Inter. Comm. Ch. 1-4 Quiz Review

Which of the following characterizes transactional communication?

1) Communication must be sent through a channel 2) Communication involves communicators' occupying different but overlapping environments, 3) We may be receiving and responding to messages from another person at the same time that she or he is receiving and responding to us 4) Noise may be both physical and psychological

The first communication models characterized communication as?

A one way event

The term we use to describe the verbal & nonverbal ways we act to maintain our own & other's presenting images is A) facework B) multiple identity construction C) self-presentation D) identity performance E) self-esteem maintenance

A) facework

Sarah & Jim are driving to a friend's house. She is about to suggest a different route when she stops herself because she knows Jim hates it when she "takes over" while he's driving. This is an example of which communication concept? A)self-monitoring B)cognitive complexity C)communication is unrepeatable D)messages E) none of the above

A) self-monitoring

Workers in factories of ______ cultures do not expect to be asked their opinion regarding managerial decisions. A)high-power distance B)achievement C)individualistic D)low context E)none of the above

A)High-power distance

Which step of perception is based on the fact that we notice some messages and ignore others? A)selection B)organization C)interpretation D)negotiation E)none of the above

A)Selection

When we use items such as cars to influence how others see us, we are managing impressions by using. a) setting b) manner c) appearance d) attitude e) b and c

A)Setting

A server believes that all teenagers do not tip well. This is an example of: A)Using an organizing scheme to make generalizations about members of groups. B)Using a perception check to determine if assumptions are accurate. C)Using empathy to understand that teenagers don't always have a lot of money. D)All of the above. E)None of the above.

A)Using an organizing scheme to make generalizations about members of groups

The Myth of Perfection describes A)how self-esteem is affected by societal models that are unrealistically perfect B)how our self-concept is formed based on distorted feedback C)how social comparison theory isn't perfect in nature D)how we used identity management to appear more perfect than we are E)how no one comes from a perfect family

A)how self-esteem is affected by societal models that are unrealistically perfect

Marshall McLuhan's "global village" metaphor suggests: A)members of every nation are connected by communication technology B)members of certain villages are connected by communication technology C)members of countries with reliable Internet access share information to create a village D)none of the above

A)members of every nation are connected by communication technology

If you have the flu and become angry with a friend for not calling you, whereas ordinarily you would have thought, "Oh, he's just busy" is an example of: A)physiological influence B)role influence C)emotional influence D)psychological influence E)perceptual influence

A)physiological influence

The view that self-concept can be seen as a product of the messages you've received throughout your life is known as A)reflected appraisal B)social comparison C)multidimensional self D)subjective self-concept E)self-fulfilling prophecy

A)reflected appraisal

Low-context cultures tend to value and emphasize A)straight talk and assertiveness B)face-saving and social harmony C)nonverbal cues D)all of the above E)none of the above

A)straight talk and assertiveness

Being able to deal with the uncertainty that surrounds most intercultural encounters is a sign of A)tolerance for ambiguity B)decoding competence C)ethnocentrism D)accurate attributions E)all of the above

A)tolerance for ambiguity

High-context cultures tend to: A)value and emphasize subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony B)value straight talk and assertiveness C)value verbal cues D)all of the above E)none of the above

A)value and emphasize subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony

Significant others are those people a) whose evaluations are especially influential to us b) who were a negative force in our lives c) whom we view as highly competent d) with whom we spend a great deal of time e) c and d

A)whose evaluations are especially influential to us

Which of the following is true about overly casual e-mails from students to professors?

A: Professors are less likely to fulfill the requests in overly casual e-mails B: Professors were especially bothered by e-mails that were not signed C:Professors were especially bothered by short cuts like "BTW" instead of "by the way" D:Professors were especially bothered by short cuts like "BTW" instead of "by the way"

Which of the following means the same things as "Communication is irreversible"? A) Erasing or replacing spoken words or acts is not possible. B) You can't erase an impression you've created. C) It's impossible to "unreceive" a message. D) Words said are irretrievable. E) All mean the same as the statement.

All mean the same as the statement. A) Erasing or replacing spoken words or acts is not possible. B) You can't erase an impression you've created. C) It's impossible to "unreceive" a message. D) Words said are irretrievable.

Research that supports online communication as being positive for relationships cites the following: A) Couples who talk frequently via cell phone feel more loving and committed. B) Almost sixty percent of American teenagers believe the Internet helps them make new friends. C) People who have both in-person and online contact with friends are less lonely. D) Facebook provides the opportunity to develop and maintain social connections. E) all of the above

All of the above.

The idea that "nothing" never happens refers to which communication principle? A)Communication is transactional. B)Communication can be intentional or unintentional. C)Communication has a content and relational dimension. D)Communication is irreversible. E)none of the above

B)Communication can be intentional or unintentional

When an Israeli views an Arab as being evasive while the Arab views the Israeli as overly blunt, they are encountering value differences primarily associated with. A)achievement vs. nurturing B)high vs. low context C)power distance D)individualism vs. collectivism E)uncertainty avoidance

B)High vs. Low context

Your new friend Nguyen feels uncomfortable responding to a professor's question in class. He says that in his culture, this is not appropriate. Nguyen is describing. A)uncertainty avoidance B)high power distance C)low power distance D)high context E)low context

B)High-power distance

Immediately disliking a blind date after hearing negative evaluations about him from others is an example of how perception is. A)influenced by the obvious B)influenced by our expectations. C)influenced by negative impressions. D)influenced by self-serving bias. E)none of the above

B)Influenced by our expectations

Which of the following is an equivocal reaction to this question: "How do you like this dress I just bought? A)I don't like it at all. B)It's an interesting design. C)I love it! D)It doen't fit you. E)None of the above.

B)It's an interesting design.

If a group of preschool children play in a park and do not notice that their parents come from different countries or that they speak different languages, they are experiencing. A)intercultural communication B)minimal salience on culture C)interpersonal communication D)cultural identity E)high salience on culture

B)Minimal salience on culture

The Korean language has separate terms for older brother, younger sister, youngest sister and so on. This is a reflection of. A)cultural perspective B)power distance C)uncertainty avoidance D)individualism vs. collectivism E)none of the above

B)Power distance

You feel good about your relationship and charitable about your partner. This leads to increased happiness and more satisfaction in other parts of your life. Your experiencing: A)physiological state influencing your perception B)psychological state influencing your perception C)cognitive state influencing your perception D)functional state influencing your perception E)sexual state influencing your perception

B)Psychological state influencing your perception

Even though he has a nice singing voice, Kevin still believes he is a terrible singer because his first grade teacher told him he couldn't sing well. This is an example of how _______ shapes our self- concept. A)reference groups B)reflected appraisal C)self-esteem D)social comparison E)none of the above

B)Reflected appraisal

The degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous situations and try to stay away from them is known as A)power distance B)uncertainty avoidance C)cultural perception D)all of the above E)none of the above

B)Uncertainty avoidance

Communication competence consists of? A)signals that serve as stimuli B)your ability to communicate effectively and appropriately. C)your motive in communicating D)feedback messages E)none of the above.

B)Your ability to communicate effectively and appropriately

The term social scientists use to describe the process of attaching meaning to behavior is A)selection B)attribution C)punctuation D)perception checking E)none of the above

B)attribution

Collectivist cultures, in comparison to individualist cultures, tend to A)see the world in terms of either/or dichotomies B)define themselves as part of a group C)define themselves in terms of what they do D)tolerate conflict easily E)none of the above

B)define themselves as part of a group

Your friend sees your mother give you a kiss goodbye. This would be considered a: A)second-order reality B)first-order reality C)meaningful reality D)perceptual reality E)all of the above

B)first-order reality

When a North American answers the question "Who am I?" by citing individual factors while an Asian person answers the same question by identifying groups in which she/he is a member, they are expressing value differences associated with A)high vs. low context B)individualism vs. collectivism C)power distance D)uncertainty avoidance E)achievement vs. nurturing

B)individualism vs. collectivism

Stanford psychologist Philip Zimbardo's experiment with young men, assigning some as prisoners and some as guards, was a dramatic example of the significance of which role in perception? A)sexual B)occupational C)mood D)self-concept E)cultural

B)occupational

Second-order realities involve A)observable qualities of a thing B)our attaching meaning to first-order things or situations C)objective facts D)visible situations E)none of the above

B)our attaching meaning to first-order things or situations

You feel good about your relationship and charitable about your partner. This leads to increased happiness and more satisfaction in other parts of your life. You're experiencing: A)physiological state influencing your perception B)psychological state influencing your perception C)cognitive state influencing your perception D)functional state influencing your perception E)sexual state influencing your perception

B)psychological state influencing your perception

Even though others disagree, Diandra thinks of herself as a tremendously effective communicator. She reinforces this image by surrounding herself with people who are very shy and socially naive. Diandra's unrealistic handling of this situation provides an example of A)the theory of significant others B)social comparison theory C)self-discipline theory D)similarity theory E)consistency appraisal theory

B)social comparison theory

In North American culture categories such as age, ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, physical disabilities and religion are all considered A)anticultures B)focus groups C)co-cultures D)inner groups E)none of the above

C) co-cultures

Race is a category originally used to explain differences between people. However, as race has little use in explaining individual differences, scholars now use what term to refer to the degree to which a person identifies w/ a particular group? A) racial features B)codes C)ethnicity D)collectives E)social groups

C) ethnicity

Jake is embarrassed to find that the "dumb blonde" jokes he told in class were offensive to several of his classmates. Jake made the common perception mistake of. A)being influenced by the obvious B)clinging to first impressions C)assuming others are like us D)incorporating the halo effect E)none of the above

C)Assuming others are like us

You see your sweetheart as great looking and you overlook the fact that she is not as neat as you'd like. This is an example of: A)true love B)empathy that your sweetheart is too busy to clean up C)relational roles affecting perception D)psychological state influencing your perception E)maturity

C)Relational roles affecting perception

If you ever gave a speech and forgot your remarks, not because you were unprepared but because you were afraid, saying "I know I'll blow it," you experienced. A)changing self-concept B)characteristics of self-concept C)self-fulfilling prophecy D)social comparison E)feedback

C)Self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following is not true about identity management in social media? A)Identity management is just as pervasive in social media interactions. B)Social media allow a sender to say difficult things without forcing the receiver to respond immediately. C)Social media are not as effective for identity management as face-to-face communication. D)Social media allow communicators to choose the desired level of clarity. E)Social media can actually be an advantage for communicators who want to manage the impressions they make.

C)Social media are not as effective for identity management as face-to-face communication.

Scientists developed __________ to describe how a person's position in a society shapes his or her view of society and of specific individuals. A)Social theory B)Interaction theory C)Standpoint theory D)Social role theory E)Self-concept theory

C)Standpoint theory

Seeking information that conforms to an existing self-concept is called A)presenting self B)reflected appraisal C)cognitive conservation D)self-fulfilling prophecy E)social comparison

C)cognitive conservation

Which step of perception is involved when you wonder if the person who smiles at you across the room is interested in romance or is just being polite? A)selection B)organization C)interpretation D)negotiation E)none of the above

C)interpretation

When Austrian students are praised for asking their teachers questions while Filipino students see questioning their teachers as inappropriate, they are exhibiting values associated with which concept? A)high vs. low context B)individualism vs. collectivism C)power distance D)uncertainty avoidance E)achievement vs. nurturing

C)power distance

A form of organization used to identify causes and effects in interaction is called A)grammar B)syntax C)punctuation D)spelling E)capitalization

C)punctuation

Rosenthal and Jacobson's report that a change in teachers' expectations of randomly selected "special" children led to an actual change in their intellectual performance most nearly illustrates A)changing self-concept B)characteristics of self-concept C)self-fulfilling prophecy D)social comparison E)psychological vultures

C)self-fulfilling prophecy

A spouse who asks their partner if they did the right thing in disciplining their child by giving the child a time-out, in the hopes of getting their partner's approval, is demonstrating what benefit of self-disclosure? A)catharsis B)self-clarification C)self-validation D)reciprocity E)impression formation

C)self-validation

The ideas that all women are emotional and that all older people are out of touch with reality are examples of A)patterns of thought B)open-mindedness C)stereotypes D)power distance E)none of the above

C)stereotypes

Exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system are known as A)empathy B)perspective taking C)stereotyping D)salience E)punctuation

C)stereotyping

Seeing yourself as being "patient at work but not patient at home" demonstrates how A)cognitive conservatism works B)the self-concept does not resist change C)the self-concept is flexible D)the self-concept is objective E)all of the above

C)the self-concept is flexible

Which of the following is supported by research related to how the self-concept develops. A)Self-concept does not exist at birth. B)Self-concept is almost totally a product of social interaction. C)Children recognize "self" as distinct from surroundings at about age 6 or 7 months. D)All of the above are supported. E)None of the above are supported.

D) All of the above

Which of the following is not a valid reason for studying communication? A) wanting to learn new ways of viewing a familiar topic B)decreasing errors in the workplace C)wanting to understand that we spend a significant amount of time communicating D)wanting to manipulate weakness E)wanting to use more effective communication

D) Wanting to manipulate others

Which of the following contrasting pairs is associated with features of verbal communication styles? A)directness/indirectness B)elaborate/succinct C)formal/informal D)all of the above E)none of the above

D)All of the above directness/indirectness elaborate/succinct formal/informal

Most scholars believe intercultural competence requires A)motivation and attitude B)knowledge C)skill D)all of the above E)none of the above

D)All of the above motivation and attitude knowledge skill

Perceptual schema include which constructs? A)physical and role B)interaction C)psychological D)all of the above E)none of the above

D)all of the above

You want to learn more about your new friend Shira's clothing, particularly her hijab (head covering). According to Berger, what strategy would be the most risky? A)passive observation B)asking an expert C)watching a film about Muslim women D)confessing cultural ignorance E)reading about the clothing of Muslim people

D)confessing cultural ignorance

Treating people as individuals instead of assuming they possess the same characteristics as every other member of the group to which you assign them is called A)sympathizing B)empathizing C)stereotyping D)decategorizing E)punctuating

D)decategorizing

When some professional athletes doggedly insist they can be of value to the team when past their prime, they are displaying which characteristic of self-concept? A)multidimensional B)subjective C)flexible D)resists change E)none of the above

D)resists change

Which characteristic applies to interpersonal communication? a) intentional or unintentional b) impossible not to communicate c) irreversible d) unrepeatable e) all of the above

E) All of the above

Which of the following has the power to be a self-fulfilling prophecy? A)astrological horoscopes B)placebos C)sex-linked stereotypes D)labels of shyness E) All of the above

E) All of the above

Social comparison allows us to decide a) if we are superior or inferior to others b) if we are the same or different from others c) if we like or dislike others d) all of the above e) a and b only

E) a & b only a) if we are superior or inferior to others b) if we are the same or different from others

What is the reason for excessively negative self-evaluation? A) obsolete information B) distorted feedback C) myth of perfection D) social expectations E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following is used in face-to-face interactions to manage impressions? A)words B)nonverbal actions C)personal items D)physical setting E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which of the following is not true about communication competence? A)There is no single "ideal" or "effective" way to communicate. B)competence is situational C)competence can be learned D)competence involves a large repertoire of skills E) none of the above

E) none of the above

Environments are also referred to as A)relationships B)cognitive complexity C)self-monitoring D)homes E)contexts

E)Contexts

You have a fight with your brother. Your mother thinks that you're " just acting like normal siblings." Your brother thinks you are jealous of him. This is an example of __________ reality. A)distorted B)first-order C)empathetic D)perceptual E)second-order

E)Second-order

First generation college students experience intercultural challenges and report that at home they tend to A)start challenging authority B)undercompensate by not working hard C)emphasize they're moving up the social ladder D)emphasize they don't like their classes E)self-censor and are cautious about discussing college

E)Self-censor and are cautious about discussing college

Long married, happy couples may distort facts about their relationship, but they share similar stories. This reveals that: A) Shared narratives should be agreed upon before telling others. B)Shared narratives can't be trusted. C)Shared narratives should be discussed by people who remember them accurately. D)Shared narratives confuse others when the message is inconsistent. E)Shared narratives don't have to be accurate to be powerful.

E)Shared narratives don't have to be accurate to be powerful

For a reflected appraisal to be regarded as important it must be. A)from a competent source B)perceived as highly personal C)reasonable in light of what we believe about ourselves D)consistent and repeated E)all of the above

E)all of the above

When our _______ clash with others, we can either hang on to our own point of view, or try to negotiate common ground. A)opinions B)personalities C)ideas D)facts E)narratives

E)narratives

Joe thinks he is smart compared to everyone else in his algebra class. This is an example of how ___________ can define our self-concept. A)self-monitoring B)facework C)identity management D)cognitive conservatism E)reference groups

E)reference groups

Which is true of communication? A)Everyone does it. B)More is always better. C)It can solve all problems. D)It is a natural ability. E)All of the above are true.

Everyone does it.

(CH.4) T/F:If your mother gives you a kiss goodbye, this is considered a second-order reality.

False

T/F: Fields like engineering, accounting and computer science have little need for interpersonal communication on a daily basis."

False

T/F: Hyperpersonal communication means that we typically withhold information from others online?

False

T/F: In the last 20 years for Americans, the average number of friendships has increased.

False

T/F: Self-monitoring is the ability to construct a variety of different frameworks for viewing an issue.

False

T/F:A significant other is someone who has given us primarily positive reinforcement.

False

T/F:Age, health, fatigue, and hunger are all psychological factors that influence perceptual judgments.

False

T/F:At the present time, there's no research to support the hypothesis that a connection exists between social interaction & physical health

False

T/F:Communication as defined in the text is always intentional rather than unintentional.

False

T/F:Cultures with high power difference believe in minimizing the difference between various social classes.

False

T/F:Face management is something that is necessary only in actual face-to-face encounters.

False

T/F:Identity management is not as pervasive in computer-mediated communication as it is in face-to-face interaction.

False

T/F:In general, Western cultures honor the elderly and attitudes about aging are more positive than negative.

False

T/F:Marshall McLuhan's "global village" metaphor suggests that the world's cultures are becoming increasingly disconnected and independent.

False

T/F:People are likely to reveal all their perceived self to others

False

T/F:People seldom look at others as a way of judging themselves.

False

T/F:People who are "fixtures" in our lives become more noticeable to us due to attention.

False

T/F:People who are sleep deprived perceive time intervals realistically.

False

T/F:Perceptual schema are tendencies to misinterpret data.

False

T/F:Positive self-esteem guarantees interpersonal success.

False

T/F:Research has shown that there is no correlation between the degree of empathy an individual exhibits and his/her tendency to commit violent crimes.

False

T/F:Research shows that people are more critical of themselves when they are in a positive mood than when they are in a negative mood.

False

T/F:Research suggests that communication competence is an inborn rather than a learned characteristic

False

T/F:Self-concept is a largely changeable set of perceptions you hold of yourself.

False

T/F:The permanence of digital messages has only negative consequences?

False

T/F:The way we view ourselves is usually received from significant others are particularly powerful

False

T/F:Unfortunately, self concepts are fixed and not subject to change.

False

The person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest examination is your.

Perceived self

If you are preoccupied about an argument that you had with your best friend, and you can't pay attention to your instructor, you are experiencing ______ noise?

Psychological

(CH.2) T/F: Social scientists use the term "salience" to describe how much weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon.

True

(CH.3) T/F: At about six or seven months of age, a child begins to recognize "self" as distinct from surroundings.

True

T/F: According to your textbook, messages don't have meanings in themselves, but rather, meanings reside in the people who express and interpret them?

True

T/F: Autonomy, change, and initiative are associated with individualistic cultures.

True

T/F: Communication events are continuous transactions; that's why it's so difficult to punctuate a conflict.

True

T/F: Even positive qualities such as self-monitoring and cognitive complexity can be ineffective when carried to excess.

True

T/F: Feedback is defined as the verbal and/or nonverbal response to messages received from the speaker.

True

T/F: High-context cultures rely more on nonverbal cues than do low-context cultures.

True

T/F: In countries that avoid uncertainty, deviant people and ideas are considered dangerous and intolerance is high.

True

T/F: In scientific jargon, any interference with communication is termed noise.

True

T/F: Mainstream North American culture tends to be more low context than high context.

True

T/F: Most people can learn to communicate more effectively.

True

T/F: Nurturing societies emphasize cooperation and show little difference between the expected behaviors for men and for women.

True

T/F: Online communicators can create idealized and unrealistic views of others.

True

T/F: You give a friend "the silent treatment." This is an example of communication.

True

T/F:A friend is talking to you, but another friend is standing nearby yelling on the phone. You pay attention to the friend on the phone due to "selection.

True

T/F:A friend is talking to you, but another friend is standing nearby yelling on the phone. You pay attention to the friend on the phone due to "selection."

True

T/F:A person you have a crush on calls you "sweetheart" and you believe that they must have a crush on you, too. This is known as second-order reality.

True

T/F:Attribution is the term social students use to describe the process of attaching meaning to behavior.

True

T/F:Care for extended family before self is typical of collectivist cultures.

True

T/F:Challenging authority is acceptable in cultures that endorse low power distance.

True

T/F:Communication competence is defined as using communication that is both effective and appropriate.

True

T/F:Edward Hall found that people in the Middle East stand much closer when conducting business than Americans do.

True

T/F:Empathy requires open-mindedness, imagination, and commitment.

True

T/F:Ethnocentrism is the attitude that one's culture is superior to others.

True

T/F:Identifying with multiple ethnic groups can pose both challenges and benefits.

True

T/F:If a person feels like they are a "loser" in society, compared to other people who are more successful, this is an example of standpoint theory.

True

T/F:In reflected appraisal, messages received from significant others are particularly powerful.

True

T/F:Jews, soccer moms, homosexsuals, and Baby Boomers would all be examples of co-cultures

True

T/F:John Suler's research indicates that changing age, history, personality, and even gender are all ways people manage their identities in cyberspace.

True

T/F:Men who compare themselves to media-idealized male physiques evaluate their bodies negatively

True

T/F:One of the features that distinguishes qualitatively interpersonal communication from less personal exchanges is interdependence.

True

T/F:One reason for negative evaluation of self is that our culture subscribes to the myth of perfection.

True

T/F:People commonly imagine that others possess the same attitudes and motives that they do.

True

T/F:People often cling to outmoded and unrealistic self-concepts, even when the new image would be more favorable than the old one.

True

T/F:Perception checking has the best chance of working in low-context cultures.

True

T/F:Problems arise with first impressions when the labels we attach are inaccurate and we tend to hang on to them.

True

T/F:Research has shown that there are situations where people misrepresent themselves to gain the trust of others.

True

T/F:Research shows us that it's hardest to empathize with people who are radically different from us.

True

T/F:Research suggests that typical dyads can only interpret and explain 25 to 50 percent of each other's behavior accurately.

True

T/F:Self-concept must change in order to stay realistic.

True

T/F:Self-esteem has a powerful effect on communication behavior.

True

T/F:Self-fulfilling prophecies occur when strong expectations make the expected outcome more likely than it otherwise would have been.

True

T/F:Self-serving bias is the term used by social scientists to label our tendency to judge ourselves in the most generous terms possible.

True

T/F:Socioeconomic status can influence whether someone will challenge authority and speak up.

True

T/F:The reference groups against which we compare ourselves play an important role in shaping our view of ourselves.

True

T/F:The tendency to seek information that conforms to an existing self-concept has been labeled cognitive conservatism.

True

T/F:The term face is used by social scientists to describe the presenting self.

True

T/F:The way a communication sequence is punctuated affects its perceived meaning.

True

T/F:Tolerance for ambiguity is a characteristic of intercultural competence.

True

T/F:True self-disclosure has to be honest.

True

T/F:Very early in life,self-concept is almost exclusively physical

True

T/F:We gain an idea of who we are from the way others react to us?

True

T/F:While children may be born with some social characteristics, self concept is almost totally determined by social interaction.

True

Your friend Tom is nervous about disclosing he is a member of the LGBTQ community. You reassure him that although there are risks, there are also benefits of being open about one's gender identity, including: a) being authentic b) belonging to a supportive co-culture c) increasing one's socioeconomic standing d) a and b only e)All of the above

d) a & b only a) being authentic b) belonging to a supportive co-culture

Being unable to hear a speaker's remarks because you are sitting in the rear of an auditorium is an example of: A)external noise B)psychological noise C)physiological noise D)static E)none of the above

external noise

A discernible response to a message is A)encoding B)channel C)feedback D)noise E)none of the above

feedback

An example of psychological noise is

insecurity

Which of the following is an example of psychological noise while in class?

worrying about your grade on a test having hearing loss