Inquizitive- Chapter 7: Rome's Three Heirs, 500-950
Pope Gregory I was responsible for wide-ranging Church developments. Given his contributions, which two roles best describe the part he played for the Church?
political head of state theologian
What were the two main military threats to Byzantine territory in the seventh and eighth centuries? (They were not necessarily threats at the same time.)
Persians Arab Muslims
Which of these are accurate descriptions of monasteries in the Frankish kingdoms?
stores of local wealth agents of religious conversion repositories of knowledge
After Roman authority disintegrated, what was the foundation of local lords' power?
the ability to distribute land and luxury goods, acquired through plunder
What role did Islam play in the expansion of the early Arab Empire?
Islam helped unify formerly independent tribes
Why did Scandinavian Vikings begin to attack European settlements?
They began in response to economic and political instability in the Abbasid Caliphate.
What important precedents were established when Boniface had Pepin anointed king of the Franks?
It emphasized the less-than-absolute power of medieval kings. It broadened the Pope's role in legitimizing European political leaders.
A powerful set of practices and ideals collectively known as mos maiorum unified the old Roman Empire and helped legitimate leaders' political power. Did mos maiorum continue to serve this function in the Byzantine government?
No, orthodox christianity
What characteristics made the Emperor Justinian an outsider to the society of Constantinople?
He came from a Latin-speaking region. He married a commoner, rather than an aristocrat
How did Charlemagne's conquests help him consolidate his power?
He gained support by giving his followers land and luxury items from conquered territories
Where did Islam originate?
Arabian Peninsula
Place these major events in the expansion of Islamic empires into chronological order.
Abu-Bakr took control of the Islamic community as its caliph. A conflict over leadership resulted in the Islamic community splitting into two main groups: the Sunni and the Shi'ites. The Umayyad Caliphate, based in Damascus, employed experienced, Greek-speaking administrators to manage their new empire. The Abbasid Caliphate moved the capital to Baghdad and adopted a number of Persian political practices. The Fatimids pulled away from central Abbasid control and established a Shi'ite kingdom in North Africa.
Put these events outlining the birth and spread of Islam into chronological order.
After many years working as a merchant Muhammad began to experience and preach about a series of religious revelations he experienced. Because of tensions in his hometown of MEcca, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Yathrib - now known as Medina. Muhammad and his followers began to raid the caravans of their former tribesmen, the Quraish. Muhammad and his followers gained control of Mecca and promoted the Kaaba as Islam's central religious site. Islamic leaders began to extend their reach beyond the Arabian Peninsula.
Why might Arab rule have been preferable to rule by Byzantine or Persian governments?
Arab leaders were more tolerant of Jews and Christian sects than Byzantine and Persian rulers. Arab rule seemed like a way to escape Byzantine and Persian taxation and bureaucracy
Which statement best describes the Byzantine economy?
As it was in the fourth century
What happened when cities in the western Roman Empire lost their capacity for self-defense?
Barbarian kings and many commoners moved away from urban centers to agrarian settlements.
Which of the following were products of the Carolingian Renaissance?
Carolingian miniscule musical notation recopied Latin texts and new Latin poetry
Charlemagne is credited with establishing a system of coinage, based on an ongoing influx of silver. Where did much of this silver come from?
Charlemagne's empire captured people in war and sold them into slavery in exchange for Abbasid silver
Put these events in the rise of the Carolingian Empire into chronological order.
Charles Martel claimed leadership of Merovingian territories. Charles Martel consolidated his power by beating a Muslim army at Tours and forming an alliance with Benedictine missionaries. Pepin gained political legitimacy through the Pope's support; a papal emissary anointed him king of the Franks. After his father, Pepin, died, Charlemagne used war to unify his followers and buy their loyalty. Charlemagne delegated local governance to his warrior-followers, known as comites (or "counts").
Why might a monastery appeal to each of these people? Match the person, on the left, with the most appropriate benefit, on the right. Monasteries were convenient places to house the powerful widows of former leaders. / Monasteries appealed to this person because they brought new economic opportunities. / Monasteries offered unprecedented opportunities for leadership to this person. \ Monasteries offered intellectual and physical freedoms otherwise unavailable to this person.
Correct label: new lord whose father recently died Correct label: local artisan man Correct label: aristocratic woman Correct label: peasant woman
During his reign, Justinian reestablished the Roman Empire of the early fourth century.
False "By comparing the maps, you can see that Justinian failed to regain most of Rome's earlier European territories and did not fully reestablish Roman influence in North Africa."
Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis was a clear break with Roman legal tradition.
False "The Corpus compiled older statutes and summarized earlier legal philosophy. It rested firmly on the foundation of Roman tradition."
The - were a group of Germanic tribes who moved into Gaul—modern France—while it was under Roman control. As the western Roman Empire fell apart, a warlord from this group named - gained control of Gaul. The dynasty he established was called the -, after his grandfather, Merovich. His name survived throughout French royal history in altered form, as -
Franks Clovis Merovingian Louis
How did Charlemagne exercise direct power over the Christian Church?
He appointed local religious officials. He supervised the election of new popes. He made rules about the conduct of monks in monasteries.
How did the Merovingian kingdom benefit from the growing network of monasteries in its territory?
It promoted trade and improved the economy in rural areas. It developed new farming tools that increased agricultural output. It supported literacy, which was necessary for administration.
What were the effects of the Iconoclast Controversy?
Much of the artwork created between the birth of Christianity and the eighth century was destroyed. The fight increased the rift between the eastern and western churches.
Persian practice Hellenistic traditions in Persia and Rome Roman educated and bureaucratic classes
Powerful Abbasid caliphs used heavy taxation to fund a substantial professional military. Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad and Umayyad caliphs in Córdoba were generous patrons of arts and scholarship. Umayyad caliphs employed well-trained architects and people who were literate in Greek.
Just as Rome absorbed some aspects of Hellenistic societies as it expanded, the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates adopted practices from the people they conquered. Match each practice on the right with its source on the left.
Powerful Abbasid caliphs used heavy taxation to fund a substantial professional military: Persian practice Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad and Umayyad caliphs in Córdoba were generous patrons of arts and scholarship: Hellenistic traditions in Persia and Rome Umayyad caliphs employed well-trained architects and people who were literate in Greek: Roman educated and bureaucratic classes
What economic changes exemplified the breakdown of the old Roman system in western Europe?
Powerful lords turned to looting and extortion to acquire luxury goods. Workers left the latifundias, gaining independence but losing agricultural productivity. Shortages of silver and gold made trade difficult.
In 541-542 C.E., an outbreak of bubonic plague devastated communities across a vast region. Historians now believe that in addition to devastating Rome and Persia, the plague extended to - in the north and far into - in the south. The initial outbreak is believed to have killed around - people. Even though it would recur over the next 200 years, affecting people in many regions, western historians refer to it as the -.
Scandinavia Africa 25 million Justinian plague
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about pandemic disease during Justinian's reign. In 541-542 C.E., an outbreak of bubonic plague devastated communities across a vast region. Historians now believe that in addition to devastating Rome and Persia, the plague extended to _____ in the north and far into _____ in the south. The initial outbreak is believed to have killed around _____ people. Even though it would recur over the next 200 years, affecting people in many regions, western historians refer to it as the _____.
Scandinavia, Africa, 25 million, Justinianic Plague
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the people who controlled Gaul during the Middle Ages. The - were a group of Germanic tribes who moved into Gaul—modern France—while it was under Roman control. As the western Roman Empire fell apart, a warlord from this group named - gained control of Gaul. The dynasty he established was called the -, after his grandfather, Merovich. His name survived throughout French royal history in altered form, as -.
The Franks were a group of Germanic tribes who moved into Gaul—modern France—while it was under Roman control. As the western Roman Empire fell apart, a warlord from this group named Clovis gained control of Gaul. The dynasty he established was called the Merovingians, after his grandfather, Merovich. His name survived throughout French royal history in altered form, as Louis.
How did Justinian's Code, the Corpus Juris Civilis, have an impact on the West?
The canon law of the Roman Catholic Church was strongly influenced by the Corpus. Several modern countries have legal codes that are based on the Corpus.
Which of these reasons contributed to the dissolution of Charlemagne's empire after his death?
The empire's economic system was negatively affected by trade disruptions. The king's power rested too much on the ability to provide newly conquered land to his followers. The Franks still not had solved the problem of peaceful succession of power.
Which of these reasons contributed to the dissolution of Charlemagne's empire after his death?
The empire's economic system was negatively affected by trade disruptions. The king's power rested too much on the ability to provide newly conquered land to his followers. The Franks still not had solved the problem of peaceful succession of power.
What were the effects of the Iconoclast Controversy?
The fight increased the rift between the eastern and western churches. Much of the artwork created between the birth of Christianity and the eighth century was destroyed.
In their attempts to spread Christianity, how did Christians meld pagan practices with Christian worship?
They built churches on sites that were sacred to pagans. They folded elements of pagan worship into Christian rituals.
Byzantine Romans studied Homer, Thucydides, and Plato, but not Aristotle. How is this rejection of Aristotle related to the fact that these Romans also neglected Hellenistic science?
They rejected Aristotelian logic and his emphasis on empiricism, both of which are necessary to science.
How were Frankish kings selected in the Merovingian period?
election by tribal leaders
The monastic system in Gaul began in the Mediterranean south and gradually spread north and west across the region.
false "The monastic movement took root in the British Isles and spread across the Channel to northern Gaul, then southward."
The term Middle Ages was coined by a Roman Pope to describe the period between the end of the Roman Empire and the spread of Christianity.
false "The term was coined in the seventeenth century to describe the period between the end of the western Roman Empire and the seventeenth-century rise of European states. Also, Christianity began to spread in the first century and Rome (in the form of Byzantium) existed until the mid-fifteenth century."
Who were the iconodules?
ideological and political enemies of Iconoclasts people who considered images of God and Jesus to be legitimate parts of religious ritual
Islamic empires used extensive record keeping and had (comparatively) high levels of literacy. What imported technological innovation made this possible, and where did it come from?
paper, from China
Which of the following were products of the Carolingian Renaissance?
recopied Latin texts and new Latin poetry Carolingian miniscule musical notation
What aspects of Byzantine life did the Roman Empire's complex bureaucracy oversee?
the military prices and wages church organization and observance of holidays chariot racing and fans of chariot racing
As is evident from this coin, Charlemagne presented himself as reviving Roman power in Europe.
true "This coin depicts Charlemagne dressed as a Roman leader and is stamped with the words, "Charles, Emperor, Augustus."
