inquizitive 5-9
How do we know that semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory?
it is possible to disrupt one without disrupting the other
When asked, "What's the capital of South Dakota?" the cue of "It's a man's name" can help participants to remember when they otherwise did not know the answer ("Pierre"). Fill in the missing events to explain the process by which this cue helps based on the idea of spreading activation.
1. Nodes representing South Dakota are activated. 2. South Dakota nodes activate connected nodes 3. Pierre node is weakly activated by South Dakota nodes. 4. Cue of "It's a man's name" is provided. 5. Man's name node is activated. 6. Pierre node receives activation from Man's name node. 7. Activation of Pierre node reaches the response threshold.
Place the phases of memory in order from first to last.
1. acquisition 2. storage 3. retrieval
Raphael is participating in an experiment on spatial attention in which he must press a key every time that he sees a letter on the computer screen. Before each target letter is presented, he is told whether it will be at the top or bottom of the screen. Sometimes, though, this location cue is incorrect (e.g., the cue indicates the top of the screen, but the target appears at the bottom).For these trials in which the cue is misleading, place these events in order as they occur.
1. expectation-based priming 2. shift in attention to the location of the target 3. movement of eyes to the location of the target
Place the events that lead to the sense of familiarity in order.
1. exposure to a stimulus 2. practice in perceiving the stimulus 3. fluency increases 4. stimulus registered as "special" 5. attribution of fluency 6. stimulus judged as familiar
Place the individuals in order according to how quickly they would learn a new dance routine, from fastest to slowest.
1. professional ballet dancer 2. professional basketball player 3. college psychology professor
Place the strategies in order according to the memory recall performance they would yield, from best to worst.
1. reading your textbook and thinking about how the ideas connect to the lecture material and your everyday life 2. reading a list of words aloud over and over 3. recognizing the correct logo for an apple product by looking at it daily
Dr. Prime is conducting an experiment on spatial attention. He has his participants watch a computer screen and press the spacebar as soon as a letter appears. The letter can appear on the right or left side of the screen, but participants are required to keep their eyes pointed at a fixation mark at the center of the screen.Before each letter, participants are given a cue that a letter is about to appear. For some trials, the cue indicates the location of the upcoming letter with an arrow. On 20% of those trials, the arrow is misleading.Place each of these trials in order from the fastest response time to the slowest response time.
1. the arrow points right and a G appears on the right side 2. a neutral warning appears without an arrow 3. the arrow points right but the K appears on the left side
This timeline depicts events in Amalia's life that she can remember (in green) and cannot remember (red). When did her anterograde amnesia start?
3rd bubble from the left
Which statement best describes the primary function of working memory?
it serves as a way to process multiple pieces of info that are simultaneously activated in our thoughts
Label each bar on the graph with the encoding instructions that best match the expected word recall.
Blue- decide whether each word is red or green purple- decide whether each word rhymes with the word "cat" green- make a sentence using each word
Label each contribution to the memory process as something the memorizer does or something the memorizer knows.
knows- conceptual info does- interactive imagery and maintenance rehearsal
Identify each memory as either an episodic memory or a semantic memory.
Episodic: recalling the day that you first met your best friend, Aylin- recalling the selfie you took on your phone from the first time you visited your college campus-remembering what color sweater you wore yesterday
Participants in a lexical-decision task were presented with pairs of letter strings. Participants had to respond "yes" if both letter strings were real words and "no" if one or both of the strings were not real words. Which of these word pairs would we expect to see semantic priming effects on response time?
cake, knife crib, baby height, weight
Identify each scenario as an example of either remembering from source memory or using familiarity.
Familiarity- "I know I've seen that actor before ... but in what?" indicating "know" when making a "remember/know" distinction Source Memory- the others
What is generally true of practiced tasks?
can become habitual they can be difficult to inhibit
Which of these hints would likely help participants to remember that they had seen the word piano earlier if they read it in the sentence, "The man tuned the piano"?
Helpful hints- Something you can play. Something with a nice sound.
Which of these hints would likely help participants to remember that they had seen the word piano earlier if they read it in the sentence, "The man tuned the piano"?
Helpful: something you can play, something with a nice sound
Which of these learning strategies are optimal for later retrieval success?
Optimal: Study based, relate the info, think about
Match the correct definitions to each type of memory in the hierarchy.
Semantic memory- general knowledge, not tied to any time or place. Episodic memory- memory for specific events. Perceptual learning-recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience. Classical conditioning- learning about associations among stimuli. Priming- changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience. Procedural memory- knowing how (i.e. memory for skills).
A month ago, Troy's wife, Darlene, was diagnosed with anterograde amnesia. What should he expect her to still be able to do? What should he expect her not to be able to do anymore?
Still do: remember which song they chose for their "first dance" at their wedding last year- Learn how to kit
In one study, two patients were exposed to a series of trials in which a blue light was reliably followed by the loud sound of a boat horn to condition a fear reaction, but other colors (green, yellow, or red lights) were not. When later exposed to the blue light on its own, their bodily arousal was measured. The patients were also asked directly, "Which color was followed by the horn?" Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences.
The patient with damage to the hippocampus ___ a fear reaction to the blue light, but could not recall the color associated with the horn, demonstrating impaired ___. The patient with damage to the amygdala ___ a fear reaction to the blue light, but could recall the color associated with the horn, demonstrating impaired ___.
Which of these items are you least likely to notice?
a small cartoon gorilla in an image of a lung x-ray
As a participant in a study, you are asked to complete true/false judgments about a series of math equations while also keeping the words at the end of each equation in memory for a recall test at the end. Which component of working memory will you use to complete the true/false judgments?
central executive
Working memory is a system with several components. The ___ governs the selection and sequence of thoughts held in different temporary storage units. Verbal information is held in the ___ , whereas spatial information is held in the ___. The ___ , which was recently added to this structure, assists in organizing information into chronological sequences.
central executive, articulatory loop, visuospatial buffer, episodic buffer
____ refers to a pattern in which perceivers either do not see or take a long time to see alterations in a visual stimulus at which they are directly looking.
change blindness
Many brain sites are important for controlling attention. Some sites play a pivotal role in alerting the brain, so that it is ready for an upcoming event. Other sites play a key role in orienting attention, so that you're focused on this position or that, on one target or another. Still other sites are crucial for controlling the brain's executive function.Identify the system being depicted in each image based on the labeled brain regions.
alerting system: frontal area, posterior area, thalamus executive system: anterior cingulate gyrus, prefrontal cortex orienting system: frontal eye field, superior parietal lobe, temporoparietal junction, pulvinar, superior colliculus
Participants in one study were shown the picture in the top left. Each of the other panels shows a three-minute recording of one viewer's eye movements while inspecting the picture. The labels for each panel summarize the viewer's goal while looking at the picture.Which of these factors may explain the pattern of movements and how they change across the goals
all answers are correct
Identify each description as an example of inattentional blindness, change blindness, or neither.
change blindness Dillon is watching the movie Spiderman. He fails to notice a lamp that Peter Parker (a.k.a. Spiderman) just broke is fully intact mere seconds later in the scene. While reading a magazine, Jerome comes across a "Can you spot the difference?" game, but he can't see how the two images differ from each other. inattentional blindness You have been looking around the living room for 10 minutes for your keys. Your roommate walks by and picks them up off the coffee table that was right in front of you the whole time. Martha looked in the mirror at least a dozen times while getting dressed for work this morning, but she still failed to notice the pen stain on the front pocket of her blouse. neither Your roommate marches into your room, annoyed that the neighbor has been playing her saxophone while he was trying to study. Now that he has said something you hear the saxophone, but you hadn't noticed it earlier.
Gaining new information at the __ stage of memory depends both on the richness of the knowledge already in ___ to which you can connect the new information and on the degree of organization supported by the ___ paths so that you can find the new material later.
acquisition, storage, retrieval
Match each computer action to the corresponding phase of memory.
acquisition- creating a slideshow file storage- viewing a browser containing folders with different files in each retrieval- searching the browser folder and opening the slideshow file
Nodes receive activation from connected nodes. As more activation arrives at a node, the ___ for that node increases. With sufficient activation, the node will fire. In the case of ___ , the node will not fire. For this node to fire, it will need ____
activation level, a subthreshold input, additional input
In one study, an investigator approached pedestrians on a college campus and asked for directions. During the conversation, two men carrying a door approached and deliberately walked between the investigator and the research participant. As a result, the investigator was momentarily hidden (by the door) from the participant's view; in that moment, he traded places with one of the men carrying the door. The investigator was thus able to walk away, unseen, while the new fellow (who had been carrying the door) stayed behind and continued the conversation with the participant.What was the outcome of this study?
approximately half of the participants failed to notice the switch
the digits in a digit-span task are maintained in working memory through subvocalization in the ___ and active processing in the central executive. With concurrent articulation, rehearsal of the numbers by subvocalization is ___, which results in a ___ measure of memory span
articulatory loop, disrupted, smaller
In one study, participants with unilateral neglect syndrome saw target items being placed into a barbell-shaped frame: As the participants watched, the barbell was rotated Select the case in which a patient (with damage to the right parietal lobe) would be most likely to perceive the diagonal lines inside the barbell now that it has been rotated.
barbell with red filled in on the left side
facilitates perception
both
Anna's professor asks her to participate in a demonstration of the digit-span task. The first time she does the task, she is only able to accurately repeat back lists of seven digits or less. During the second time through the task, however, she starts to think of the digits as dates of historical events, and she is able to accurately repeat lists as long as 28 items. What strategy has Anna engaged in to improve her apparent memory span?
chunking
In one study, participants with unilateral neglect syndrome saw target items being placed into a barbell-shaped frame: Select the case in which a patient (with damage to the right parietal lobe) would be most likely to perceive the diagonal lines inside the barbell.
circle with red filled in on the right
Dr. Kühler is using the Stroop task to study the automaticity of reading. He explains to his participants that they should name aloud the ink color in which each item is presented to them as quickly as they can. Which column of items is likely to prove the most challenging for Dr. Kühler's participants?
column b
Match each term to the correct definition.
context-dependent learning: a pattern in which materials learned in one setting are well remembered in that setting and less well remembered in other settings context reinstatement- a procedure in which a person is led to the same mental or emotional state as in a previous event encoding specificity- the tendency to remember the to-be-learned materials and some amount of their context
What can we conclude from the data?
correct Americans and Japanese participants initially focused on the central figure. Cultural differences in attention can emerge very quickly when viewing scenes.
Participants were instructed to point their eyes at the dot—the fixation target—and make judgments about the "+" that was shown off to the side. At one point in the task, the fixation target briefly changed from a dot to another shape. What did participants notice about this change?
correct If participants weren't warned about this change, they failed to detect it entirely.
Participants in one study were shown a series of images, each containing a pair of horizontal lines. Their task was to decide which line was longer.
correct Participants judged the top horizontal line to be longer in the fourth trial. Participants were influenced by the background stimuli.
Swiss psychologist Édouard Claparède shook the hand of a woman with Korsakoff's amnesia. He secretly positioned a pin in his hand, though, so that the patient received a painful pinprick when they clasped hands. Identify the ways in which the patient reacted the next day when Claparède reached out to shake her hand again.
correct She vaguely said, "Sometimes pins are hidden in people's hands." She refused to shake his hand.
Why does Stroop interference occur?
correct Word recognition proceeds automatically.
Aldo has been diagnosed with unilateral neglect syndrome following damage to his right parietal lobe. Which of these behaviors will Aldo likely demonstrate?
correct he will read "parrot" as "rot" and tripod as pod if asked to draw a face from memory he will likely leave the left potion of the face relatively blank
Which of these characteristics are true of inattentional blindness?
correct it results in perceptual failures it is a consequence of diminished attention
In which of these cases will the individual likely experience interference?
correct malik just got his driver's license. he turns the radio up while driving, excited to finally be able to get around town on his own amalia is talking on the phone to her friend while she waits for her number to be called at the DMV
Which of the following observations support the view that operation-span measures better reflect working-memory's function as a highly active information processor than digit-span measures?
correct measures of operation span (but not digit span) correlate with performance on reasoning, reading comprehension, and standardized academic tests there is no one specific area of the brain that serves as working memory
Which of the following observations provide evidence that the articulatory rehearsal loop maintains information in a phonological form?
correct people will often make "sound-alike" errors when recalling auditory words from working memory people will often make "sound alike" errors when recalling visual words from working memory people who repreat aloud a phrase like tah-tah-tah while completing a span task have poorer recall
Which of the following observations have been used to support the claim that the primacy effect and recency effect observed in the serial position curve reflect different types of memory?
correct recall of the first words in the list activates a brain area associated with long-term memory, whereas recall of the last words in the list activates a brain area associated with working memory if you are asked to do another activity for 30 seconds between hearing a list of words and then saying the words you remember, word recall will be worse for the last words in the list but unchanged for the first words in the list when the rate of word presentation is slowed down, word recall is improved for the first words in the list but unchanged for the last words in the list
Identify the statements that characterize the differences between working memory and long-term memory.
correct the amount of info held in long-term memory is much larger than the amount of info held in working memory accessing info held in long-term memory is more difficult than accessing info held in working memory
Which of the following statements illustrate how mnemonic strategies improve memory?
correct they organize the to-be-remembered material into a meaningful structure they create connections between the to-be-remembered items they associate to-be-remembered material to a well-learned structure
Which of the following strategies would promote good memory connections?
correct thinking about how the new information is similar to information already in long-term memory thinking about how the new information is distinct from information already in long-term memory
Dr. Volt has an idea for a study: Participants will be exposed to a series of trials in which the sound of a dog barking will be reliably followed by a mild electric shock to condition a fear reaction, but other sounds (a baby crying, a bell, and a phone ringing) will not be followed by a shock. When later exposed to the dog barking on its own, the participants' bodily arousal will be measured. The patients will also be asked directly, "Which sound preceded the shock?" Which behaviors would you expect from a participant with hippocampal damage by the end of the experiment? From a participant with damage to the amygdala?
damaged hippocampus- will fear the sound of the dog barking will not remember which sound was paired with the shock damaged amygdala- will not fear the sound of the dog barking will remember which sound was paired with the shock
How does the working-memory system operate in a deaf individual (from birth) compared to that of a hearing individual?
deaf individuals use their "inner hand", rather than their "inner voice", to maintain verbal material in working memory
Which type of processing leads to the best memory recall?
deep and elaborate
The term automaticity describes tasks that are well practiced and easy to control. In many cases, automatized actions can be combined with other activities without interference.
difficult is wrong
Identify the strategies for remembering a list of words as examples of either maintenance rehearsal or elaborative rehearsal.
elaborative rehearsal- imagining yourself walking across campus and placing each word in a different location creating a story that link each word in the list together maintenance rehearsal- repeating each word aloud over and over again
The mechanism through which people choose where to focus their attention—often on the basis of some meaningful signal—is referred to as __ control of attention. The mechanism through which attention is automatically directed to some "attention-grabbing" input—essentially as a reflex response—is referred to as _____ control of attention.
endogenous, exogenous
Identify each of these scenarios as a demonstration of endogenous control of attention or exogenous control of attention.
exogenous control Austin is trying to read his textbook in the living room, but his roommate is playing a video game with lots of flashing graphics. He keeps catching himself watching the game instead of studying. Mindy is driving on the highway. She suddenly hears the loud siren of an emergency vehicle behind her and quickly looks up at her rearview mirror. endogenous control Cameron is at a party with lots of people. He is doing his best to ignore the other conversations around him so that he can focus on the conversation he is having with his classmate. Kena has a long list of chores to finish. For now, though, she is focused on the laundry.
costly
expectation-driven priming
deliberate
expectation-driven priming
Identify each item as either an explicit memory or implicit memory.
explicit memory you remember that you had a doctor's appointment on Monday afternoon You know that the capital of France is Paris implicit memory When you were a kid, you got carsick a lot. Recently, you sat down on a chair and instantly felt ill. The chair was covered in the same fabric as your old car seat! Sonjay has started eatin dark chocolate every day because he read somewhere that it can prolong your life. After reading a passage about flamingos, Kim was able to more quickly confirm that flamingo was a real word compared to couch.
Identify each memory subcategory as a form of either explicit memory or implicit memory.
explicit memory- semantic memory, episodic memory implicit memory- procedural memory, perceptual learning, classical conditioning, priming
The chain of events that leads to a judgment of familiarity are pictured here. Which events do NOT occur when creating an illusion of familiarity?
exposure to a stimulus and practice in perceiving
Label the information-processing stages of the modal model of memory.
green-sensory memory blue-short-term memory purple- long-term memory
are usually revealed by indirect memory testing, such as a word-stem completion taskword-stem completion task. Explicit memoriesexplicit memories are usually revealed by direct memory testing, such as a
implicit, word-stem, explixit, recall
Based on the test performance illustrated in this graph, identify where participants in each condition took their tests. For example, does the first bar in the graph reflect the mean performance of participants who were tested in a noisy room or in a quiet room?
left to right quiet testing room noisy testing room quiet testing room noisy testing room
Anand's mom calls and recites the following list of items for him to pick up at the grocery store: "eggs, bananas, cheese, onions, milk, lettuce, pickles, cereal, bread, potatoes, chicken, avocado, crackers, coffee, apples, salsa, and tissues." He is unable to write down the items as she says them. Which group of items is Anand most likely to forget to pick up?
lettuce, pickles, and cereal
According to the early selection hypothesis, unattended input receives___ analysis; it ___ then perceived. According to the late selection hypothesis, unattended input receives ____ analysis; selection occurs ___ the analysis is finished.
little to no, is not, complete, after
Identify the examples as either types of information stored in long-term memory or types of information stored in working memory.
long-term memory grammar rules of your native language details of a birthday party you attended last week
movement of attention
movement of the spotlight beam
Identify each question/statement as an instance of recall, recognition, or neither.
neither "I can't find my stapler. Can you help me look for it?" recall "Please label the four lobes of the brain in this drawing." "Did you go to the post office yesterday to mail that package? "Did you see this word first or last in the list?" recognition "This is Zach. Have you already met?" "I love this song! Have you heard it before?" "Is this the correct way to get to the mall?"
movement of the eyes
no answer
where one is looking
no answer
whether one is looking at details or the larger scene
no answer
The process of spreading activation directly parallels the process of communication between neurons. What term should replace "neuron(s)" in the following statement in order to make it about spreading activation instead of neural communication? Neurons receive activation from other neurons; once a neuron reaches its threshold, it fires, sending activation to other neurons.
node
Match each measure of working-memory capacity to the correct description.
operation span- This span is a measure of the maximum number of items that can be stored and later recalled while simultaneously working with other material. digit span- This span is a measure of the maximum length at which a series of items can be repeated in order without errors.
Which of these learning strategies are optimal for later retrieval success?
optimal think about the information in different ways relate the information to many other ideas study based on how you will need the material later
In one study, Japanese and American participants were shown an animated scene with a target person located centrally in the display and four background characters. As participants viewed the scene, their eye movements were tracked.
orange line is american blue line is japanese
Each one of the students described here is demonstrating symptoms of problems with their alerting system, orienting system, or executive system. Match each system to the corresponding student symptom.
orienting system Lee can spend hours playing video games without interruption, but his teachers have commented that he often doesn't pay close attention in class and doesn't listen. Matthew is fairly easily distracted by the movements of his classmates, sounds from outside, activity in the hallway, and so on executive system Cate is a very eager student and often interrupts or blurts out answers without waiting to be called on. alerting system Siobhan has started every one of her assignments, but she often does not finish them before moving on to something else.
Identify these statements about fluency and judgments of familiarity as either true or false.
true- if processing of a stimulus is very fluent, we may incorrectly think that we've seen it before even if we haven't you're likely to interpret fluency as evidence of familiarity if there is additional info supporting this conclusion
Participants in one study viewed a video in which a team of players in white shirts passed a basketball back and forth, while a team of players in black shirts passes a different basketball back and forth. Participants were instructed to keep track of how many times the white-shirted players pass the ball and ignore the black-shirted players.Which of these events occurred while participants completed the task?
participants fail to notice the gorilla that strolls through the scene
Select the scan that reflects the processing of a stimulus in the right visual field.
picture with blue on the left side of the brain
Imagine that a soccer ball rolls past you. During the ____ you will process the colors, the shape, the direction of its movement, its speed, et cetera. How do you ultimately perceive a soccer ball instead of black + white + sphere + moving, though? This question is referred to as the ____
preattentive stage and binding problem
Select the region of the serial position curve at which words have the greatest likelihood of being transferred into long-term memory.
primacy effect
____ often depends simply on a sense of familiarity. ____ , on the other hand, greatly depends on memory connections to complete the memory search.
recognition, recall
occurs from frequent or recent use
repetition priming
requires no resources
repetition priming
While describing the movie she saw last night to a friend, Kavya cannot remember the name of her favorite actress who played the lead role. Later, the actress's name suddenly pops into Kavya's mind. Which phase of memory was likely disrupted when Kavya was talking with her friend?
retrieval
A diver who studied test material underwater will likely remember the material better if later tested ___ . A diver who studied test material on land will likely remember the material better if later tested ___
underwater, on land
Identify the disorders each person is experiencing.
retrograde amnesia- Ramit was hit in the head by a flying baseball during this afternoon's game. He is now struggling to remember any event from the past week anterograde amnesia- Patient H.M. lost his ability to form new memories as a result of surgery that destroyed part of his hippocampus Korsakoff's syndrome and anterograde- Larry became an alcoholic 20 years ago. He can recall events from before his alcoholism and can maintain a conversation if there's no interruption, but he can't form new explicit memories
the content of the speech
right
whether the audio stream contained speech that made sense or was gibberish
right
whether the audio stream contained speech or music
right and left
whether the speaker was male or female
right and left
Jake is participating in a research study. The experimenter is timing how quickly he can complete a series of visual search tasks. In this trial, he has been asked to find the red vertical line.
searching during the focused attention stage will rely on repetition priming from prior trials
The skill through which a person focuses on one input or one task while ignoring other stimuli that are also on the scene is referred to as __
selective attention
Match each set of encoding instructions to the corresponding learning process.
shallow incidental processing- indicate how many letters are in each word intentional learning- memorize these words. You will be asked to recall them later deep incidental processing- rate on a scale from 1 to 5 how much you like each word
A month ago, Troy's wife, Darlene, was diagnosed with anterograde amnesia. What should he expect her to still be able to do? What should he expect her not to be able to do anymore?
still do remember which song they chose for their "first dance" at their wedding last year learn how to knit
whether one is paying attention to details or the larger scene
the focus of the beam
Which of these statements about driving and cell-phone use is NOT true?
the negative effect of cell-phone use on driving is significantly reduced by using a hands-free device
Identify these statements as either true or false.
true our judgements are often influenced by previous experiences that we don't explicitly recall. it is possible to remember something without being aware of it.
where attention is directed
where the spotlight beam is directed
When it comes to successful memory retrieval, which of these factors is most important?
whether your mental context
You ask Jorge, a Korsakoff's patient, several trivia questions and tell him the answers when he doesn't know them. A few minutes later, you ask him the questions again. What will most likely happen?
will happen He will not remember that you just told him the answers. He will answer the questions correctly.
Which of these methods will likely increase the processing fluency of a novel stimulus and lead to an illusion of familiarity?
will increase processing fluency- sharpen the focus of the computer display when presenting the target item relative to other presented items slightly increase the exposure time of the target item relative to other presented items
Dr. Parler is conducting an experiment using a dichotic listening task. He instructs participants to shadow the audio playing in their left ears while ignoring the audio in their right ears. In their left ears, participants hear, "You can avoid reality, but you cannot avoid the consequences of avoiding reality," spoken by a man.In their right ears, participants hear, "Heloise long ago reconciled herself to the idea that all is fair in love and war," spoken by a woman. Which of these statements will Dr. Parler's participants most likely report?
will report "The speaker said, 'You can avoid reality, but you cannot avoid the consequences of avoiding reality.'" "The speaker in my right ear was a woman." "A man was speaking in my left ear."
Identify the memory actions that would and would not be affected by amnesia.
would be affected by amnesia remembering the sequence of events that occurred yesterday