Infant and Early Childhood Mental Healthy Final Study Guide- 2

A common way to measure the intensity of behaviors observed in the classroom is to

*NOT* Use a rating scale that calibrates amplitude in some manner.

The prevalence estimate for intellectual disability in children and adults is about ____ of the entire population.

1%

During the eugenics movement, persons with intellectual disability were considered ____.

A threat to society

Brett is an aggressive preschooler, who often bites other children and throws toys at his teacher. When Brett finished 3rd grade, he was asked to find another school to attend since he had repeatedly hit his classmates and kicked the principal. Brett's behavioral patterns are an example of

Abnormal behavior that follows a continuity pattern.

What is an underlying assumption with regard to abnormal child behavior?

Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities.

Which psychological condition is more common among females than males?

Adolescent depression

A child's ____ has the most implications for judgments about deviancy and for selecting appropriate assessment and treatment methods.

Age

Children's problems must be considered in the context of their ____.

All of these 1. family dynamics 2. community/culture individual nature

The most important concept a caregiver must learn is to

Always approve of the child, even when disapproving of the child's behavior.

When a behavior is measured in terms of its intensity, the characteristic being measured is its

Amplitude

_____ is the best attention and shows another person that you respect and have positive regard for them.

Approval

Being aware of someone, their moods, needs and interests, and responding to all of them.

Attunement

Three insecure patterns of attachment in infants and toddlers are

Avoidant, resistant, and disoriented.

Victor is fearful of approaching new situations and often appears inhibited. Victor's mother reports that she struggles with similar difficulties and he may have inherited it from her. This is an example of ____.

Biological influences

A toddler learning to make sounds such as "mememe" and "bagabaga" before learning how to use intelligible language indicates a structure and process to development, otherwise known as the

Biological perspective.

Which condition is equally common among males and females?

Childhood depression

Adults with mild intellectual development disorder need support with all of the following EXCEPT:

Considerable support needed from co-workers/supervisors in employment.

If two students are told to play a table game while observers watch, but one of the students has been previously instructed to let the other student win, the observation is considered to be

Contrived

When developmental psychopathologists view adaptive and maladaptive behaviors as the result of previous interactions and experiences spread over several years, they refer to the process as

Developmental cascades.

Analyzing information and drawing conclusions about the nature or cause of a problem refers to ____.

Diagnosis

The prevalence of Johnny's inappropriate behavior time during the 30 minutes of math class was summarized as .20. The characteristic of behavior that was probably measured to arrive at this number is

Duration

When a behavior is measured in terms of the length of time it lasts, the characteristic being measured is its

Duration

The most likely explanation for the discrepancy in IQ scores between blacks and whites in North America is ____.

Economic and social inequalities

Interventions for children and adolescents are often intended to ____.

Eliminate distress and promote further development

John Locke (1632-1704) advanced the belief that children were ____.

Emotionally sensitive beings

How did Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard believe he could tame the "wild boy of Aveyron"?

Environmental stimulation

When working with children and families, cultural information is most needed to ____.

Establish a relationship with the child and family

In the DSM-5, the level of disability, reflecting a child's degree of difficulty, is based upon the ____.

Extent of cognitive impairment

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) categorizes persons with an intellectual disability according to the ____.

Extent of support needed

Caregivers should think of themselves as "recharging stations" where children can come for a positive "energy" boost that helps children feel unsafe and insecure.

F

Infants showed closer attachment when home-reared than in a center.

F

Most infants of full-time working mothers are not securely attached.

F

Secure infant attachment has no effect on later cognitive, emotional, and social competence.

F

Many child and adolescent problems can be best described as the ____.

Failure to demonstrate expected developmental progress

Your ability to create a positive learning environment allows children to

Feel safe, to gather information, and to trust their senses.

The ____ refers to the phenomenon that IQ scores have risen sharply since the beginning of IQ testing.

Flynn effect

When a behavior is measured in terms of the number of times that it occurs within an identified time period, the characteristic being measured is its

Frequency

The work of Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (1775-1838) is notable in that ____.

His orientation toward children was one of care and helping, in contrast to the times

Qualitative observation involves

Identifying specific behaviors to be counted.

Measuring the frequency of a behavior is not appropriate when

It is a stereotypic behavior occurring at a high rate.

When a behavior is measured in terms of the length of time between a signal to perform and the beginning of the behavior, the characteristic being measured is its

Latency

When an observer begins a stopwatch at the time the bell rings and stops it when the target student arrives at the door of the next scheduled class, the characteristic of behavior that was probably being measured is

Latency

An integrative approach to the psychopathology of a child means that

Many theories and concepts can be used to explain behavior.

Which method did Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard use to tame the "wild boy of Aveyron"?

Massages

The rising of IQ scores is due to ____.

Medical advances

The ____ category of intellectual disability is overrepresented in minority groups.

Mild

The majority of individuals with intellectual disabilities have ____ impairment.

Mild

Many persons with Down syndrome function at the ____ level of disability.

Moderate

Examples of conceptual adaptive behavior skills are:

Money concepts

In comparison to the IQ scores of normally developing children, those of infants and children with developmental delays or intellectual disability are ____.

More stable

Studies have indicated that the current perspective on healthy development and positive bonding suggests _____ can meet the needs of infants equally well as mothers.

Non-familial persons

Most often, adaptational failure is due to a(n) ____.

Ongoing interaction between the individual and environment

The more severe forms of intellectual disability are more likely due to ____ causes than is mild intellectual disability.

Organic

Which factor has the least bearing on a clinician's approach to assessment, diagnosis, and treatment?

Popularity

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, children's mental health problems were attributed to ____.

Possession by the devil or other evil forces

Etiology refers to the ____ of childhood disorders.

Possible root causes

To be labeled with intellectual disability, below average intellectual and adaptive abilities must be ____.

Present before age 18

This describes a process of gathering information that is used to understand the nature of an individual's problem, its possible causes, treatment options, and outcomes.

Problem-solving analysis

Patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms shown by an individual are defined as ____.

Psychological disorders

The over-representation of boys with psychological disorders likely reflects ____.

Referral biases

Evolutionary degeneracy theory attributed the intellectual and social problems of children with intellectual disability to ____.

Regression to an earlier period in the development of humankind

The relationship between assessment and intervention is best viewed as ____.

Related and ongoing

IQ scores among individuals without an intellectual disability are ____.

Relatively stable with the exception of infancy

The infant seeks closeness to the parent and resists exploring the environment and usually displays angry behavior. This is known as

Resistant attachment.

Assistance from more-skilled others, facilitates learning at the "higher" end of the zone is known as_________________.

Scaffolding

When an infant uses a parent as a secure base and strongly prefers the parent over a stranger, this type of attachment is known as

Secure

Mothers who respond to their child's cues with insightfulness have children who are significantly more likely to have

Secure attachment.

The infant uses a parent as a secure base and strongly prefers the parent over a stranger. This is known as

Secure attachment.

Individuals with mild intellectual disability can usually acquire academic skills up to approximately the _______ grade level.

Sixth

To be diagnosed with intellectual disability, a person must exhibit ____.

Subaverage intellectual functioning and deficits in adaptive functioning

Appropriate and consistent approval is what develops trust in a child.

T

Research supported that infants who were persistent at 6 months tended to be more persistent at 14 months of age.

T

Separation anxiety appears normal in child development because children from every culture experience it.

T

The 3 A's stand for attention, approval, and attunement.

T

"The distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving " is better known as

The zone of proximal development.

A child typically enters the mental health system ____.

Through teachers, counselors, or parents

Subaverage intellectual functioning is defined as an IQ approximately ____.

Two standard deviations below the mean

Isabella is 3 years old, and frequently demands attention, overreacts, and refuses to go to bed. These behaviors are considered ____.

Typical because of her age

All of these are examples of parent- and teacher-rated problems that best discriminate between referred and nonreferred children EXCEPT:

Withdrawn