Infanticide
according to the sexual selection hypothesis, infanticide should occur when the killer is the new _____ ______
alpha male
one of the alternative NONADPATIVE hypothesis for why infanticide occurs is _____ observation
biased
the problem with the NONADAPTIVE hypothesis _______ _______ is that the number of species, observations, and replications are growing AND there are direct observations in 56 populations of 35 species
biased observation
sexual swelling in primates is costly because increased _____ ____ increases locomotor costs
body weight
sexual swelling in primates is in many OWM and ape species highly exaggerated in sz, for example, there is a substantial increase in female ____ _____
body weight
infanticide is widespread in mammals, occurs mostly in ______, ______, and _____
carnivores, rodents, primates
in primate species in which the alpha male sires most infants, infanticide has also occurred after low ranking males have ______ in ______ (this occurs in Capuchin monkeys, for example)
climbed, rank
it is argues that these infanticides that occur in cooperative breeding systems reflect ______ for _____, specifically for helpers who care for infants
competition, resources
infanticide by females is very rare, most often occurs in ______ _____ callitrichicans
cooperativley breeding
one of the female counterstraetiges to infanticide displayed by langurs is females with infants _____ to produce a 'pseudo estrus'
copulate
sexual swelling in primates is _______
costly
one of the female counterstraetiges to infanticide displayed by langurs is trying to ______-______ and prevent _______ _____-______
counter-attack, male take-over
another hypothesis for why infanticide may occur suggests that there is an ______ advantage to killing infants because they will grow up to be competition for food/mates
ecological
most infanticides in chimpanzees are consistent with, even though indirect, _______ advantages due to range expansions following infanticides
ecological
infanticides occurring in chimpanzees by females are an example of the variant _____ _____ of ______
female display, power
what are the two types of infanticide?
female philopatry, female transfer
there are more infanticides when there are more ______ per ______
females, male
sexual swelling in primates is costly because ______ are diverted from other bodily functions
fluids
the adaptive hypothesis for infanticide asserts that infanticide occurs because infants are seen as ______
food
another hypothesis for why infanticide occurs emphasizes exploitation of infants as ______ when _______ after the attack
food, consumed
when the ratio of _____ is greater than ______, expect there to be NO infanticide
gestation, lactation
infanticide is "not _____ for the group"
good
if the ratio of lactation is _____ than gestation, then there is NO post partum estrus, making infanticide likely
greater
most infant losses occur soon after ______ ______ _____
group take over
the social pathology hypothesis for infanticide interprets infanticide as resulting from heightened male aggression due to high population densities, overcrowding, and stress, often in connection with _______ ______ by humans
habitat destruction
one of the female counterstraetiges to infanticide displayed by langurs is trying to ______
hide
there are more infanticides when there is a _____ reproductive skew
high
in several cases, the victims of infanticide in chimps belong to recent _______ females, which is also consistent with the resource competition hypothesis
immigrant
91% of infanticides are committed by ________ or ________-________ males
immigrant, non-group
the logic of the sexual selection hypothesis in regard to infanticide largely has to do with infanticide reducing the ____-____ ______
inter-birth interval
one of the key predictors of infanticide is ratio of ______ to _______
lactation, gestation
when the ratio of _____ is greater than _____, expect infanticide
lactation, gestation
one of the female counterstraetiges to infanticide displayed by langurs is females do not try to ______ (more than 1-2 days)-
leave
if the ratio of lactation is greater than gestation, then there is NO post partum estrus, making infanticide ________
likley
if infanticide results in a low reduction of the interbrith interval, the there is _____ benefit for the male to commit infanticide
little
sexual swelling in primates is costly because increased body weight increases _________ costs
locomotor
infanticides occurring in gorillas and Thomas' langur is an example of the variant ______ _____ of ______
male display, power
in most cases, the attacker in infanticide is an adult ____ who recently ______ into the same group into which the infant victim was born
male, immigrated
consumption of the body post infanticide occurs regularly in chimpanzees, but almost always when ____, not ____, are the attackers
males, females
often, circumstances do not support the sexual selection hypothesis in chimpanzees committing infanticide because ____ as well as _____ commit infanticide, and multiple individuals may attack _______
males, females, cooperatively
75% of the infanticide killers ____ with the mother after infanticide
mate
the chimpanzee swelling cycle typically starts after ________ at day 10, and continues until right after ________ around day 25
menstration , ovulation
infanticide is now generally acknowledges to be widespread and ______
natural
Multiple- mating and the associated long estrus of females could be an anti-infanticide strategy via ______ _______
paternity confusion
one of the infanticide variants is male chimpanzee within communities, which is generally considered to be puzzling, especially because it could happen because of ______ or ______ failure of mate
pathology, memory
prior to conception, _____ mating can confuse paternity and reduce the liklihood of infanticide
polyandrous
infant loss after group take over is highest in new male ______ and _____-____ monogamous groups
polyandry, take-over
the social pathology hypothesis for infanticide interprets infanticide as resulting from heightened male aggression due to high ________ _______, _________, and _______, often in connection with habitat destruction by humans
population densities, overcrowding, stress
the adaptive hypothesis for infanticide asserts that infanticide occurs because it acts as _______ ______
population regulation
if the ratio of lactation is greater than gestation, then there is NO _____ _____ _______, making infanticide likely
post partum estrus
sexual swelling in primates is used to signal ______ and _____ behavior
proceptive, receptive
most infanticides in chimpanzees are consistent with, even though indirect, ecological advantages due to ________ ________ following infanticides
range expansions
according to the sexual selection hypothesis, infanticide should occur when the new male is not _____ to the infant, and mates with the mother afterwards
related
according to the sexual selection hypothesis, infanticide should occur when hence male will increase his ______ ______
reproductive success
evidence that infanticide is "not good for the group" can be seen in that it is _____ by parents, it _____ group RS, and it can lead to group ______
resisted, reduces, destruction
in several cases, the victims of infanticide in chimps belong to recent immigrant females, which is also consistent with the _______ _______ hypothesis
resource competition
one of the infanticide variants is female display of power, which is an example of how ______ _____ can influence infanticide
resource competition
one of the infanticide variants is is male reduction of rival power, which is potentially a variant explained by _____ ______
resource competition
the adaptive hypothesis for infanticide asserts that infanticide occurs because of _______ _____, in other words, it eliminates competitors
resource competition
Harcourt said that " ____-_____ infanticide might be a peculiarly human trait
sex biased
the adaptive hypothesis for infanticide asserts that infanticide occurs because it is a form of ______ ______/______, which results in females more likely to mate with male in more distant future (which is also a form of sexual selection hypothesis
sexual coercion/exploitation
one of the alternative NONADPATIVE hypothesis for why infanticide occurs is that it is a side effect of ______ ______ and _______ _____, which leads to anger and killing
sexual frustration, general aggression
the problem with the NONADAPTIVE hypothesis side effect of ______ _____/ ____ _____ is that the male may have actually mated often and that this is highly contingent on context
sexual frustration, general aggression
infanticide is most commonly interpreted in regard to _____ ____ theory: a male has no reproductive advantage if a female raises an offspring that he did not sire
sexual selection
often, circumstances do not support the ____ _____ hypothesis in chimpanzees committing infanticide because males as well as females commit infanticide, and multiple individuals may attack cooperatively
sexual selection
one of the infanticide variants is male display of power, which is an example of _____ _____, and _______ for breeding opportunity
sexual selection, competition
there are more infanticides when there is _____ male tenure
short
infanticide is ______ dependent
situation
infant losses are relatively ____ in stable monogamy and stable polyandry compares to takeover monogamy and new male polyandry group compositions
small
if the ratio of lactation is much ____ than it is to gestation, the there IS post partum estres, meaning there it is unlikely for there to be infanticide
smaller
in addition, an alternative hypothesis for infanticide by males, the _____ _____ hypothesis was developed based on data from Hanuman langurs
social pathology
one of the alternative NONADPATIVE hypothesis for why infanticide occurs is the ______ _____ hypothesis, which asserts that crowding leads to maladpation. but not in capt-ivy, it occurs in low density populations
social pathology
the _______ _______ hypothesis for infanticide interprets infanticide as resulting from heightened male aggression due to high population densities, overcrowding, and stress, often in connection with habitat destruction by humans
social pathology
the problem with the NONADAPTIVE hypothesis _____ _____ is that it is not witnessed in captivity (unless there is a new male) BUT it does occur in low density populations, suggesting that overcrowding alone cannot explain this behavior
social pathology
infanticide has been observed and has evolved the most in ____ species, the second most in ______ species, and the least in _______ species
social, solitary, monogamous
infanticide was the first major blow ti the concept of primate group ______ (1970's. Hrdy), and was strongly resisted at first
solidarity
according to the sexual selection hypothesis, infanticide should occur when the females next birth is _____
sooner
infants are lost the least when the group composition of primates is ______ _____
stable monogamy
100% of infants killed via infanticide are _____
suckling
the chimpanzee ______ cycle typically starts after menstruation at day 10, and continues until right after ovulation around day 25
swelling
there is more infanticide when there is short male ______
tenure
infanticide is rarely seen directly.
true
infanticide rates are higher in blue monkeys than in gorillas
true
infanticide rates are higher in redhowlers than blue monkeys
true
another major risk factor for infanticide is high rates of male _______
turnover
in cooperatively breeding species, if males and females adults and non-adults individuals all care for the offspring, which are often ______ of a ______ ______ female.
twins, single breeding
if the ratio of lactation is much smaller than it is to gestation, the there IS post partum estres, meaning there it is ______ for there to be infanticide
unlikely
the killing of an ______ individual, by a _______ is called infanticide
unweened, conspecific
infanticide is temporarily ______
viable
there are many alternative adaptive hypothesis to explain infanticide, however, the non adaptive hypotheses, such as abnormal social pathology resulting in generalized male aggression is not _____ ______
well supported
what does the naturalistic fallacy state?
what is naturals is not necessarily good, and what is is not necessarily what ought to be
in a cooperative breeding system, when would infanticide by a dominant female occur?
when the second female gives birth around the same time
45%-70% of infanticides occur in ____-______ groups
1 male
females have developed counterstrategies to deal with infanticide. what are the two major ones?
1.) defend infant (alone or in association with other males) 2.) ween infants abruptly and or start mating with he attacker
what are the 4 infanticide variants?
1.) male display of power 2.) female display of power 3.) male reduction of rival power 4.) male chimpanzee within communities
what are the 4 alternative ADAPTIVE hypothesis for why infanticide occurs?
1.) population regulation 2.) form of sexual coercion/exploitation 3.) resource competition(elimination of competitors) 4.) infants as food
what are the three non adaptive alternative hypothesis for infanticide?
1.) social pathology 2.) side effect of sexual frustration/ general aggression 3.) biased observation
three conditions must be fulfilled for infanticide to provide males with a reproductive advantage and thus be in accordance with the sexual selection hypothesis, what are they?
1.) the male is not related to the infant 2.) the next birth occurs sooner 3.) the male has a chance to sire the next offspring
what are the 4 female counterstratiegies to infanticide seen in langurs?
1.) try to hide 2.) try to counter attack, prevent male takeover 3.) females with infants copulate ('pseudo estrus) 4.) females do not try to leave (more than 1-2 days_
the chimpanzee swelling cycle typically starts after menstruation at day _____, and continues until right after ovulation around day ______
10,25