Infant & Child Development (psych)

Which is not a developmental cascade related to low birth weight?

None of the above—all are possible developmental cascades related to low birth weight

One week after conception, a ball of 100 cells becomes firmly embedded in the lining of the uterus in the process of implantation. This ball of cells is called the

blastocyst.

The Apgar scale is an assessment of newborn health and is based on ratings including neonate

pulse, grimace, and respiration.

Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome provide evidence that

random negative mutations can occur.

During the time when a woman's egg leaves an ovary and travels into the fallopian tube, is when the egg

releases a chemical substance that attracts a man's sperm.

Gait-mats are useful to assess infant walking ability, however they are limited in that they

require infants to walk in a straight line.

Children whose mothers consumed high levels of fish oil (DHA) while pregnant are more likely to

show advantages on visual attention and processing speed at 24 months.

Jeremy and Sam are identical twins. However, Sam is slightly taller than Jeremy. Differences such as this

show differences in phenotype.

_______ refers to the perception of an object as having a constant size despite changes in the size of the retinal image, whereas _______ refers to the perception of an object as having a constant shape despite changes to the retinal image.

size constancy; shape constancy

All of the following muscle groups play a central role in the infant's ability to sit unaided and without supports except the

arms

As an infant, Bryan started using his hands to grasp objects with his whole hand before he was able to use his fingers to press small buttons and turn knobs. The ability to grasp objects before being able to use fingers individually is an example of what principle of growth?

Proximodistal development

Why did early French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe formal education should begin at age 12?

Rousseau believed children should be free to explore the world unrestricted.

Six-year-old Maya was involved in a car accident. The doctors mentioned that Maya has some swelling of her occipital lobe. Which of these might be affected with an injury to this part of the brain?

Vision

A developmental systems theorist is most likely to hold that human behavior is shaped by

a wide range of factors, including biology and environment.

The spread or variability among children in various aspects of development is called

individual differences

The ecological theory of perception proposed a significant departure from earlier views on infant perceptual development because the theory emphasized the

infant's role in piecing together dynamic, visual experiences in their environment in a way that allowed them to make sense of their experiences.

The brain's volume gradually increases over childhood through the processes of

synaptogenesis and myelination.

Maternal malnourishment may lead to fetal growth retardation and low birth weight due to

"starvation" signals to the fetus that food is likely to be scarce in the future.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development is best characterized by which example?

A child counts to five, but the teacher helps the child count a few more numbers to 10.

Which is proof that regions of the brain specialized for experience-expectant plasticity are not necessarily locked into their "expected" paths of development?

A deaf child's auditory processing areas become specialized for visual processing.

In 2013, the U.S. government launched the _______ to encourage scientific discovery of new tools and methods to study the brain.

BRAIN initiative

_______ appear(s) to adjust in line with human experience and can serve to accelerate or delay the opening of a sensitive period.

Brain plasticity

Why might children be influenced by physical and/or social settings, customs, beliefs, and views of caregivers in their home?

Children's learning is shaped by the cultural context.

A child has difficulty processing information early on, leading to challenges in making friends and later experiences of being bullied. What are these related effects called?

Developmental cascades

Darius and Xavier are identical twins. At age 20, Darius was diagnosed with cancer but recovered with treatment. The two men are now 50 years old and Xavier has never been diagnosed with cancer. What concept might explain this difference?

Epigenetics

A teenager begins bullying other kids at school. Upon investigation, a school psychologist discovers the student has been neglected at home and feels powerless. Which theoretical orientation might explain the teen's bullying behavior?

Evolutionary theory

Which of the following structures in the retina is responsible for determining the overall visual acuity of infants?

Fovea

Aiden's parents consistently placed him on his tummy whenever he went to sleep. Gertrude, on the other hand, was consistently placed on her back. Based on the findings from the Back-to-Sleep campaign, it is likely that

Gertrude will likely be delayed compared to Aiden in skills related to related to rolling over, sitting, and crawling.

In a series of studies, Vouloumanos and Werker (2004) examined speech sound preferences in infants. Which of following results would be consistent with their conclusion that preference for speech begins before a baby is even born?

Infants as young as 4 days old already showed a preference for speech over nonspeech sounds.

Which of these scenarios best illustrates the concept of perceptual narrowing?

Infants raised by their fathers show greater ability to distinguish among male faces compared to female faces.

Adrian is living on his own for the first time and is pursuing a romantic relationship with a friend. Out of fear of rejection, Adrian is struggling with self-doubt and is hesitant to share his feelings. This serves as an example of which psychosocial stage?

Intimacy vs isolation

Bridget and Theo are parents of an infant. A friend encourages them to buy a learning system for their infant, citing the "use it or lose it" concept of maintaining existing neural connections. Is this the best advice?

No, pruning away excess neurons will improve the child's neural communication

Zoe noticed that, while sleeping, she rarely dreams and does not change position in her bed. Zoe is likely to be mostly in what type of sleep?

Non-REM

An inherited metabolic disorder passed from parent to child that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord and leads to death in childhood is called

Tay-Sachs disease.

Middle schoolers participated in a sex education and health program early in the year. They were tested at the end of the program to measure what they retained. A week later, they were tested again to see if individual children received similar scores. Which type of reliability is being assessed?

Test-retest reliability

A reason that an infant may experience anoxia can be due to

a baby being in the breech position.

Being able to detect a sound is defined as _______ threshold, whereas being able to detect that a change in sound occurred from a first sound to a second sound is called _______ threshold.

absolute; difference

Four-month-old Emile watches as a researcher rolls a ball down a plank, through a colorful tunnel. Although he can smoothly track the progress of the ball's movement down the track, he doesn't look to the other side of the tunnel until the ball pops out. On the other hand, 7-month-old Bella anticipates its appearance after entering the tunnel and shifts her eyes to the end of the tunnel before the ball appears. Compared to Emile, Bella shows

anticipatory eye movements.

Gesell's work involved documenting the motor abilities and physical growth of infants, including changing skills in prehension, which refers to

approaching, grasping, and releasing objects

Synaptogenesis begins prenatally and is especially rapid

before and after birth

The process of implantation involves the

blastocyst becoming firmly embedded in the lining of the uterus.

A child is overtly scolded by nonresponsive parents often. In adolescence, the child begins to form relationships with peers who demonstrate antisocial, even violent behaviors. This example demonstrates

cascades over time

A researcher has designed a study that will involve obtaining frequent, closely spaced observations of children. This is a _______ study.

cross-sectional

Talia is a very active preschooler who loves sports and active play. Her parents recognize her need to be active and choose to enroll her in a few programs at their local YMCA. The parent's reaction to Talia's activity level is an example of

evocative effects.

To accurately track the eye movement of infants, researchers oftentimes use _______, or devices that are built into computer monitors or worn on the participants' head.

eye-trackers

A university class practiced writing cover letters all semester. To test what they learned about letter-writing, the final essay asks them to write about ways to job search. This violates _______ validity.

face

Henry is being fed by his mother. Each time her mouth moves, he hears sounds ("Open wide! This is yummy!") and then feels the cold, smooth texture of the food in his mouth. After each bite of food, he hears the spoon lightly tapping against the applesauce container as his mother prepares another bite of food for him. Henry's integration of these experiences into an understanding of being fed is an example of

intermodal perception

The use of the ghavora among mothers in Tajikistan contributes to our understanding of the role of culture in influencing motor development because

it significantly restricts infant movement when used, and as a result, infants who spend many hours in the gahvora may show delays in certain motor skills based on norms established by the World Health Organization.

An experiment that follows the same group of children over a period of time is called a _______ study.

longitudinal

By the end of the first year, infants have a distinct _______, which continues to develop until around 3 years of age.

microbiome

A condition in which an infant is born with an abnormally small head and brain is called

microcephaly.

Imani grew up in a region of Africa where malaria is prevalent. Many in her community that have lived there for generations seem to have increased resistance to the disease compared to families who have recently moved to the area. However, others moved away from Africa to areas without malaria where the gene was not needed to protect against the disease. This instance is an example of a

mixed mutation.

Benita is trying to replace her cravings to smoke by drinking a juice that she hates anytime she feels a craving. She is hoping this will decrease her smoking behavior. This type of conditioning is known as

operant conditioning.

An evolutionary argument for how the adaptive response to maternal stress may aid a fetus to survive postnatally includes the idea that Correct Answer

prenatal exposure to cortisol can affect infant negativity and lateraggression which may help children compete for resources and cope with a hostile and threatening world.

Scientists' ability to locate a gene thought to be involved in an inherited disease has greatly increased because of

the Human Genome Project.

Stable posture affects all of the following except

the ability of the infant's eyes to focus on near and distant objects.

Comparisons of siblings who were versus were not breastfed has revealed that

the benefits of breastmilk may be overstated and confounded by other family factors.

A child in a remote village in Brazil may not understand basic math concepts because the language does not have words for numbers. This reflects a cultural influence on

the form a skill takes

Cortisol regulates body processes such as metabolism and _______ and helps the body respond to _______.

the immune response; stress

A person's _______ has a higher degree of phenotypic plasticity than their _______.

weight; eye color