Industrialization Test-History
Explain how developments in the textile industry sparked the Industrial Revolution.
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Imagine that you are a government official in a developing nation. What lessons for your country might you take away from a study of the Industrial Revolution? What pitfalls might you want to avoid?
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What did the Congress of Vienna represent?
A conservative response to Napoleon and the French Revolution
Explain why one invention or development leads to another.
Each invention is a stepping stone to the next invention, because they open more opportunities to others, and rely on the previous ones to work.
Describe the economic, political, and social changes which resulted from the Industrial Revolution.
Economic changes: increase of widespread trade increase of capital income increased standard of living for middle and upper classes increase of mass produced goods made manufactured goods less expensive Political: new political parties formed, such as the socialist party decline of landed aristocracy: factories became more valuable than land, so aristocrats lost power. More power began to lie in the hands of capitalists and employers more rights gained by middle class growth and expansion of democracy (working class demanded and earned a voice in government) increased government involvement in society and workplace Social: More rights gained by women and middle class increase in leisure time economic insecurity for (primarily factory) workers
According to Marxism why is socialism inevitable?
Industrial wealth leads to concentration of wealth among fewer and fewer capitalist while the living and working conditions of the proletariat grow worse
Compare and contrast the domestic and factory methods of production.
Method: hand tools, became machines Location: home, became factory Tools: small hand tools, became machines owned by factory Output: Small level production, local market, pre-order basis, became large level production, mass market, manufactured to anticipation of need Workers: Workers made everything, became workers were just part of a larger whole Hours: worker worked as much as possible, became set hours Dependence: at first people depended on multiple things for providing necessities, family garden, money. Now the employees completely relied on employers. Method: D)hand tools F)machines Location: D)home F) factory Tools: D) small hand tools F) machines owned by factory Output: D)Small level production, local market, pre-order basis F) large level production, mass market, manufactured to anticipation of need Workers: D) Workers made everything F) workers were just part of a larger whole Hours: D) worker worked as much as possible F) set hours Dependence: D) people depended on multiple means for providing necessities, family garden, money. F) employees completely relied on employers.
Describe the philosophies and actions of Robert Owen and Louis Blanc.
Robert Owen was Utopian Socialist he-he believed in improved working conditions decreased working hours and shared managements and profits Louis Blanc was a socialist- he blamed societies ills on pressure of competition and believed that everyone had the power to work.
What did Austria do in an attempt to reform?
They engaged in the Compromise of 1867, in which they developed a dual monarchy: Both monarchies had separate constitutions, legislature, bureaucracy, and capitals The monarchies shared one ultimate leader, a common army, foreign policy, and financial system
How did women benefit from the Industrial Revolution?
women gained economic power and independence woken fought and gained political rights
How and why did employer-employee relationships change during the Industrial Revolution?
Workers used to know their employers personally, they could aspire to become employers too. However, workers relied on the employer completely for their livelihood, employers did not depend on their employees as much. Relationship between employer-employee became strained.
What was the Industrial Revolution?
a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines
What is a cooperative?
a worker owned company where the workers get discounts, and share in profits in exchange for running the company
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
capital for investing in the means of production, colonies and markets for manufactured goods, raw materials for production, workers, merchant marine, geography
What led Central and Eastern Europe to retain the old systems of government?
central and eastern europe was not industrialized and not widely available education and authoritarian government
Identify and explain the three new political ideologies crystallized by the American and French Revolutions.
conservatism-philosophy based on tradition and social stability established institutions and preferring gradual development to abrupt change liberalism-embraced in welcomed change as an agent of progress prefered to work with in the political system radicalism-the idea that rapid extreme change was needed to grant all people full rights;willing to use violence
Which conflict caused the breakdown concert of Europe?
crimean war
What risks did workers face from the factory system of production?
destroyed worker independance workers no longer owned the means of production specialization-workers became obsolete when technology changed
Describe the weapons used by employers and unions.
employers= at will employments blacklists company unions injunctions lock outs open shops yellow dog contracts unions= boycotts check offs close shops collective bargaining feather bedding picketing sabotage strikes union labels union shops
How did agricultural machinery change farm labor?
fewer farm working because of machines production needed to increase
What contributed to the expansion of democracy in Western Europe?
growing prosperity political democracy spread universal male suffrage political parties formed ministerial responsibility became the dominant political responsibility Ministerial responsibility- crucial for democracy and states, that the Prime Minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body, not the king or president.
What spurred Alexander II's drive to reform Russia?
he needed to keep up with the rest of Europe- the loss of the crimean war
Describe at least three developments of the Industrial Revolution.
machines communication transportation new energy sources increase use of metals and minerals
What is the dominant form of state organization in the world today?
nation state
Describe living conditions in factory towns.
overcrowded poor living conditions unsanitary higher prices for rent and food workers become indebted to employers
What are the characteristics of a state?
population territory sovereignty government
What are the characteristics of a nation?
shared language and culture sovereignty population resources for raw materials people of labor land with definite boundaries
What institution threatened American Unity in the mid-1800's?
slavery
How did the United States become and imperial power at the end of the 19th century?
spanish-american war
Describe at least three developments in the field of communication.
telegraph telephone radio television atlantic table
What were the two opposing alliances in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century?
the triple entente and the triple alliance
What allowed Great Britain to avoid revolutionary upheaval?
they gave voting rights to the industrial middle class had many social and political reforms continued economic growth and
Describe three features of Agriculture before the Agricultural Revolution.
three field system open field system no significance surplus still using tools from the middle ages
According to Nationalists what is the job of government?
to promote the interests of their group sometimes using violence as needed
Describe at least three developments in the area of transportation.
trains automobiles steel ships
What are the advantages and disadvantages of unions for workers and consumers?
workers= improved working conditions increases safety standards increased pay due to collective bargaining consumers= products are more healthy disadvantages for workers= can be hurt in strikes loss of pay disadvantages of consumers= higher prices
