INS exam 2
10 temporary members of security council
(chosen for two-year terms by regionally defined voting groups)
when was the UN Peacebuilding Commission established?
2004
Secretary General of the UN
Antonio Guterres of Portugal
Founders of International Society
Hedley Bull Martin Wight John Vincent
veto power in the Security Council
If any of the P-5 oppose a decision, it will not be passed
When was the UN established?
October 24, 1945
2011 intervention in lybia
Security Council resolution approved a no-fly zone over Libya and called for 'all necessary measures' to protect civilians (S/Res/1973). NATO later assumed command of the Libya mission.
Secretariat
The staff of the UN, headed by the secretary-general
security council power
combines international legal and political authority in a way that had never been previously seen in the Westphalian state system
national responsibility
devotion to one's own nation and the well-being of its citizens (realism)
Cold War-era International Society
different from US liberalism and rationalism -It rejected scientific approaches to ir and emphasized the traditional approach based on human understanding, judgment, norms, and history. - rejected any firm distinction between a strict realist or strict liberal view of international relations. On the one hand, states are not continually preoccupied with each other's power, nor do they conceive of that power exclusively as a threat as realists argue. On the other hand, rules and norms cannot by themselves guarantee international harmony and cooperation as liberals argue.
revolutionism
downplays the importance of states and places the emphasis on human beings. Humans are seen to compose a primordial world community or community of mankind that is more fundamental than the society of states. This is the revolutionist view of Kant, Marx, and Fukuyama.
how are security council decisions passed?
must be passed by a majority of 9 (including each of the 5 permanent members) out of the 15 members.
Kosovo (1999)
one of the first occasions in which international forces were used in defiance of a sovereign state in order to protect humanitarian standards, with NATO states relying on the UN Charter to intervene and stop ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.
world order
order among humankind as a whole.
international order (3)
order between states in a system or society of states
3 ir categories
realist (state-centric), rationalist (intelligent legal management), revolutionist (cosmopolitan)
Two international values that are closely related to International Society's international order and international justice
state sovereignty and human rights.
International society
study of international relations is about understanding, interpretation, and taking a holistic historical, legal, and philosophical approach to analysis and theorizing. Origins can be traced to the UK in the 1960s states as its primary, although not exclusive, membership. human-focused; interpretive; normative; and historical-concrete
The Preamble of the UN Charter
talks of promoting 'social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom', and the need to 'employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples'
Martin Wight (1991)
taught that the leading ideas of the most outstanding classical theorists of IR—theorists such as Machiavelli, Grotius, and Kant—fall into three basic categories: realist rationalist revolutionist.
two permanent non-member observer states at the UN
the Holy See (1964) and Palestine (2012).
Questions raised by the conflict between sovereignty (non-intervention) and human rights
(1) Which values should have priority, state sovereignty or human rights? (2) If human rights are being massively violated from within a state, does the government retain its right of non-intervention? (3) In such circumstances, is there a norm of humanitarian intervention to provide security for people and protect their human rights? (4) How should sovereign rights and human rights be balanced?
moral choices in ir
(1) choices between rival political values and goals; and (2) choices that may involve the use of (armed) force and may therefore bring about physical destruction and human suffering for the people caught up in it.
General Assembly Resolution 2758
(October 1971) recognized the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the legitimate representative of China to the UN. Taiwan applied for membership in 2007 but this application was denied.
relevance of UN in 21st century
- The failure by the US and the UK to get clear UN Security Council authorization for the war in Iraq in 2003 led to well-publicized criticism of the UN and a crisis in international relations. -The controversies surrounding the intervention in Libya in 2011 mandated by the UNSC and the difficulties faced by the UNSC in reaching agreement on how to respond to the Syrian conflict since 2011 have given rise to further criticism and debate.
Non-intervention versus humanitarian intervention
-An increasing readiness by the UN to intervene within states to promote justice for individuals would indicate a movement towards global governance and away from unconditional sovereignty. -For instance, the UN was reluctant to send peacekeepers to Darfur without the consent of the Sudanese government. -After intensive international diplomacy and negotiations about the nature of the force, Sudan consented and the force was established in July 2007 (S/Res/1769). -In 2012, Russia and China vetoed a Security Council resolution proposing further sanctions on Syria (under Chapter VII of the UN Charter), arguing this could open a path to external military involvement in Syrian internal affairs, and in 2014 they again vetoed a Security Council resolution to refer Syria to the International Criminal Court.
how did the view of the UN change after the cold war
-At the time of its founding and during the Cold War, the UN had helped promote the view of primacy of international order among states over justice for individuals. -post cold war view, violations of individuals' rights were a major cause of poor international relations among states -This evolving UN consensus was based on increasing member state recognition that threats to international peace and security did not emanate solely from aggression between states. Rather, global peace was threatened by civil conflict, humanitarian emergencies, sovereign state level violations of global standards of human rights, and problems such as poverty and inequality. -peacekeeping missions have become more robust
peacekeeping
-No reference to peacekeeping exists in the UN Charter, but classical peacekeeping mandates and mechanisms are based on Chapter VI of the UN Charter. -Classical peacekeeping involves the establishment of a UN force, under UN command, to be placed between the parties to a dispute after a ceasefire. -uses it weapons only in self-defense -established with the consent of the host state -does not include forces from the major powers.
examples of intervention
-Somalia in the early 1990s (specifically in 1992) and the intervention in the former Yugoslavia in the mid-1990s. -In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in 2009, UN peacekeepers assisted the Congolese national army in a military offensive against rebels, prompting violent reprisals. -Kosovo (in 1999) was one of the first occasions in which international forces were used in defiance of a sovereign state in order to protect humanitarian standards, with NATO states relying on the UN Charter to intervene and stop ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. -The 2011 intervention in Libya represents another case in which a Security Council resolution approved a no-fly zone over Libya and called for 'all necessary measures' to protect civilians (S/Res/1973). NATO later assumed command of the Libya mission. -The US intervention in Afghanistan in 2001 is an exceptional case in which the UNSC acknowledged the right of a state which had been attacked—referring to the events of 11 September 2001 in the US—to respond in its own defense.
skeptical view of UN
-The UN no longer reflects the global balance of power. The current composition of the Security Council does not represent today's balance of power, showing that it is an outdated institution in need of reform. -The UN is unable to act effectively in areas of interest to the permanent members of the Security Council. Due to the use of the veto, it is not possible for the UN to respond effectively to certain conflicts, such as the conflicts in Syria and Ukraine. -The UN is ill-equipped to deal with new international security threats. The UN was designed to respond to interstate conflict and has difficulty dealing with new threats from non-state actors. It is ill-equipped to take on counter-insurgency roles.
International society timeline
-Traditional IS perspective - post-WW2/Cold War era (this and all succeeding varieties remain traditionalist) -Traditional IS Approach contributed to the growing debate between state sovereignty vs. human rights - Cold War era Contemporary era begins: Conceptualization of 'the anarchical society' by Bull (1995) - post-CW era In IR, -IS concepts of 'pluralism' vs. 'solidarism', and 'world society' gain prominence in IR - post-Cold War onward -IS concepts and theories are being tied more and more to issues of humanitarian intervention and r2p in what Bull (1995) refers to as a 'world society' prone to asymmetrical warfare and human rights violations.
International society vs realism
-agree there is no world government that is above sovereign states -shortcomings and limitations that human beings exhibit, with all the possibilities or risk, uncertainty, danger, conflict, that that implies; including the insecurity and disorder emphasized by classical realists. -diverges in the way that International Society scholars see common interests, rules, institutions, and organizations that are created and shared by states and which help to shape the relations of states. -unlike realists point out that if states really acted the way realists claim, there would be no binding treaties, because no state could be expected to keep their promise when it was no longer in their interest to do so
Post-cold war peacekeeping
-become more robust since the end of the Cold War -more likely to use force and to be based on Chapter VII of the UN Charter -address civil wars as well as international conflicts
UN Security Council
-created through the UN Charter in 1945 as the central body on international security issues in the new UN. -given the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security -The authority of the Security Council is constituted by Chapters V and VII of the UN Charter. --- set out its structure, membership, and capacities and list 5 perm. members and rules for selecting 10 non-perm. (chosen for two-year terms by regionally defined voting groups) -security council decisions are binding -a legal-political supreme authority over states
what cause the increase in UN membership in the late 1950s and 1960s?
-decolonization prompted an increasing focus on global economic inequalities, and a push to find alternative ways to promote development within the UN system.
Why was the UNDP created?
-in response to increase in UN membership, to reduce global poverty -important in promoting the idea of human development, and since 1990 it has published the influential annual Human Development Report, which links security and development concerns
Programmes and funds
-much closer to the central system in the sense that their management arrangements are subject to direct General Assembly supervision, can be modified by Assembly resolution, and are largely funded on a voluntary basis -(United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), etc.)
Chapter VII of the UN Charter
-provides for a standing army to be set up by agreement between the Security Council and consenting states -Cold War rivalry made this impossible to actually implement (Security Council could not function in the way the UN founders had expected in stalemate)
solidarist view
-stresses the importance of individuals as the ultimate members of international society. -Human rights take precedence over the rights of sovereign states, just as human beings existed long before sovereign states were thought of. -there is at least a right and probably also a duty for states to conduct armed intervention if that is deemed necessary to mitigate extreme cases of human suffering inside a country.
pluralist view
-stresses the importance of state sovereignty. -rights and duties in the international society are conferred upon sovereign states; individuals have only the rights given to them by their own states or those recognized by the society of states. -the principles of respect for sovereignty and non-intervention always come first.
International society vs liberalism
-world politics is open to all the potential that human beings have for improving their lives, including the progress and peace -reject classical liberalism's optimistic view of international relations as a developing world community that is inevitably moving in the direction of unparalleled human progress and perpetual peace, a condition that would be increasingly indistinguishable from domestic peace and prosperity.
bull's three analytical levels of justice in world politics
1) international (or interstate) justice, which basically involves the notion of equal state sovereignty. 2) Individual or human justice, which basically involves ideas of human rights. 3) World justice, which basically involves what is right or good for the world as a whole (as evident in global environmental standards).
Bull's three levels of justice in world politics
1. international (or interstate) justice, which basically involves the notion of equal state sovereignty 2. Individual or human justice, which basically involves ideas of human rights. 3. World justice, which basically involves what is right or good for the world as a whole (as evident in global environmental standards).
4 purposes of the UN
1. maintain international peace and security 2. develop friendly relations among nations; 3. cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights; and 4. be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
Bull's three kinds of order
1. order in social life 2. international order 3. world order
4 goals of anarchical society
1. preservation of international society 2. upholding the independence of member states, maintaining peace, and helping to secure the normative foundations of all social life, which includes 'the limitation of violence' (expressed in the laws of war) 3. 'the keeping of promises' (expressed in the principle of reciprocity) 4. 'the stability of possession' (expressed in the principle of mutual recognition of state sovereignty).
When was peacekeeping first used
1956, when a UN force was sent to Egypt to facilitate the exodus of the British and French forces from the Suez Canal, and then to stand between Egyptian and Israeli forces.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.
Security Council (UN)
Body charged primarily with maintaining international peace and security.
sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
UN structure/6 main organs
General Assembly Security Council Economic and Social Council Trusteeship Council Secretariat International Court of Justice
Outcome Document of the 2005 World Summit
General Assembly said that if national authorities are 'manifestly failing to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity' and if peaceful means are inadequate, the international community could take collective action through the UNSC according to Chapter VII of the Charter (A/RES/60/1, paras 138 and 139).
The stockholm conference of 1972
Marked a turning point in the development of international environmental politics. The UN's first major conference on international environmental issues. Led to creation of the UN environment program.
Responsibility to Protect
Principle adopted by world leaders in 2005 holding governments responsible for protecting civilians from genocide and crimes against humanity perpetrated within a sovereign state
Newest member of UN
South Sudan-following its independence from the rest of Sudan in 2011
Trusteeship Council (UN)
Supervised trust territories seeking to become independent countries
Article 2(4) of the UN Charter
The governments of states had exclusive jurisdiction within their own borders
statecraft
The methods and tools that national leaders use to achieve the national interests of a state.
system of states vs society of states
The more that international relations constitute a society and the less that international relations merely compose a system is an indication of the extent to which world politics forms a distinctive human civilization with its own norms and values
General Assembly (UN)
The organ of the UN that acts as its legislative branch. All member nations can send delegates to the General Assembly. It is also a forum for international dialogue.
reaffirming view of UN
There has not been a Third World War since the creation of the UN. There is no other organization with the legitimacy of universal membership. Even when military action is carried out by regional organizations, there is an attempt to get UNSC authorization. The UN has succeeded in ending many conflicts and mitigating tensions, and in improving development in many parts of the world. The UN has been flexible enough to respond to new kinds of threats (e.g. civil wars).
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
UN Summit agreed upon in 2015 provide a vision for the world by 2030 17 Sustainable Development Goals 169 targets, ranging from eradicating extreme poverty, to combatting inequalities within and between countries, to empowering women, to improving energy efficiency.
Economic and Social Council
UN body concerned with economic and social issues such as trade, development, education, and human rights
International Court of Justice
UN body that makes legal decisions involving disputes between national governments
Key problem in peacekeeping
UN peacekeepers have found it difficult to maintain a neutral position and have been targeted by belligerents.
Intervention in Darfur
UN was reluctant to send peacekeepers to Darfur without the consent of the Sudanese government. After intensive international diplomacy and negotiations about the nature of the force, Sudan consented and the force was established in July 2007 (S/Res/1769).
inter-state order
Within the modern states system, only war in the strict sense, international war, has been legitimate; sovereign states have sought to preserve for themselves a monopoly of the legitimate use of violence... In any actual hostilities to which we can give the name 'war', norms or rules, whether legal or otherwise, invariably play a part.
Intervention
a deliberate incursion into a state without its consent by some outside agency, in order to change the functioning, policies, and goals of its government and achieve effects that favor the interests of the intervenor.
international order
a pattern or disposition of international activity that sustains the basic goals of the society of states.
distributive justice
about how goods/wealth should be distributed between states idea that the world's poor cannot be abandoned simply because they live in a foreign country-they deserve aid
communicative justice
about states respecting same rules and diplomatic practices
debate over war in Iraq in 2003 and over Syria since 2011
about which institutions and actors are most effective in conducting peace operations have been reinvigorated, and a variety of non-UN actors, including regional organizations and other coalitions have been involved in recent military operations
order in social life
an essential element of human relations regardless of the form take
US intervention in Afghanistan in 2001
an exceptional case in which the UNSC acknowledged the right of a state which had been attacked—referring to the events of 11 September 2001 in the US—to respond in its own defense.
concerns in intervention
any change in the principle of non-intervention would be used as a tool by more powerful states to impose their interests and views on poorer and weaker states.
the Bruntland commission (1987)
formulated idea of sustainable development
authority of security council
granted the authority to "determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression" in the world and to "decide what measures shall be taken...to maintain or restore international peace and security" (UN Charter, Article 39)
millenium summit (2000)
heads of state committed themselves to a series of measurable goals and targets known at the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (A/55/L.2).
what type of warfare has decreased?
interstate
asymmetrical wars
intrastate wars-revolutionary wars, wars of national liberation, civil wars, and secessionist wars
World Society
refers to common interests and shared values that link all parts of the human community (solidarist)
peacekeeping--
sending trained members of the military to crisis spots to maintain peace and order
UN Specialized Agencies
specialized agencies that are self-contained constitutionally, financially, and politically, and they are not subject to the management of the central system. -(International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), etc.)
security councils 5 permanent members (P-5)
the UK, the US, France, China, and Russia
judgment
the ability to understand and to make an informed and responsible decision.
security council paradox
the global dominance of the great powers set within a legal infrastructure that legitimizes their collective rule, but always at the brink of irrelevance when these (P-5) five governments find themselves moving in different directions
Doctrine of Nonintervention
the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference
international justice
the set of moral rules that confer rights and duties upon states and nations, such as self-determination, the right of non-intervention, and the right of all sovereign states to be treated on a basis of equality
shift from international society to world society
this transformation would be a shift—presumably irreversible—from rationalism to revolutionism, in Wight's terms, or from pluralism to solidarism in Bull's terms.
International Society view of statecraft
very important human activity that encompasses: (1) foreign policy; (2) military policy, including forming and joining military alliances, and the use of armed force; (3) economic and trade policy, including commercial agreements, interactions, transactions, and exchanges; (4) diplomatic communication, including the negotiation and signing of peace treaties; (5) intelligence-gathering and spying; (6) and joining and participating in international organizations
rationalism
views states as legal organizations that operate in accordance with international law and diplomatic practice. It thus conceives of international relations as rulegoverned activities based on the mutually recognized authority of sovereign states. This is the rationalist view of Grotius.
belligerents
warring nations
