Industrialization, Urbanization, and Progressive Era Review
Where did the OLD immigrants settle?
Midwest and great planes
What was the birthplace of OLD immigrants?
North and Western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden)
What was the problem with environment during the progressive movement?
People didn't care about the environment because the country was so big, causing the environment to be destroyed in ways like deforestation.
What was the solution to the environment problem during the progressive movement?
People started to conserve natural resources, 2,500 dams and other water power projects were cancelled, 65 million acres from coal companies were withheld, the amount of land in national rain forest was tripled, and 53 animal refuges and 17 national parks were developed.
Describe in detail what working conditions in the late 1800's were like
People worked long hours ranging from 6-12 or 12-16 hours a day with little to no break. The air was unfiltered so people could have a chance of getting sick from inhaling lint or toxic fumes. People had very low pay as low as 20 cents an hour. The machines didn't have any safety devices either, which could result in someone loosing a hand or arm.
What did the 18th amendment do?
Prohibition made it illegal to make, sell, or import liquor
What was the religion of OLD immigrants?
Protestant
What was the problem with food/medicine during the progressive movement?
Unsanitary, unhealthy meat-packing plants, and no attention to what was put in food
Who won the presidential election of 1912?
Woodrow Wilson
Who ran in the presidential elections of 1812?
Woodrow Wilson, William Taft, and Theodore Roosevelt
Where did NEW immigrants settle?
cities
Referendum
citizens can petition to remove a law that has already been passed by the legislation put on the ballot for all voters
What did Lincoln Steffens do?
-Attacked urban political machines -Wrote "The Shame of the Cities," a collection of articles on political corruption -Led to increase awareness of government corruption
Farmers' Alliance
-By 1890 had 1.5-3 million members -organized exchanges -failed due to lending too much money, discriminated against by wholesalers, railroads, and bankers -too small
What were the problems industrial workers faced in the late 1800's?
-Dull repetitive jobs -Low wages -Unhealthy working conditions (lint, dust, toxic fumes) -Long hours (6-12 a day) -Dangerous (machines had no safety devices)
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
-Established by a group of labor radicals -wanted both skilled and unskilled workers -used strikes, most failed
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
-Established in 1886 -promoted interest of skilled workers -tried to get companies to recognize unions and agree to collective bargaining -pushed for closed shop -promoted 8 hour work day -by 1990, it was the biggest union in the country
What did John Spargo do?
-Exposed issue of child labor -Wrote "The Bitter Cry of the Children" -Increased awareness that will lead to laws limiting child labor
What did Upton Sinclair do?
-Exposed the horrors of chicagos meat-packing plant and its workers -Wrote novel "The Jungle" -Led to passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act
Grange
-Founded in 1867 -pressured state legislator to regulate railroad and warehouse rates -tried to create cooperatives -failed because they were too small to get changes -Eastern businesses considered them similar to unions and wouldn't work with them
Knights of Labor
-Founded in 1869 -opposed strikes, preferred boycotts -called for 8 hour work days, equal pay for women, and abolition of child labor -welcomed women and African Americans -Ended up using strikes -Declined due to lost strikes, and association with dangerous radicals
What were the problems faced by farmers in the late 1800's?
-New technology increased crop production but larger supply results in lower prices -High tariffs -Interest rates increased
What did Ida Tarbell do?
-attacked big business abuse in Standard Oil Company -wrote "The History of Standard Oil" -Contributed to the passage of new laws to protect competition in the marketplace and breakup in Standard Oil Company.
What did Jacob Riis do?
-exposed horrors of poverty in cities -wrote "How the Other Half Lives", a book of photos and descriptions of life in the city. -Increased awareness of tenements
What was the reason for immigrating for NEW immigrants?
-religious persecution -economic opportunities
People's Party (Populist Party)
-wanted unlimited coinage of silver -sub treasury plan farmers could store crops -graduated income tax -8 hour work day -immigration restrictions -secret ballot voting -limit president and vice president to one term
What was the time period of arrival of NEW immigrants?
1880-1920
What did the 16th amendment do?
Authorized congress to collect income taxes
Who was the most famous boss of a political machine?
Boss William M. Tweed
Why did the cities in the late 1800's grow?
LOCATION: -on transportation lines -close to raw materials CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE: -decrease in number of farms -increase in industry and population
What was the reason for immigrating of OLD immigrants?
Land
What important developments did William Taft do during his presidency in the progressive era?
CHILDREN'S BUREAU- investigated issues like infant mortality, orphanages, and dangerous work conditions BUREAU OF MINES- monitor the activities of mining companies, expand national forests, and protect water power sites from private development. PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF-hardly cut tariffs, raised on some gooods BALLINGER VS PINCHOT- Pinchot accused Ballinger of selling valuable land for his own profit. Ballinger was cleared and Pinchot was removed from office TRUST BUSTING- more antitrust cases + bureau of mines
What was the subtreasury plan?
Called for government to provide warehouses for farmers to store their crops
What was the religion of NEW immigrants?
Catholic and Jewish
What was the solution of the women/children problem during the progressive movement?
Child labor and compulsory education laws were enforced, the Federal government protect children's welfare. For the women, they started organizing events and conferences and the 19th amendment was passed.
Initiative
Citizens can propose new laws by obtaining signiatures
What did the 17th amendment do?
Direct election of senators
What important developments did Theodore Roosevelt do during his presidency in the progressive era?
ENVIORNMENT- supported careful timber management, and established 5 national parks and 51 federal wildlife conversations. NORTHERN SECURITIES VS. US- promoted altitude towards business regulations and intervened in the coal strike of 1902 PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT- Prohibited shipment, sale, or manufacture of falsely labeled food and drugs MEAT INSPECTION ACT-required federal inspection of meat sold through interstate commerce and allowed agriculture dept. to set standards of cleanliness in meat-packing plants HEPBURN ACT- strengthened interstate commerce commissions by giving it power to set railroad rates
How was the crime problem in the late 1800's solved?
Electric street lights, more and better trained police
What important developments did Woodrow Wilson do during his presidency in the progressive era?
FEDERAL RESERVE ACT- Created regional reserve and independence agency CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT- outlawed certain practices that restricted competition KEAT-OWEN CHILD LABOR ACT- Prohibited the employment of children under 14 FEDERAL FARM LOAN ACT- to help provide low-interest loans to farmers ADAMSON ACT- established 8 hour workdays
What did the 19th amendment do?
Gave women the right to vote
What did farmers and industrial workers do to solve their problems?
Grange, Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, Farmers Alliance, Peoples/Populist Party, Industrial Workers of the World
What was the most common form of mass transit in cities in the late 1800's?
Horse Cars
What were the problems faced in the late 1800's?
Housing, transportation, disease, crime, fire, poor/immigrants
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
It was an Act banning Chinese people from immigrating to the U.S.
Why did unions oppose immigration?
It would decrease wages
What is a muckraker?
Journalists who uncover abuse and corruption in a society.
What was the solutions to the food/medicine problem during the progressive movement?
Putting pesticides to kill rats, and passing the Pure Food and Drug Act
What was the birthplace of NEW immigrants?
South and East Europe (Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia)
Where did most New Yorkers live in the late 1800s
Tenements
Why did Woodrow Wilson win the election of 1912?
The republican party was split because Roosevelt thought Taft wasn't progressive enough.
Name three progressive era presidents
Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, Woodrow Wilson
How was the fire problem in the late 1800's solved?
There was a paid fire department, fire hydrants, and steam powered fire engines
How was the transportation problem in the late 1800's solved?
They invented subways, cars, elevated train, horse cars, and electric trolley
How was the disease problem in the late 1800's solved?
They made garbage disposals, improved sewer systems, and water treatment
How was the housing problem in the late 1800's solved?
They made skyscrapers, elevators, and tenements
What did cities begin doing in the Progressive Movement to improve people's lives?
They started making Urban reforms such as: -Political bosses were being attacked CITY AND BOSSES- -registered voters -improved city services -established public health programs -enforced tenement codes CITY OWNED UTILITIES -water -gas -electricity WELFARE SERVICES -parks -work relief -playgrounds -homeless shelters
Why did industrial workers oppose unions?
They viewed unions as conspiracies that interfered with property rights
What was the problem with women/children during the progressive movement?
They worked long hours with low pay and no breaks in dangerous conditions. Children had no education becasue they had to work instead of going to school.
What was Ellis Island used for?
place in New York Harbor where European immigrants were processed
How was the poor/immigrants problem in the late 1800's solved?
restrictions on immigration, private charities, political machines, and settlement houses
What was it like to live in tenements?
tenements were very small and crowded because there was most likely more than one person living there. They were also very unsanitary without a plumbing system.
What was the time period of OLD immigrants?
up to 1800's
direct primary
voters cast ballots to select nominees for an election
