InQ: Chp. 17

Bruno Latour maintains that it would make no sense to say Ramses II died of tuberculosis, because the ancient Egyptians had not identified tuberculosis as a disease.

True

Made with Organic Ingredients

Containing at least 70% certified organic ingredients

Certified Organic

Containing at least 95% certified organic ingredients

Which reason did the local school board of Dover, Pennsylvania offer, in 1995, for requiring teachers to read to their students a statement challenging evolution?

Evolution is a theory, not a proven fact.

Ulrich Beck has drawn attention to the concept of a risk society: a society that both produces and addresses risks to human life and health. These risks are either external or manufactured, meaning that they are either due to natural phenomena or are created by human activity and technology.

External: -death in a tornado -death from disease Manufactured: -death in war -death in a traffic accident

The best explanation for the evolutionary survival of homosexuality is that homosexual men and women pass on their genes by helping to raise their nieces and nephews.

False

Why are many African Americans especially interested in the prospect of using genetic testing to determine a person's family history and ancestral place of origin?

For historical reasons, African Americans often have poorly documented family trees.

In which context were the scientific techniques used by African Ancestry first developed?

Genetic testing on remains exhumed from a historical burial ground.

The Human Genome Project was an international effort to map out the complete human DNA sequence. Following many years of research, what was the big surprise discovery?

Human DNA contains only 20,000 to 25,000 genes, not 90,000.

What is typically true of produce—say, fresh fruit—that is labeled "certified organic"?

It is non-GMO It is grown without synthetic pesticides.

Which conclusion does sociologist Thomas Gieryn draw from his examination of the practice of science?

It is not always easy to decide what "science" is telling us

What is the name of the southern African tribe whose partly Jewish origins appear to be confirmed by genetic testing?

Lemba

Who wrote The Omnivore's Dilemma?

Michael Pollan

How does deforestation contribute to global warming?

-Burning of trees releases CO2. -The loss of trees means less absorption of free CO2.

Which items represent documented present-day effects of global warming?

-Melting of the ice cap at the North Pole. -Spread of diseases to places where they had not previously occurred.

Why did the fatalities produced by Chicago's 1995 heat wave occur mainly among the elderly, the poor, and African Americans?

Members of these populations were socially isolated.

Conley suggests that "the availability of organic products may add to health stratification by income." If this happens, which factors will most likely be involved?

-Organic products are more expensive than non-organic. -Organic products may be healthier than non-organic products. -Organic products tend to be preferred by more-educated consumers.

Accurate descriptions of how science is normally done.

-The research questions scientists choose to investigate are often a matter of personal preference or interest. -Scientific research is driven partly by the availability of private or public funding.

Identify each statement about Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar's study of Jonas Salk's lab as correct or incorrect.

-The researchers treated scientists as they would any other "tribe." -The researchers examined how scientific facts were established.

What benefits do proponents of GMO food crops claim for them?

-They are more resistant to pests and diseases. -They can be more nutritious. -They produce higher yields. -They stay fresh longer.

Boundary work is work done to maintain the borders between different branches of science and between science and non-science. Which items are examples of boundary work?

-Two biologists argue about whether viruses should be considered living or nonliving entities. -A philosopher argues that intelligent design is not a scientifically testable theory.

Which lessons can be drawn from the example of Angelina Jolie's medical decision and Edward Saunders's discovery of the effects of weather on stock prices?

-Whether cause A has effect B can depend on social circumstances. -Government must allow for the social response to facts it makes laws about.

Which concerns are raised by the prospect of widespread genetic testing of human beings?

-concerns about privacy -concerns about social stratification -concerns about stigmatization

What were President George W. Bush's reasons, in 2001, for restricting federal support for embryonic stem cell research to research on cell lines already established?

-concerns over the morality of creating new stem cell lines -political pressure from groups of religious conservatives

Which items, according to scientists, represent the two biggest causes of global warming?

-deforestation -use of fossil fuels

What, according to scientist Vandana Shiva, were some negative consequences for developing nations of the green revolution that occurred in the second half of the twentieth century?

-depletion of soil nutrients -loss of crop biodiversity -greater burden on the available water supply

Which questions would be part of the sociology of science?

-how scientific fraud is uncovered -how scientists engaged in scientific research make their decisions -how the public responds to claims by scientists

What are the main trends of the global green revolution that occurred in the second half of the twentieth century?

-improvements in agricultural techniques and technologies -the introduction of high-yield crops in developing nations

What are some causes of concern about the use of DNA testing in a criminological context?

-involuntary disclosure of family genetics to government authorities -the one-directional impact of DNA evidence effects related to socioeconomic status

What, besides increased agricultural productivity, were the benefits for developing nations of the green revolution that took place in the second half of the twentieth century?

-promoted gender equality -increased the value of formal schooling -slowed population growth

What was the initial motivation for the Manhattan Project?

A desire to keep pace with German atomic weapons research.

If all women followed the example Angelina Jolie set in 2013, what would a mutated BRCA1 gene be a predictor for

A greater likelihood of undergoing a preventative mastectomy.

For which reason or reasons are Americans generally more accepting of GMO foods than most Europeans?

Americans are more religious on average and thus more disposed to believe that human beings have a God-given right to alter nature.

How did the National Science Foundation influence research in hurricanes following Hurricane Katrina in 2005?

The NSF funded small grants on the causes and effects of hurricanes.

Why does certified organic food tend to come from megafarms and other large, corporate food producers rather than small-scale operations that serve a local clientele?

Small farmers tend to have a harder time affording USDA certification

Non-GMO

Not genetically modified

One possible explanation for the evolutionary survival of homosexuality is antagonistic pleiotropy. What would that mean, as applied to homosexuality?

One gene promotes overall fertility and leads to some percentage of the offspring being homosexual.

What term is used by Thomas Kuhn to describe a conceptual framework for doing "normal science," as Kuhn calls it?

Paradigm

In the film Gattaca, which major concern about genetics does the film explore?

Problems that would result from the genetic screening of children at birth

rBST-free

Produced from dairy cattle not injected with hormones

In a sociological context, what principle does the phrase Matthew effect refer to?

Scientists tend to bestow praise and honors on those colleagues who have been praised and honored in the past.