Infant and Child Development Final

Which might be an accurate statement around contextual risks to being overweight?

A family's eating choices are the largest contributing factor in a child's eating habits and risk for obesity.

Research of in-group and out-group biases supports which of the following?

A strong sense of ethnic identity is associated with positive attitudes toward in-group and out-group members.

Which statement about children's development of pride is most accurate?

Authentic pride reinforces and motivates future positive behaviors.

As an infant, Sarah began to hold her head up before she was able to balance her torso. Developing the ability to hold her head up before developing the ability to balance her torso is a demonstration of what principle of growth?

Cephalocaudal development

Which provides the best evidence that moral behavior is often more important to children than in-group status?

Children prefer a person of the out-group who speaks kindly during a game over a person of the in-group who speaks meanly.

Which best describes a child's understanding of ethnic and racial identity in middle childhood?

Children understand that their ethnic and racial identities are stable, and will always remain with them.

Which statement best describes the connection between moral reasoning and theory of mind?

Children who pass false belief tasks are more likely to consider a transgressor's beliefs and intentions about a situation when judging wrongdoing.

Which would be expected of brain connectivity in middle childhood?

Connections become more complex

Why might children from different cultural communities differ in executive functioning skills and abilities?

Cultures may differ on parental emphasis and value of self-control and self-regulation.

As caregivers read books to their children, they provide children with opportunitiesto develop many skills. However, not all reading interactions are similar. Which statement best captures the idea of dialogic reading?

Dialogic reading is a style in which adults ask questions to prompt children to participate and engage.

Which would best illustrate the concept of hostile attribution bias?

Nancy is convinced Greta used up the teal crayon just to make her mad, ignoring the fact that Greta's picture was of a teal-colored elephant.

Studies show that animals and children alike that are raised in stimulating environments differ in the development of synaptic connections compared to those in impoverished circumstances. What does this suggest about the role of the home environment?

Exposure to enriched experiences such as music education and sensitive caregiving may lead to complex synaptic connections.

Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the contribution of Thelen's research to the understanding of infant motor development?

Factors such as weight and muscle mass can impact the type of behaviors that infants display.

A child is reading aloud in class. As he carefully reads the word giraffe he starts by breaking the word into parts and realizes almost instantly that the g in giraffe makes a j sound. What does this suggest about the child?

He has developed code-related skills such as phonological awareness.

Which of these scenarios best illustrates the concept of perceptual narrowing?

Infants raised by their fathers show greater ability to distinguish among male faces compared to female faces.

Which is true of cultural influence on emotional development?

Infants' interpretation of basic emotions differs in various regions around the world.

Why is some level of conflict with peers and siblings healthy for a child's development?

It helps them learn to regulate their own emotions such as anger and guilt.

Which is true about the use of corporal punishment on young children?

It is associated with higher rates of antisocial behaviors and mental health problems.

Three-month-old Jessica smiles as her father walks into the room. This reaction is evidence that

Jessica has developed a social smile.

Which factor may contribute to the rise in obesity?

Lack of public playgrounds and nearby parks

Children tend to have better control over their fine motor skills as evidenced by their handwriting and detail in drawings. Developments in such abilities are often seen in children around age

8 years

Early philosopher John Locke viewed children as a tabula rasa, meaning they were

a blank slate

A significant reason for the recent decrease in children's time spent in physical activity is

a decrease in recess and physical education time during school hours.

A prime example of spatial cognition would be seen when a child understands that

a hexagon shape will not pass through a square-shaped hole.

Paul wants to be a financial advisor rather than a nurse like his father because Paul believes financial advisors are more powerful. Paul's view best reflects

a middle childhood understanding of status differences in gender-typical occupations.

Twelve-year-old Shia rarely feels guilty when corrected for doing something wrong. What might this indicate about Shia's continued development?

Shia is at greater risk for antisocial behavior.

Which would be an example of an internalizing problem in a young child?

Sitting away from others during lunch and looking sad

Which statement best reflects accurate information about children's sleep during middle childhood?

The "optimal" amount of sleep appears to differ across cultures.

In an experiment, Chinese- and American-born preschoolers are told they can earn tokens for prizes for each math problem they complete. The children are given a choice to either spend their tokens as they earn them for smaller prizes or save the tokens until the end to receive a bigger prize. Which is the most likely outcome of this experiment?

The Chinese children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize.

Which is a potential consequence of bullying through social media?

The consequences are more widespread and difficult to stop than "live" incidences of bullying or teasing.

Infants were initially habituated to the category "vehicles" by being shown images of different cars and trucks. Following this, they were shown a picture of a school bus next to a picture of an apple. Based on your knowledge of how infants form categories for different objects, which of the following statements would best illustrate how infants would respond?

They would look less at the school bus compared to the apple, having grouped the bus as a type of vehicle.

Isha and Tybere are both 10 months old. Isha is considered an "experienced" crawler whereas Tybere is not. When placed at the top of a steep flight of stairs, it is most likely that

Tybere would attempt to crawl down the stairs, but Isha would remain on the landing.

Which most accurately describes cultural views around friendships?

Western cultures emphasize autonomy and view friendships as important to a child's self-worth.

Jaylene has chronic asthma that has caused her and her family numerous trips to the hospital over many years. Jaylene's family has good health insurance, and she is receiving excellent care for her frequent medical needs. Are there still concerns her family should have?

Yes, stressors associated with chronic childhood disease can cause academic, emotional, and social difficulties

In a study on infant depth cue perception, researchers found that older infants could judge the distances of objects using only one eye, but that younger infants needed both eyes to do so. Older infants are therefore able to rely on _______ cues to gauge distance whereas younger infants need to still rely on _______ cues.

monocular; binocular

Piaget's research into the moral development of young children led him to conclude that a major distinction between younger and older children's understanding of moral behavior was that

older children, compared to younger, focused on intention behind a transgression.

Lisa had always been told she was very smart in areas related to reading skills and reading comprehension, and she labels herself as innately smart. She had little difficulty reading or understanding the books she was assigned to in class. However, when she moved from the third to the fourth grade, Lisa found the new reading assignments to be very challenging. As a result, Lisa is likely to

reduce her effort, interest, and investment in reading the challenging material.

Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants

regulate their emotions

What strategy might children use to help recall a series of numbers or facts?

rehearsal

Brittany didn't want Alice joining in her favorite game of tag, so she told all her friends that Alice wasn't a good runner, and shouldn't be allowed in the group. Brittany's behavior would be a good example of

relational aggresion

Which has been a successful school-based intervention to promote good health and nutrition?

school breakfast programs

Children and adults differ in average heights and weights in cultural communities throughout the world over historical time. Which term refers to such changes over an extended time?

secular changes

Families can best encourage good eating habits and help prevent obesity by

selecting and eating healthy foods with the child.

Research examining fathers' role in attachment development in young children have found that

sensitive parenting in fathers is associated with the development of secure attachment in children.

Eleven-year-old Liam is sad that his friend is moving away but understands why his friend is excited since he will move closer to his grandparents and many cousins. This provides evidence of Liam's

skills at theory of mind

A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as

social referencing.

Changes in gross motor skills during middle childhood include

strength, flexibility, balance, and agility.

Research shows that a large number of neural connections are formed during the first few months and years of life. This process is known as

synaptogenesis

Hector proudly shows off his binder of baseball cards to his friends at school. The cards are organized based on a player's team affiliation, base percentage, and finally home runs. Hector has organized his cards using

taxonomic categories

Participation in formal and informal sports and other physical activity has benefits that include all of the following except

weight gain

Although Nora tries hard to pay attention in class, she has difficulty remembering all the instructions her teacher gave them for their new science project. Nora might have limited

working memory

Which explains why sleep problems in early childhood may be connected to childhood obesity?

all of the above (Sleep problems interfere with caloric levels during waking hours, Parents who are lax about their children's sleeping habits may also tend to be lax about eating or activity habits, Sleep problems interfere with hormones related to growth, maturation, and energy homeostasis, which affect eating habit, Sleep problems interfere with activity levels during waking hours)

Children who have experienced repeated maltreatment

are highly sensitive to signs of distress in others.

Countries like China, that tend to emphasize cultural ideologies of collectivism, harmony, and modesty, are more likely than Western cultures to

are less likely to display strong emotional expressions in social situations.

All of the following muscle groups play a central role in the infant's ability to sit unaided and without supports except the

arms

The parenting style most often linked with positive child development is

authoritative

Although Yumi was born in America, her favorite memories are her parents taking her to the annual Asian Festival and making delicious Japanese delicacies during traditional holidays while her grandparents share exciting stories about their lives in Japan. According to Diane Hughes, these experiences would be an example of

cultural socialization.

Sierra's grandparents buy her a new bike for her birthday. The bike is not what Sierra wanted but she sees that the gift makes her grandparents so happy that she smiles and thanks them for the gift. Researchers would point out that Sierra's positive behaviors in response to the gift illustrates her understanding of

display rules

A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child.

distress tolerance

In a lab, a child was asked to cover her eyes. When asked if her mom can still see her, the child said: "no because my eyes are closed" What is this thought process referred to as?

egocentrism

Little Tomas can see a toy horse inside a plastic toy barn on the floor. His mom on the other side of the room cannot see into the barn. When asked what his mom can see Tomas describes she can see a brown horse inside the barn. What cognitive limitation of young children does this situation present?

egocentrism

William and Sheri are parents of a 12-year-old boy who was just rejected by a girl that he liked. William and Sheri listened to their son share his feelings and provided guidance on ways to manage his feelings of rejection. William and Sheri were utilizing _______ to help their son.

emotion coaching

A child is being teased on the playground for her clothing choice. Instead of getting upset with those teasing her, she decides to think about how pleased she is to wear the new outfit she saw on a popular social media star, whatever others say. This emotional regulation strategy is an example of

emotion-centered coping

Alice has been diagnosed with CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), as she was exposed to higher-than-normal levels of androgens in utero. As a child, Alice is likely to

engage in more masculine play based behavior

Una believes that her son is gifted because of genetics, and that even without trying, he will be smart and talented because of the abilities he inherited from his parents. Una's perspective of intelligence best reflects

entity theory of intelligence

Jamal, who is 32, cannot remember who his teacher was when he was 7 years old, but he remembers specific, vivid details from his classroom and the day he fell and needed to get stitches. What kind of memory has Jamal stored?

episodic memory

Su-Wei was sharing with her class about her earliest memories of being taken on her father's fishing boat on her birthday in Taiwan, learning how to catch fish and later prepare it for sale in the market, and making traditional Taiwanese dishes prepared using fish. Su-Wei is drawing knowledge from her _______ memory.

episodic memory

Children in middle childhood who experience success at their initiatives, rather than failure, are likely to feel positive and motivated to try new things. This is in line with _______ theory.

eriksons

Whenever Miguel gets angry with his little sister, he pushes her to the ground. In response, his father spanks him. Over time, Miguel's experience will likely lead him to

escalate his aggressive behavior.

_______ are a type of short story used to test young children's knowledge about how a character in a story feels or might act in a particular situation.

Emotion vignettes

Juan, a 4-year-old preschooler, is crying loudly because a classmate took away a favorite toy of his during recess. Which coping intervention would be most effective for Juan?

Explain to Juan that while it is okay to cry when one is sad, it is also important to share with others.

Which statement provides evidence of gender differences in brain development?

Gray matter in the parietal lobe and basal ganglia peak earlier in females than males.

As children physically develop, they gain greater control over their bodies. Which type of skills relies primarily on large muscle groups in arms, legs and torso?

Gross motor skills

According to some researchers, in the false-belief task, a key requirement is for children to remember where the original object was placed and where it was moved to. Researcher's attribute which of the following as a possible explanation for such age-related improvements?

Growing skills in executive functioning

Ashton has a hard time learning the alphabet and is behind the class. The teacher notices Ashton also has no supplies for school and wears the same outfit repeatedly. What conclusion could be drawn from this connection?

Poverty conditions may be impacting Ashton's ability to learn.

Which of the following is not a sign of food insecurity?

Refusal to apply for supplemental nutritional program

When Bridgette was three years old, she could count to 10 with a little help, and name some basic colors. Now at 5 years of age, she can count to 100, knows all the colors of the rainbow, and can recite the entire alphabet. Bridgette has expanded her _______ intelligence.

crystallized

Both Harlow and Bowlby's work help us better understand attachment. Which accurately reflects their research?

The work of both emphasized an evolutionary view of attachment.

What behaviors suggest that a toddler might have an early understanding of their own gender identity?

They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys

When Jamal came home with a C- grade on his first science test, his parents noted the importance of the fact that he had studied hard and put a lot of efforts at tackling a difficult subject. As a result, Jamal is likely to

be motivated to study hard for the next exam.

Synaptogenesis begins prenatally and is especially rapid

before and after birth

Jayah is well liked by some of his classmates but many find him very annoying. He is likely to fall in the _______ peer status category.

controversial

Much of what is known about experience-dependent plasticity is a result of

correlational studies of children in various home environments.

Cruising behavior in infants is functionally similar to _______ behavior because of the heavy reliance on _______.

crawling; muscles in the arms

Bert has been classified as possessing an insecure/disorganized attachment style. It is most probable that he

experienced a low-quality parent-child relationship with at least one caregiver.

Research has shown that parents who consistently engage in emotion talk with their children have children that are more likely to demonstrate all the following except

experiencing more internalizing problems when attending school.

Gina's parents consistently encourage her to play with her new toy doll rather than playing with trucks with her brother. This would be an example of

gendered parenting

Yumi was shown a drawing of a bicycle. After habituating to this first image, she was then presented with a second picture of the same bicycle behind a gate, with its front wheel being blocked. Yumi's recognition of the partially perceived bicycle as being identical to the whole image is an indication of the Gestalt concept of

good continuation

As children acquire language skills during early childhood, they display impressive expansion in their vocabularies, which best reflects

growth in semantic networks

Ainsley has difficulty tolerating new social situations and tends to react fearfully when asked to try something new. It is likely that Ainsley has a _______ temperament.

highly inhibited

Brain scans of children living in poverty show differences in size and function compared to those growing up in homes with higher incomes. This is partially due to

increased stressful life events and higher likelihood of exposure to insensitive parenting.

A researcher watches from a one-way mirror as a young child, who had been separated from her mother for five minutes, is reunited. The researcher notes that the child seems to avoid eye contact with her mother and prefers to play alone. Based on these observations, the researcher might be likely to classify the child as

insecure avoidant

High quality early education has been shown to have the most significant impact on the emotional development of children who come from

low-income families

A common gender stereotype that children are exposed to in the media is

males playing the main characters in children's programming.

Growing rates of obesity have been documented in

many countries around the world, including less-resourced countries.

Ophelia knows that spelling is not her best subject in school, but that constantly writing and re-writing the words makes her more confident about spelling them. Ophelia's awareness of her spelling limitations is an example of

metacognition

An important parenting behavior associated with reduced risk of child problem behaviors is

monitoring

When Tilla won her class math contest, her mother responded, "Wow Tilla, you're so smart!" This type of response, known as _______, can have implications for a child's future motivation and performance.

person praise

Yvette's mother sits with her as she tries to read her favorite book out loud. When they read the word "tree," Yvette's mother says, "Let's sound this out— 't-r-ee.' 'Tree.'" This approach to learning to read is known as the _______ approach.

phonics

Gina noticed her parents praise her whenever she plays with her new doll but look upset when she plays with her brother with trucks. According to the social learning theory perspective of gender development, Gina likely will

play with her doll because of her parents' praise.

4-month-old Tandy was brought to a research laboratory as part of a study on the music preferences of infants. She was taught to suck on a pacifier to start recordings of different types of music. Based on your knowledge of music preferences in infants, you would expect that Tandy would

prefer music that was structurally consistent with the music typical to her culture.

_______ is an emotion that is praised in many European-American communities but discouraged in some Asian communities.

pride

Terrell and Astrid are working together building a sandcastle at the beach. They take turns carrying the empty pail to gather sand and collect water and discuss how best to build their sandcastle. Later, Terrell shares his cookies with Astrid, and she gives him have half her sandwich. These children are engaging in

prosocial behaviors

Jessica is watching from her playpen as her mother plays on the piano. Every time her mother moves her fingers on the keyboard, a sound is made. Jessica is able to connect her mother's fingers on the keyboard to the sounds that she hears because of

temporal synchrony.

Stable posture affects all of the following except

the ability of the infant's eyes to focus on near and distant objects.

In order to identify if children understood the rule for plural formation in grammar, Dr. Berko created which test?

the wug test

One hypothesis on children's growing theory of mind is that with development, children modify their reasoning about the causes of behaviors in themselves and others. What is this explanation called?

theory-theory

Which provides an example of a common gross motor skill in childhood?

throwing a ball

Marcus thinks he can now ride one of the fun-looking roller coasters at the carnival, but his younger sister cannot, because last year his best friend Christopher could ride it, and this year Marcus is taller than his friend, but his sister is shorter. Marcus is displaying the ability to engage in

transitive inference