InQuizitive Ch. 7,4,9
Which of the following examples indicate memory problems as a result of forgetting?
Jane cannot find her keys Bill cannot answer a question on an exam after studying for it
Match each stage of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory with the child's thinking
Sensorimotor - a toddler puts toys in his mouth Concrete operational - a child likes to play category games Formal Operational - a teenager likes to play fantasy video games Preoperational - a child organizes toys by color
Match each example of memory failure with the name of memory failure process
Absentmindedness- talking with a student after class, the professor forgot his briefcase in the classroom Blocking- Paige knew her friend's phone number, but couldn't remember it Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon-Jeanne could remember where the restaurant was and the menu items but not the name of the place
Which of the following statements about emotion are generally accepted as true in psychology?
Emotions are reactions to environmental events Emotions produce changes in thought and behavior
Label different long-term memory systems
Explicit memory- requires conscious effort and often can be verbally described Episodic memory- personally experienced events Semantic memory- facts and knowledge Implicit memory- does not require conscious effort and often cannot be verbally described Classical conditioning (priming)- associating two stimuli elicits a response Procedural memory- motor skills and cognitive skills
People's reluctance to eat termites or crickets is a biologically innate response. There is an evolutionary explanation for why we do not want to eat termites or crickets and instead prefer to stick with meat and seafood as sources of animal protein
False
Which of the following roles does the amygdala play in emotion?
Generating immediate emotional and behavioral reactions Learning classical conditioned fear responses Understanding the emotional content of facial expressions
Jose wants to do well on his final exam. What can he do to increase working and long term memory?
Group concepts into meaningful units Self-test
Identify the reasons why socialization plays a role in the development of guilt
Guilt is highly influenced by the social environment Guilt arises from the capacity to empathize
Why do some psychologists not agree with Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?
His theory only emphasizes cognitive aspects of moral decision making, rather than emotional aspects Not everyone progresses through Kohlberg's emotional stages in the same order His theory underplays the effects of shame, pride, or embarrassment on our moral judgments
Match each drive reduction term with its corresponding example
Homeostasis - when Josie gets enough sleep, she doesn't nod off the next day. Need - without sleep, Josie will be unable to focus in school. Drive - Josie has the urge to take a nap. Set point - Josie typically gets eight hours of sleep a night.
A customer service representative for an Internet provider uses various techniques to help a frustrated customer with a slow Internet connection feel better about her situation. Match each technique with the appropriate response by the customer service representative.
Humor - "at least your router isn't talking back to you! I can't get my digital assistant to shut up" Distraction - "okay, let's put the connection speed issue aside for later and work on changing your password for our company website" Positive Reappraisal - "think of it this way: When we're done, your connection will be faster than it ever was before"
In the afternoon, Ana sometimes craves a snack. She's especially likely to want a snack if her roommate's freshly baked cookies are cooling on the kitchen counter. Match each item with the correct description of its role in making Ana feel hungry
Hypothalamus - controls Ana's hunger and fullness Glucose - makes Ana feel hungry or full, depending on the amount present in her bloodstream Leptin - inhibits Ana's eating behavior and regulates fat Limbic System - sends reward signals in response to tasty-looking food, which induce Ana's cravings Ghrelin - originates in Ana's stomach and triggers eating
Which of the following are characteristics of long-term storage?
It has almost limitless capacity It is relatively permanent
Which of the following are characteristics of sensory storage?
Senses are available as a brief memory trace There are five different sensory stores Each sense contributes to sensory storage
Match each task with its corresponding memory type
Sensory memory- a person drives by a store and glances at the clothes for sale in the window Working memory- a person repeats a phone number until he enters it into his contact list Long-term storage- after two weeks of self-testing, a student recalls information for a cumulative final exam Short-term storage- while looking idly out the car window, a man sees an interesting bird and beings to pay attention
Which of the following behaviors of the biological father has been shown by research to affect prenatal development?
drinking alcohol smoking
According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following types of thinking are demonstrated at the preoperational level?
egocentric centration lack of understanding law of conservation
Which of the following strategies can increase one's short-term or long-term memory span?
using working memory elaborative rehearsal chunking
Match each developmental term with its description
zygote - fertilized egg embryo - prenatal growth, first 2 months physical development - growth of brain and body fetus - prenatal growth, months 2-9 cognitive development - changes in mental processes socio-emotional development - changes in understanding self and others
Based on the levels of processing memory model, place in order how deeply the following information about dogs will be encoded, from the shallowest to the deepest
1. A person dog-sits and spends weekend walking and playing with a dog 2. A person can remember all the breeds of dogs because she knowns a song that lists them 3. A person glances at a magazine and sees a picture of a dog 4. A person grew up with a god enjoyed walking in the woods with her pet
Match each brain area with the correct choice based on whether it is activated when a memory of going to a musical performance is formed, or when it is both formed and remembered
1. Forming and Recalling a Memory - auditory cortical areas - visual cortical areas 2. Forming a Memory - temporal lobes - hippocampus
Place in order the steps that lead to a habit being formed
1. We are deprived of something 2. We have a drive, which creates arousal 3. We try a behavior to reduce the drive 4. Over time, the same behavior consistently reduces the drive 5. The behavior becomes a habit
Identify the displays of emotion as biologically innate or governed by cultural display rules
A victorious weight lifter grins and raises her arms in triumph. The athlete is blind from birth In a Spanish hospital, a Canadian watching someone down the hall get a diagnosis immediately that the news is good
Match each type of memory failure with its corresponding example
Anterograde amnesia- After his brain tumor was removed, Kendrick could not remember any new information presented in school Retrograde amnesia- Brett sustained a concussion in a football fame and could not recall the events of the day prior to the concussion
Match each aspect of the memory process with its related task
Auditory memory- Machala makes up a rhyming song to learn her chemistry formulas Visual memory- Joseph looks up a word in a dictionary to learn how to spell the word Elaborative rehearsal- Nina relates the new knitting pattern to something she had learned previously Maintenance rehearsal- Maria repeatedly uses flash cards to learn vocabulary definitions
Match each term with its definition
Bias- distorted memory of past events based on current information Misattribution- wrong source Suggestibility- changing memory based on misleading information
Match each theory of emotion with its description
Cannon-Bard theory - bodily response and emotion are separate but experienced simultaneously James-Lange theory - a bodily response leads to emotion Two-Factor theory - a bodily response is labeled with an explanation, which leads to emotion
Match each term with its definition
Drive - psychological state that creates arousal Homeostasis - maintaining equilibrium Need - deficiency that leads to a drive Set-point - optimal level for a physiological state
Although Maslow's need hierarchy is widely referenced in education and business, it lacks empirical support. Human beings often appear to have different priorities than those Maslow describes. Identify the behaviors that are consistent with Maslow's hierarchy
Moving away from a dangerous country, where you were a doctor, to a safer country where you can only get a job as a secretary Choosing to go home and sleep rather than stay out all night with friends
Which of the following are some of the social benefits of feeling and expressing guilt?
It reduces harmful behaviors to relationships It increases behaviors that strengthen relationships It communicates care in relationships
Which of the following enhance long-term memory by using retrieval cues?
Joe drinks coffee while he studies, so he buys a cup of coffee on his way to his exam Jason practices his speech in the classroom where he will deliver it Ellen visualizes the empty spots in her kitchen cupboards to recall her grocery list
Match each term with its definition
Maintenance rehearsal- rote repetition Schema- long-term memory structures Elaborative rehearsal- connecting new information to long-term memories
Match each type of memory distortion with its corresponding example
Memory bias-After the passing of her father, Jane tended only to recall the positive experiences that she had shared with him Misattribution-Owen wrote a poem, but later discovered it was actually parts of a two famous poems Suggestibility-Mary grew up hearing stores of the great blizzard. She remembered walking home in this blizzard until she discovered that the blizzard occurred before she was born. Flashbulb memory-Jimmy retold a detailed story of how the tornado passed right by his house
In which of the following ways do schemas help a person encode and retrieve information?
Organize the information Process the information Use the information Perceive the information
Match each language concept with the appropriate example.
Overregularization - "I ate my meal" One word - "bye-bye", "mine", "want" Babbling - "ba-ba-ba" Morphemes - "red", "un-", "play", "-ful" Phonemes - "a e i o u" Telegraphic speech - "me go"
Identify the reasons why learning and culture play a role in what we eat
People often resist eating culturally unfamiliar foods even if they are hungry Religious and cultural values can determine what we prefer to eat Children are more likely to eat a new food offered by their mothers than by a friendly stranger
Which of the following are example of explicit memory?
Recalling a conversation a person had with a friend Recalling the driving directions to a new friend's house Recalling the rules for playing a card game
Jason made index cards on a textbook chapter and always studied them in the same order. During the exam, he was able to recall the information on his first and last index cards, but not the ones in the middle What explains the fact that jason was not able to recall the information from the middle of the chapter?
Recency Effect Primary Effect
Which memory tasks would H.M. (Henry Molaison) and others with his type of memory deficit have trouble completing?
Repeating a conversation he'd had after his surgery Recalling he had met someone recently Remembering a new bus route
Melissa works at a day care. She notices the response infants have to their parents at drop-off and pick-up time. Match each type of attachment with its corresponding infant interaction
Secure - billy is temporarily upset when his dad leaves and gives him big hugs when he returns Insecure avoidant - tommy shows no reaction when his dad leaves and ignores his dad when he comes back Insecure ambivalent - jimmy cries for hours after his dad leaves but simultaneously clings to his dad and hits him when he returns
Maurice works very hard as a volunteer at an environmental nonprofit. However, when the organization hires him and starts paying him, he finds himself working less hard. Identify how self-determination theory and self-perception theory explain Maurice's change in behavior
Self-Determination Theory Maurice had previously enjoyed working at the nonprofit because he felt that he was choosing to do the work, whereas now he has no choice The extrinsic reward of money reduced Maurice's intrinsic enjoyment of the work Self-Perception Theory When Maurice was not getting paid, he justified spending his time working for the nonprofit by telling himself he really liked the work Rewarding Maurice with money has given him an alternative explanation for engaging in what had previously been an intrinsic activity
Match each example of memory task with its type of long-term memory
Semantic memory- Andrew lectured on the components of newspaper article Classical conditioning- When the lightning flashed, the child covered his ears, expecting the thunder to follow Episodic memory- Sami recalled the events of the music festival she attended Procedural memory- Although she had not played in years, Paula played and won at Ping-Pong
Information reaches the amygdala by either a fast path or a slow path. Match each type of pathway with its description
Slow Path confirms the existence of a threat causes us to reassess a loud sound as fireworks information is sent from the thalamus through the visual cortex to the amygdala Fast Path prepares us to respond to a threat causes us to jump if we hear a loud sound like an explosive information is sent directly from the thalamus to the amygdala
Match each name of the memory process with the appropriate step in studying for an exam
Storage- maintaining information until you take a test Encoding- reading and studying your textbook Retrieval- recalling the definition of a key term from your memory Attention- intentionally focusing on your textbook
Match each type of memory distortion with its corresponding example
Suggestibility- teenager is told that a neighbor has a vicious dog, then mistakenly recalls a time when the dog chased him Misattribution- the student thought the psychology professor had assigned a 10-page paper, but her history professor had given that assignment Bias- Monique recalled her elementary school friend as shy because she recently learned that her friend has social anxiety
Match each essential quality of motivational states with its description
Sustain behavior - helping you keep doing something until you get what you want Activating - causing you to get up and do something Directive - targeting specific needs or goals Differ in strength -degree of motivation changes based on internal and external forces
Identify the reasons why display rules cause differences in which emotions people show
The difference in which emotions women and men more frequently display may have an evolutionary basis Display rules vary across cultures and account for the differences between "cold, bland British" and "warm, emotional Italians"
Identify the true and false statements about the adolescent brain during puberty
The frontal cortex is not fully developed The limbic system is highly active
Identify the reasons why the need to belong theory explains our social behavior
The need for companionship is a fundamental motive, like hunger Our ancestors who liked in groups were more likely to survive and pass on their genes
The lives of older adults do not have to be focused on declining abilities. There are many positive trends in older adults. Which of the following are benefits of old age?
Those with adequate finances may enjoy life with fewer stressors Older adults can enjoy the benefits of continued good health Risk of mental illness is lower that in other stages of life
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following are key factors in how humans organize information?
assimilation occurs accommodation for new information schemas form
What are the long-range effects of secure attachment on development?
better peer relationships better childhood socio-emotional better school adjustment
A director of a senior center is designing programs for the senior participants. To support healthy aging and prevent dementia, which of the following components should the director consider?
cognitively stimulating games, such as jeopardy time for seniors to socialize moderate exercise, such as walking and swimming
Linus is an infant who has a longstanding attachment to his cuddly blanket. According to Harry Harlow, what type of attachment has been formed?
comforting contact
Which of the following are effects of a happy marriage?
men and women live longer men report more sexual satisfaction women report more emotional satisfaction men are healthier
Recreational drug use during pregnancy is very dangerous. Which of the following recreational drugs have been linked to higher incidence of sudden infant death syndrome?
methadone cocaine
During prenatal development, the embryo and fetus are exposed to nicotine. What are the possible effects?
miscarriage learning difficulties low birth weight mental retardation still birth
Which of the following cognitive tasks would an older adult (with no dementia) perform well on?
playing a familiar card game retelling a family vacation story
Which of the following physical changes occur during puberty?
primary sex characteristics develop secondary sex characteristics develop hormone levels increase height and weight increase
Place in order the steps of the development sequence in children learning how to walk
raise head roll over sit up standing holding support walking holding support crawl stand unsupported walk unsupported
Some symptoms of dementia are progressive decreases in memory, thinking, and behavior. What are the leading causes of dementia in older adults?
strokes Alzheimer's disease
