (the Great Charter). This was a document to limit the powers of the king which the barons imposed on him in 1215. Clause 39 guaranteed the right to trial by jury.

How was European settlement affected by the landscape (think about access to resources, equipment, difficulties faced by the European settlers)?

As the quantity of harbour fish dwindled and as vegetable supplies were eaten out, the colonists began to hunt and fish in the lands beyond their immediate settlement. The rapid expansion of European settlement continued after the departure of Governor Phillip in 1792, to the land that stretched from Sydney to the foot of the Blue Mountains. This was the land of the Dharug people. The lagoons and creeks of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River and the open grasslands of the plains provided the Dharug with their source of life and culture. The Dharug required a large enough area in which to move 106about, hunting kangaroos, possums, fish and other animals, and gathering seasonal food such as yams. When the British cleared the land for agriculture, housing and industry, the loss of traditional Aboriginal food sources was complete. By the 1810s the plains of Sydney had become overcrowded. With the crossing of the Blue Mountains in 1813, the search for more pastoral land pushed the frontier of European colonisation into the north-west of New South Wales. European settlement spread into the land of the Kamilaroi, Muruwari and Wailwan people. Along the traditional paths of communication between Aboriginal communities, word spread of the pale strangers who came on unusual beasts. The British government continued to give land grants to settlers and to big pastoral companies, because sheep farming and wool made huge profits. By 1824, it was clear to the Kamilaroi people of northern New South Wales that the European settlers intended to: take possession of the land deny Aboriginal people access to the waterholes destroy traditional hunting and gathering grounds disregard traditional law and sacred sites.

What happened before the invention of the thread machine

Before • In previous looms, the shuttle was passed through the threads by hands. Wider fabrics required two weavers, seated next to each other while passing the shuttle between them

What happened before the Thread Machine

Before • People spun threads by hand on individual wheels

Chartist tactics

Between 1839 and 1848, the Chartists presented petitions to parliament. The first 'monster' petition had the support of only 46 members of parliament — 235 voted against it. The third petition was opposed by all but 15 parliamentarians. The large crowd was refused permission to accompany the petition to the House of Commons, a further slight to the Chartists and their supporters. Other forms of protest carried out by the Chartists included lectures, sit-ins, distributing handbills, torchlight processions and strikes. Sometimes less peaceful tactics were used. Disturbances took place in Newport, Sheffield and Bradford. Police spies had alerted the authorities in advance and military force was used against the protesters. Many of the Chartists were arrested and sentenced to hard labour. Some were transported to Australia.

3. ___ is regarded as having the greatest empire in the 18th century

Britain

Where did Europe cover

By 1860, the European settlement covered over 400 million hectares of Aboriginal land.

13. Which gold rush came first, California or Victoria?

California

Capitalism Impact/Relevant Events

Capitalism is the system of economics operating in most countries today

Based on the work of Charles Darwin:

Darwinism

Nationalism Impact

Desire for self-determination or control

What did Britain experience change

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Britain experienced change in all aspects of life, as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Scientific advances and technological innovations brought growth in agricultural and industrial production, economic expansion and changes in living conditions, while at the same time there was a new sense of national identity and civic pride. The most dramatic changes were witnessed in rural areas, where the provincial landscape often became urban and industrialized following advances in agriculture, industry and shipping. Wealth accumulated in the regions and there was soon a need for country banking.

Egalitarianism Impact

Enlightenment writers such as Montesquieu, Rousseau and Voltaire Continues to shape opinions about liberty and authority

1. In which continent was most of the worlds wealth concentrated in 1750

Europe

How were they 'lured' into coming to Australia?

Fake jewellery, hallowed below deck and locked in

What was the New thread machine

Innovation • Richard Arkwright invented the spinning frame in 1768 • Much more thread can be produced on many looms (20+) • Water-powered : no human power needed

Explain the diffferences in attitude between Europeans and aboriginal people regarding land use

In source 1, it can be seen that Europeans believed in the concept of private property. This meant that land could be owned by a person, exclusively for their own use and for farming to make a profit (a capitalist belief). They viewed aboriginal use of this property for hunting as trespassing and a criminal offence. In source 1, aboriginal land use is shown as a wide nomadic use of land ( e.g. They travelled more than 6 miles a day). Their land was spiritually connected with their 'Dreaming' religious beliefs. Land was passed down from generation to generation and was considered scared. They coexisted with the land rather than owning it and using it to make money.

What happened to large sections of Australian coast

In the 1790s large sections of the Australian coast had still not been mapped, especially the southern and south-eastern coastline. Settlements around the coastline would help Britain lay claim to the whole continent.

What were the main features of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852-83) to describe Britain's economic development from 1760 to 1840. Since Toynbee's time the term has been more broadly applied. The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural. The technological changes included the following: (1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel, (2) the use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such as coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine, (3) the invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy, (4) a new organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed increased division of labour and specialization of function, (5) important developments in transportation and communication, including the steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio, and (6) the increasing application of science to industry. These technological changes made possible a tremendously increased use of natural resources and the mass production of manufactured goods. There were also many new developments in nonindustrial spheres, including the following: (1) agricultural improvements that made possible the provision of food for a larger nonagricultural population, (2) economic changes that resulted in a wider distribution of wealth, the decline of land as a source of wealth in the face of rising industrial production, and increased international trade, (3) political changes reflecting the shift in economic power, as well as new state policies corresponding to the needs of an industrialized society, (4) sweeping social changes, including the growth of cities, the development of working-class movements, and the emergence of new patterns of authority, and (5) cultural transformations of a broad order. Workers acquired new and distinctive skills, and their relation to their tasks shifted; instead of being craftsmen working with hand tools, they became machine operators, subject to factory discipline. Finally, there was a psychological change: confidence in the ability to use resources and to master nature was heightened.

When was the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural environment of countries.

When was the Flying Machine invented

Innovation • In 1733,The Flying shuttle was invented by John Kay.

When was the making of the Modern world

Making of the Modern World (1750-1901)

Socialism Impact

Many developed countries have accepted responsibility for areas such as health, education and social welfare.

Chartism's opponents

Many of those who gained the right to vote with the passage of the 1832 Reform Act opposed any further extension of the vote. Chartism's opponents saw the People's Charter as a revolutionary attack, not just on their privilege, but on the whole structure of society. The French Revolution and events in Europe in 1848 fed this fear. The Chartist petitions were ridiculed and rejected. Magazines and newspapers such as The Times and Punch depicted the 'physical force' Chartists as 'ultra radicals' — 'a scum of rabble' determined to overthrow the established order. Although there were active Christians among the Chartists, the mainstream churches were generally opposed to the movement. The government, wary of the growth of militant Chartism, introduced measures to prevent demonstrations: armed force was used to quell unrest; Chartist mail was seized; Chartist leaders were arrested and faced harsh sentences — jail for some, transportation to Australia for 102 others.

What is mercantilism

Mercantilism: capitalism's predecessor

9. Which is the most accurate description of living conditions for workers in cities in the industrial Revolution?

Miserable

What argument does W.C. Wentworth put forward in source 5 to encourage the movement of free settlers to Australia?

More people working, earning more money, stimulate economy, attract tradesmen for infrastructure.

What happened to Moreton Bay

Moreton bay went from a convict population declining and pressure on the land from settlers increasing, closing the settlement and opening a free settlers

What do you think is the most important 'ism' of modern age?

Nationalism is most important isms of the modern age as it is a sentiment of loyalty toward the nation which is shared by people." But, like most modern students of international relations, they argue that nationalism has been one of the most important forces shaping international politics. Nationalism of only a slightly different sort has fueled much of the intrastate violence that has been the dominant form of intractable political conflict since the end of World War II. In some cases, the term nationalism itself may not be used at all in what are referred to as ethnic or other "sub-national" conflicts, as is the case with many of the conflicts taking place inside of multinational countries such as India. In other cases, there is no realistic possibility of creating ethnically pure states; there is, for instance, no way to envision Hutu or Tutsi states emerging out of either Rwanda or Burundi. The largest number of cases involve nationalities whose historical claims to state- or nation-ness are rather tenuous as in Kashmir, Chechnya, or most of the former Yugoslav republics. But, the people who take up arms in those conflicts share the same kind of deeply rooted emotions that gave rise to the Nazis in Germany and any other Volk or nation-based ideology.

When did the First Fleet arrive

On the 26 January 1788, the First Fleet sailed

Indigenous land use

Over thousands of years, Aboriginal Australians had managed the land to sustain their lifestyle. They had extensive knowledge of plants and their uses, and they built complex fishing traps in rivers. One of their most successful methods of land management was the use of controlled burning

Nationalism

Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts. An extreme form of patriotism marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries. Advocacy of political independence for a particular country.

When was the global trade established

Sixteenth-century Europe established a global trade network. This international trade made it possible for valuable products such as maize, sugar, silver, coffee, tobacco and cotton to be purchased in European marketplaces. Europeans were at the centre of this world trade because they built great ocean-going fleets of trade ships, and they controlled the vast plantations and mines producing these valuable goods.

What were the 'Push' and 'Pull' factors that caused groups of people to move during the Modern period? Explain these.

Push and Pull Factors and The First Fleet Push factors: 1. Agricultural revolution 2. Industrial revolution 3. Population growth 4. Overcrowding poor conditions 1. Farming became more mechanised and efficient in 18th and 19th century Europe. The number of labourers required and their wages decreased. People moved overseas to find new work and make money. The enclosure acts forced farmers to section off previously shared land for private use - less was left over for the community to use 2. The growth of factories and use of machines put people out of work (e.g. Textile mass produced using looms) 3. Population grew because of improvements in technology and medicine. People flocked to the cities for work which resulted in overcrowding, disease and crime. 4. The population of countries like like Britain grew and streets became filled with garbage and sewage as there were too many people for the town to hold. The gap between the wealthy and poor increased. Many were destitute and lived in slum-like conditions. Travel was a punishment for convicts (often poor) and promised better loving conditions (more space) for others What do source reveal about conditions in British cities in the 18th century? The streets were slums with people living in the streets and poor There was death and hunger - drunks and babies not taken care of There is conflict and rundown buildings - theft Push events between 1750 and 1901 • Irish potato famine: between 1845 and 1851 this killed 1 million Irish due to 'potato blight'. Drive 2 million Irish around the world • In America, many native Americans (e.g. Cherokee, Choctaw) were forced to move west and give up their land • Scottish were defeated by the British at the battle of collided and forced to move to other countries after giving up their farming land to the British. Moved to America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand • Transportation of British and Scottish convicts to penal colonies in Australia Pull factor: 1. Gold 2. Tobacco and cotton 3. Land 1. Discovery of gold in Australia, and America. Gold was discovered by Edward Hargreaves near Bathurst in 1851 and as a result, Australias population fouled between 1850 and 1860. Brought new thinkers such as Chartists and revels. Opportunity to express beliefs more freely in newly settled countries 2. Were grown on plantations in the 'new world' countries, including America. Slaves and other laborours were brought there to harvest and create a profit for the plantation owners 3. Land was cheap in newly discovered territories. Sometimes land grants were made. This attracted people living in crowded conditions who wanted vast, fertile and underdeveloped land for farming

Reasons for the European expansion/colonization of Australia:

Reasons for the European expansion/colonization f Australia: • Imperialism: Britain wanted more power • War of independence: Britain lost resources from America: needed to gain the resources elsewhere • Desire for land more spacious housing, healthier living conditions • Overcrowded prisons in Britain therefore penal colonies establilshed in Australia • Need for new land and resources -> generat more wealth

12. If the irish potato famine of the 1840s is the cause, what was the effect?

Sent millions of citizens abroad

How was the Industrial Revolution made possible

Series of inventions. These advancements occurred in manufacturing, trade and transport and science and technology. The inventions not only changed the ways people worked and lived, they also influenced global economics, distribution and supply channels and peoples general health.

What happed to sick slaves

Sick slaves were commonly pitched overboard to stop further spread of disease.

Chartism's achievements

Some claim that Chartism died in 1848. In fact, the movement was ahead of its time and the justice of its demands was recognised in the eventual implementation of all but the sixth point of the Charter. Chartist principles remained a driving force of many of its adherents, including expatriates — the ideal of greater democracy established in the gradual extension of the franchise. Chartism succeeded as a mass movement that inspired collaboration and gave a voice to those seeking reform. In an era lacking mass education, it played an important role by establishing schools, libraries and reading rooms.

What was their contribution to Australia's development (think about how they impacted the economy)?

South Sea Islanders contributed to the growth of the Queensland economy not just through their work on sugar plantations but also in other key industries such as farming and grazing, mining and the development of railways.

2. Portugal, Netherlands, France and Britain - which country is missing from this list of major colonizing powers in 1750?

Spanish, Dutch

What industry were the south islander peoples involved in wrihin Australia?

Sugar mills, cotton plantatinos (farming)

Sydney for prisons

Sydney was a prison where life for convicts was carefully regulated. Hard labour was the punishment. The colony's early governors came from a military background where flogging was the accepted punishment. The whip was a good way of maintaining control in a community struggling for survival. The labour of every convict was needed to provide the colony with adequate food and shelter. Placing a convict in solitary confinement, behind bars, or in chains was waste of a worker. Harsh physical discipline was also used by governors as a response to their fear of convict rebellion.

8. Which industry has been described as "kick-starting the industrial Revolution?

Textile production

Who was the father of capitalism

The 'father of capitalism': Adam Smith. Adam Smith (1723-1790) was a Scottish philosopher who pioneered economic theory. In 1776 he published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, which is sometimes called the 'bible of capitalist theory'. Smith stated that the removal of control by government would encourage an expansion of trade and profit.

What was the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution resulted in the movement of peoples from the "Old World" to the "New World". Slaves were transported across the Atlantic Ocean to work on the plantations that supplied the factories in industrialised countries, especially America.

The context of Chartism

The Industrial Revolution, while bringing great wealth to some, also created conditions that fed discontent. Weavers, for example, were displaced from their looms and their cottages as machinery could now carry out their work at far greater volume and speed. If they found factory employment, it was as what they saw as slaves to the machines. Their work and housing conditions were appalling.

How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to: • the trans-Atlantic slave trade?

The Triangular Trade As the numbers of European settlers across the Americas steadily increased, the 'Triangular Trade' developed (see source 8). Ships laden with European goods sailed to Africa, collected a cargo of slaves and then sailed back to Europe with valuable American trade goods such as sugar and cotton. The Atlantic crossing between Africa and the Americas was called the Middle Passage.

The growing need for labour and transportation

The colonies supplied raw materials to be processed in industrialising countries. They also provided food to feed growing populations of urban workers. Growing food in the colonies was cheaper, but the colonies needed labour to shepherd sheep, tend cattle, grow crops, build fences and make roads and bridges.

Industrial Revolution created...

The hardships of Industrial Revolution Britain created crime and a constant supply of convicts for transportation to Australia. It also created a large number of potential migrants. Hardship pushed people to look to the world beyond for the opportunity to build a better way of life. The government of the penal colony encouraged free settlers to make the long journey halfway around the world. Were given land grants by the governor and the use of convict labour to farm their properties. They came of their own choice, and they came to stay.

What did the Industrial Revolution increase

The industrial revolution increased the demand for slave labour as more workers were needed to gather raw materials for a rapidly increasing economy. It was also a cheap choice to use slaves as workers, making slave traders one of the wealthiest people

Define the Industrial Revolution:

The rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery. It was characterized by the use of steam power, the growth of factories, and the mass production of manufactured goods.

What do source reveal about conditions in British cities in the 18th century?

The streets were slums with people living in the streets and poor There was death and hunger - drunks and babies not taken care of There is conflict and rundown buildings - theft

Describe their living and working conditions.

Their work conditions were harsh and living conditions very poor. As a result, by the early 1880s, the death rate among these workers was five times that of the European population.

South sea lsander workers (Kanakas) What was blackbirding?

To attempt to trick the SSIs to come to Australia to work on plantations in very poor conditions

How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to: • the movement of convicts and free settlers to Australia?

Transportation and migration The Enclosure Acts and the Industrial Revolution drove country people to the cities in the search for new forms of work. The population of Britain grew and the cities became more crowded. Conditions in the city deteriorated as streets were filled with garbage and sewage, and disease spread. The difference between the lives of the privileged rich and the despairing poor was probably greater at this time than any other period in British history. Approximately one-tenth of the English population, and one-quarter of the Irish population, were destitute