international politics (introduction, chapters 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10,11,12,13
pax britannica
"british peace," a century-long period beginning with napoleon's defeat at waterloo in 1815 and ending with the outbreak of ww1 in 1914 during which britain's economic & diplomatic influence contributed to economic openness & relative peace
how much do peacekeeping operations matter
- 1 extra conflict per year ends; another deescalates - consequences of ending a conflict - in syria, ~ 1/3 of overall deaths civilian - many more internally displaced persons & refugees - 2001 : un stops pkos? 2013 : 3-4 more major conflicts
patterns in investment
- 2 broad categories of foreign investment 1. portfolio investment : investor gets to claim returns, but no management role - sovereign leading the most significant for developing countries 2. direct investment : give investor claim on returns, losses, & management role - foreign direct information (fdi) increasing area of investment - foreign investment have increased significantly since 1960 - capital flows more significantly ....
international monetary regimes
- 2 main features : 1. clarify whether currencies are expected to be fixed/floating 2. establish common benchmark to compare currencies - 3 kinds of benchmarks : 1. commodity standard e.g. gold, silver, etc 2. commodity-backed paper standard e.g. bretton woods 3. national paper currency standard - the commitment of the national government is key
what would more ambitious pko (peacekeeping operations) deployments mean
- 2013 : from 6 to 2-3 conflicts - 2001 - 2013 : 150,000 fewer battle deaths - estimated cost ~ 17 billion usd
characteristics of international law
- 3 basic components : concept of legalization : 1. obligation : actors legally bound by rule/commitment 2. precision : rules & commitments unambiguous in requirements & scope 3. delegation : 3rd parties granted authority to implement, interpret, & apply legal rules
conflict, war, & trade
- a classic theory of the democratic peace is the liberal peace - not liberal in the sense of contemperary u.s politics - classical liberals emphasize limited govt, free trade, commerce - ex: adam smith - core assumption : war destroys trade flows for combatants - destruction of trade flows produces opportunity costs of war - adds to the cost of war - implications : global trade increases, cost of war increases
group of 77
- a coalition of developing countries in the UN, formed in 1964 with 77 members, that seeks change to the international economic order to favor the developing world - it has grown to over 130 members but maintains the original name
the tragedy of the commons ppt
- a common resource is open to all w/o limit ex: fishing stocks prior to international agreement - no incentive to conserve, b/c others would use resources - consequence : the resource suffers degradation - classic ex : pastors & cows
security dilemma
- a dilemma that arises when efforts that states make to defend themselves causes other states to feel less secure - can lead to arms races and war due to fear of being attacked.
what explains development disparities ?
- a massive amount of disparity in economic development - all countries want development & growth - why have so many ldc's not succeeded? - existing answers : 3 large factors 1. geography & history 2. domestic politics 3. international politics
adjustable peg
- a monetary system of fixed but adjustable rates. - governments are expected to keep their currencies fixed for extensive periods but are permitted to adjust the exchange rate from time to time as economic conditions change
tragedy of the commons
- a problem that occurs when a resource is open to all, w/o limit - no one has an incentive to conserve, b/c others would use the resource in the meantime, so the resource suffers degradation.
is nuclear proliferation a bad thing
- a states have nuclear weapons; ~ 20 have ability to produce - long-standing debate about consequences of proliferation - kenneth waltz argues that nuclear weapons promote peace, why ? - rational states that prize survival will not use them - chance of nuclear retaliation pushes states to never use force - "more may be better" - why is so much effort put into non-proliferation then? - scott sagan argues that proliferation is dangerous, why - humans & bureaucracies make errors - bounded rationally - 1st strike advantage - what effect do nuclear weapons have - informational asymmetries can lead to conflict - also, what about non-state actors
how was historical east asia different
- a tributary system : a hegemonic power (china) - hegemon has material preponderance & legitimacy - balance of power considerations pretty minimal - when japan challenge (1596), it intends to rule from china (recognition of the legitimacy of the existing order)
preventive war
- a war fought with the intention of preventing an adversary from becoming stronger in the future - preventive wars arise b/c states whose power is increasing can't commit not to exploit that power in future bargaining interactions.
foreign aid & its critics
- aid is often not used for investment - why? - low capacity governments/corruption - what about aid conditionality? - cold war politics not helpful for aid effectiveness - global superpower competition over aligned/allied states - problem : aid increases = decreasing incentive for painful economic politics - note the similarity to the resource curse - angus deaton a prominent critic w/ this view
international conflict/cooperation & trade
- alliances : allies consistently trade more - do economic interests follow political interests, or vice versa? - international disrupts : territorial disputes depress trade
alliances (chapter 5 slide)
- alliances : commitments that states make to each other - can be either offensive or defensive - defensive : us-japan (most common) - offensive : molotor - ribbentrop pact (uncommon type) - can be public/secret - usually public (especially since ww2) - most alliances have contracts, a few are informal - formal alliance ex: nato - informal alliance ex : us-israel
why do alliances work?
- alliances affect on bargaining range presumes their credibility - just "scraps of paper..." - however, about 75% of alliances commitment honored - what can states do to make alliances credible? - alignment of interests might be common knowledge - costly commitment, e.g. troop deployment, joint drills
alliances : what are they good for?
- allow the weak to balance against the strong - classic balance of power idea - strong states can pledge defense of weaker states - makes deterrence more credible ex : us, south korea - can solidify spheres of influence ex : warsaw pact - lead to more effective defense - resource pooling - distinct comparative advantage ex : nuclear umbrella - also can facilitate bandwagoning for spoils of war - italy in ww1
paris agreement
- an agreement negotiated under the UNFCCC in 2015, signed by 197 countries, & entered into force in 2016. - - it was the first agreement to require commitments for the control of greenhouse gas emissions from all signatories
north atlantic treaty organizations (nato)
- an alliance formed in 1949 among us, canada, & most of the states of western europe in response to the threat posed by the soviet union - the alliance requires the members to consider an attack on any 1 of them as an attack on all
monetary policy
- an important tool of national governments to influence broad macroeconomic conditions such as unemployment, inflation, & economic growth - typically, governments alter their monetary policies by changing national interest rates/exchange rates
fela kuti, radicalization, & state power
- an instructive story in state reaction to dissent - fela initially not all that politically involved - politically inclined, but not radicalized
bargaining
- an interaction in which 2 or more actors must choose outcomes that make one better off at the expense of another. - bargaining is redistributive: it involves allocating a fixed sum of value between different actors.
international monetary relations
- argentina's monetary policy led to a financial collapse in 2002 - tied peso to dollar - intially provided stability/certainity - unsustainable as it made adjustments very hand - largest default on sovereign debt in history - 93 billion dollars - 2002 financial crisis - 2018 economic difficulties countries - argentine vase makes clear difficulty w/ default
why would climate change impact conflict
- as w/ any claim, we want to outline theoretical mechanisms 1. rainfall deviations can lead to water conflicts - droughts 2. excess rain/drought can lead to food price shocks 3. agricultural malaise can lead to migration-urban & cross border 4. inability of weak states to intervene in agricultural markets - lost revenue exacerbates - extreme rainfall deviations in either way should affect conflict
civil war & international relations
- at end of civil war, many predicted widespread peace - the post cold war era hasn't been peaceful - intra-state conflict has become increasingly prominent - incorrect to claim that this is a "new" trend though - debate : overall trend towards peace ? - some argue that "violence is declining" - civil war - for interstate state, this is right (so far)
chicken game theory
- avoiding catastrophe is key - often describes nuclear escalation : the cuban missile crisis
2 types of interactions
- bargaining : 2 or more actors decide how to divide a good - cooperation : 2 or more coordinate policies to improve welfare w/o harming any participants individual interests
collective action slide
- can individuals w/ a mutual common interest cooperate ? theoretically, olso pointed out problem of free riders especially problematic when groups interest is a public good
the rise of china : military power
- china has long been a major power - one of the P5 on the UNSC - 1964: 1st successful nuclear test - 2012 : 1st aircraft carrier - defensive budget grew @ 8.5% per yr over the last decade
the rise of china : economic growth
- chinese economic growth has boomed in the last 25 yrs - economic reforms undertaken in... - - this growth has lifted many out of poverty
heckster-ohlin trade theory
- comparative advantage a function of factor endowments - material & human resources the state possesses - basic factors of production : - land - labor - capital - relative endowments determine comparative advantage
the washington consensus
- context : debt crisis of the 1980s in ldcs - the debt crisis of the 1980s made isi unsustainable - difficulty increases exports to generate needed revenue - the eoi countreis of east asia weather crisis successfully 3. washington consensus - lcds rely on imf & world bank for help w/ debt crisis - end of cold war ushers in era of globalization/liberalization key components : - trade liberalization - privatization - fiscal & monetary reforms - avoid deficits/inflation - open country to fdi & capital flow - try to benefit from rapid growth of global trade & investment
stag hunt
- coordination problem : solved shared problem or go it alone ? - metaphors for the problem of international cooperation
externalities
- costs/benefits for stakeholders other than the actor undertaking an action. - when an externality exists, the decision maker does not bear all the costs/reap all the gains from their actions
eurocentrism in international relations theory
- current international system reflects european history - b/c their rise during 16th/17th century - ir theory has eurocentric focus in 2 ways : 1. anarchy as ordering principle 2. focus on material power balances
why might we doubt the trade war link?
- does war really destroy trade flows? - among belligerants, probably - but others will find 2nd best trade partners - implication : opportunity costs to fighting significantly lower - also what kinds of goods are traded ? - homogenous goods, easy to find 2nd best options - efficiency losses not too great for importers - transnational prediction networks increase efficiency losses - how great are trade costs? relative to other costs of war?
domestic politics & development
- domestic economic policy has large impact - public goods provision central to development - investment in infrastructure of great importance - physical infrastructure - economic infrastructure - social infrastructure - commitment to protect private property also important - recall : particular vs broad interests - collective action
cooperative solutions on CFCs
- dupont leading producer (50% in US, 25% globally) - as pressure for change mounted, dupont developed alternative - now, the most powerful MNC on CFCs profits from a ban - quick agreement internationally on CFCs - 1985 - vienna convention - 1989 - the montreal protocol
consequences of offense dominance ?
- elevates importance of striking 1st : commitment problems - widespread obsession w/ timing & speed of mobilization
civil war over biafra
- ethnic differences & ethnic discrimination - resources : oil rich niger delta - colonial legacy - great britain - connected 3 separate provinces in 1914 - distinct regions combined in name of admistrative efficiency - international actors playing a role - soviet union & uk support nigerian government - france supports biafrans
basics of monetary policy
- exchange rate : price of national currency relative to others - when currency increases in relative value, it appreciates - when currency decreases in relative value, it depreciates - exchange rate is very important to national economy - devalued currency facilities exports - a strong currency increases purchasing power domestically - so, who would prefer a strong/weak currency? - controversy over chinese monetary policy : mitt romney in 2008.
collective action problems ppt
- externalities key to global environmental politics - negative vs positive externalities - create/gap b/w individual interests & collective welfare - actors have incentive to free ride, not take costly actions - ex: crop burning & air pollution in delhi - sum of behaviors adverse; each individual has marginal impact - small groups make cooperation more likely - ex : us/canada on acid rain-sulphur emissions lower 60+%
fixed vs floating rates
- fixed exchange rate : - promise to keep currency @ constant value to gold/other currency - pros : stability & certainty in currency markets; helps international trade/investment - cons : rigidity makes it difficult to use monetary policy to ease crises/recessions - floating exchange rate - currency fluctuates freely w/ market factors - pros : lends flexibility to governments in monetary policy - cons : less stability & certainty depress investment & trade
nuclear weapons & terrorist groups
- for many, this is the paramount worry, especially post 9/11 - president obama on nuclear terrorism video - does waltz's argument work w/ terrorists? - can we view non-state groups as rational & unitary? - how could terrorist groups obtain these weapons? - would states provide weapons & highly enriched uranium? - lieber & press (2013) argue that states will not - costs & risks too high - consistent w/ waltz - other possible means of gaining WMOs?
enforcement of human rights - negatives
- for potential enforcers : high costs & low benefits - ex : president obama & syria - naming & shaming - might provoke the target & its allies - might reduce bargaining leverage on other issues e.g. china - economic sanctions - hurt the sender as well as the target - often exacerbate poor conditions w/i a state e.g. iraq in the 1990s
foreign aid & growth
- foreign aid a way to provide capital to countries that need it - influx of capital can spur investment & growth - track record in africa hasn't been good
tributary relations in east asia
- formalized by 2 institutions : 1. investiture : superior state's recognition & gaining off titles 2. tribute missions : diplomatic envoys to & from hegemon - the 2 institutions related : more significant secondary units treated differently w/ regard to missions
how are exchange rates set?
- generally, price rises and falls w/ market supply & demand - demand is driven by the attractiveness of foreign investment - foreign firms & investors buy the national currency to invest - high interest rates - put/keep $ in a country - low interest rates - borrow & lead in domestic economy - monetary policy driven by manipulation of interest rates
geography, history, & development
- geography - landlocked countries - tropical climates, poor soil quality - history - arbitrary borders - e.g. africa - climate & institutional trajectories
common-pool resources
- goods that are available to everyone, but such that 1 user's consumption of the good reduces the amount available for others - common-pool resources are rival but nonexcludable.
monetary policy options
- government generally choose from 3 monetary paths : 1. give up national currency - greece & other eurozone countries - ecuador uses the dollar 2. tie national currency's value to that of another country - foundation of bretton woods system - argentina during the 1990s 3. maintain currency that changes in value w/ the market - current us monetary policy
how is terrorism a distinct tactic ?
- guerilla / insurgency - directly attack government forces - guerillas more closely resemble states' armies - sizable & organized units & divisions - seek to control defined pieces of territory - terrorism & insurgency not mutually exclusive for a group : conventional warfare in sri lanka
hard vs soft law
- hard law : obligatory, precise, high delegation (enforceable) - soft law : exhortatory, ambiguous, low delegation
what does this mean for IR
- historically, power transitions have generated conflict - recall our discussion for commitment problems
international influences : trade
- how should trade influence development ? - ldcs export goods w/ comparative advantage - terms of trade problems - ex : agricultural goods - declining prices across times - large subsidies in many developed countries
international human rights (ppt)
- human rights have long been an international concern - role in fall of apartheid in south africa : role of anti-apartheid movement in us - role in public justification for spanish-american war - some successes , but human rights abuses still widespread - sovereignty often complicates application of human rights
defining human rights
- human rights law is an institution in IR - informed by western (european) ideals of individual rights - individual is primary unt - freedom placed above other values - emphasis on political & economic rights - contrasted w/ communism's group focus during cold war - also contrast w/ some non-western cultural traditions
why do states violate human rights
- human rights violations are often traced to either : - a lack of capacity to prevent violations - a perceived threat to national security interests - human rights violations can be difficult to observe - very capable repressive states have less need for violence - physical violence is evidence that order has deteriorated - repression a political strategy to retain/increase power - unstable regimes are more likely to be egregious violators
ww1 - the actors
- idea that military technology & doctrine favors offensive - if war starts, the initiator greatly advantaged - small timing advantages can make large differences - why does this help to push europe towards war in 1914? - made states optimistic about duration of prospective war - made everyone eager to not be slow to mobilize & attack - put a premium on the secrecy of plans
european debt crisis
- in 2009, the 2008 recession waned but a new crisis erupted - several eurozone countries had unsustainable amounts of debt - ireland - greece - portugal - spain - housing markets in spain & ireland collapsed - greece & portugal long can large budget deficits - by 2011, greek/portuguese bonds downgraded to junk status
what role does leader experience play
- individual does often matter - common refrain : the most consequential election of our lifetime - unitary actors model doesn't focus on leader characteristics - some explicitly say leadership's not important : john measheminer
prisoner's dilemma
- individual incentives ruin collective welfare
prisoners of conscience (POCs)
- individuals imprisoned solely b/c of the peaceful expression of their beliefs - the term was coined by the human rights organization amnesty international
institutional explanations
- informational explaining from bargaining model - transparency might reduce informational asymmetries - free press - accountability to public/voters - audience costs theory : leader's statement costly signals
why does civil war break out? (bargaining failure & civil war slide)
- informational problems - what do rebels know that states do not? - commitment problems - a massive problem in civil wars - settlement : ongoing war in syria - casualty data for syria - indivisible issues - can the homeland be divided ?
collective security & alliances
- institutionalize all states' common interest in avoiding war? - league of nations the 1st major attempt - after ww2, united nations emerged - collective security : an attack on 1 an attack on all - the ulimate deterrent...if credible - collective security a public good : collective action problems - free rider problem - especially difficult when costs are high - powerful states unattractive targets - powerful states pursue own interests, e.g syria & russia
international institutions & trade
- institutions facilitate regularized & repeated interactions - general agreement of tariffs & trade (gatt) - lowered barriers, but didn't seek full liberalization - emphasized reciprocity/standards - world trade organization (wto) - replaced gatt in 1994 - larger membership; rules covering over 80% of global trade - resolves disputes over rules, enforces compliance - aims for complete trade liberalization
building blocks of ir theory
- interests : states have national interests' that can be consistent/inconsistent w/ each other (states w/ opposing interests need to bargain) - interactions : world politics is about strategy (concept of a "best response" strategy) - institutions : sets of rules (thought to facilitate cooperation) "intentions don't matter for much in world politics" - hans morgenthau
framework for theory
- interests : what does an actor want? - interactions : w/ whom does an actor have to work w/ against to get it - institutions : what are the rules/common understanding of "the game"?
how common is war
- interstate war is a rare event - however, there are periods in which it plaques the system - conflict more broadly defined is more common
why invest overseas?
- investors are ultimately interested in profit - investment can aid economic development, but not the point - investment should follow logic similar of heckscher-ohlin - capital scare & expensive in developing countries - investments flow developed to developing countries - interest rates, profits, & potential growth rates are higher
who contributes to peacekeeping operations ?
- less developed countries contribute the most - p5 members aren't major contributors
arab spring & drought
- many suggest a link b/w climate & arab-spring - obviously there are underlying political causes - perhaps weather a catalyst though
what happened in the 1970s in argentina ?
- military coup in 1976 - 2nd attempted coup in 2 yrs - aimed to stamp out peronist policies & politicians - massive human rights abuse : the "dirty war" - 2 more military coups in 1981 & 82 - recall the falklands/malvinas war - more coups attempts since 1946 than any other countries - disastrous economic policy consequences - examples : decline in manufacturing - labor targeted, massive debt - increase military spending, massive debt gdp increasing
what effect does military experience have ?
- more veterans = lower probability of militarization - what about 2nd part of powell doctrine ? - higher escalation levels after conflict initiated
why terrorism
- most attacks not clearly related to groups achieving goals - attacks as costly signals ? - informational explanation
how costly is war to trade?
- most evidence relies on correlation b/w trade levels & militarization - many find increase trade = lower probability militarization - however, no direct evidence of how war affects trade - policy makers have long worried about how trade affects war - british planned blockads of germany 10 yrs prior to ww1 - a naval intelligence department plan asserted that this "would doubtless inflict in the end considerable losses on germany... but the effect would take time to produce
investment & risk : the bad news
- most i.e., about 90% of FDI flows from rich countries to rich countries - why? industrialized countries offer stability & certainty - developed countries present additional risks for investors - FDI hasn't met its full potential --- development needs other vehicles for capital flows to developing states
global climate change ppt
- most scientists think humans are affecting climate change - greenhouse gas emissions; carbon dioxide the primary culprit - the intergovernmental panel on climate change estimates global temperatures will rise 3.5 to 8 degrees by 2100 - melt polar icecaps - lead to extreme weather patterns - modify crop yields - our primary interest in links to international politics
concept of anarchy
- much of international relations theory rests on the notion of anarchy - sharp difference b/w domestic & international politics - domestic politics characterized by hierarchy - there's central authority ex: can call the police - international politics characterized by anarchy - if a state threatens another's security, there's no "central authority" or "police" to call - many refer to international politics as a "self-help" system
cooperation solutions
- narrow definition of problems can make solutions easier - ex : hazardous chemicals & the environment - 1995 : un environmental program lists "dirty dozen" hazardous chemicals - 1998 : negotiations to regulate these chemicals - 181 states have ratified the treaty : 2001 - bush administration support - basel convention on transboundary movement of hazardous waste also quickly negotiated - 2019 : plastic waste added to basel conventions - privatize public goods - analogy to enclosure of the commons - policies to make goods excludable * rival - ex: cap & trade systems for carbon emissions - firms sell credits when they emit less than allocated - firms sell credits when they overshoot allocations - individual transferable quotas in fisheries - quotas can be bought, sold, & leased - quotas typically tied to specific species in a fishing region for a period of time - bundle private & public goods - cooperation on ozone depleting chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) - ozone layer blocks UV radiation from reaching earth's surface
monetary order
- national monetary order - provide predictability in value of $ & price of goods - one of the objectives of the us constitutional convention - the common euro currency accomplishes this - international monetary order - provides predictability & stability across boards - the gold standard 1880-1914 - bretton woods mid 1940s-1970s
norms, treaties, & nuclear weapons
- non-proliferation & non-use of nuclear weapons quite successful - only 5 countries not signatories to non-proliferation treaty - nuclear weapons haven't been used since 1945 - thomas schelling's nobel speech : "an astonishing 60 yrs" - the "taboo" of using "unconventional" weapons (a norm) - this wasn't obvious @ all in 1950/60s - atomic bombing of hiroshima transformed world politics - why was this weapons development different from others
the future of IR
- nuclear proliferation - rise of china - return of great power politics - globalization backlash: the rise of population
bargaining theory
- occurs when actors have 0-sum interests - any improvement in my situation implies you do worse (canonical example: divide the dollar/pie; ex: sino-vietnamese boundary/island dispute; interests opposed: a 0-sum bargaining problem)
bank for international settlements
- one of the oldest international financial organizations, created in 1930 - its members include the world's principal central banks, & under its auspices they attempt to cooperate in the financial realm
un successes : peacekeeping missions
- peacekeeping missions an area w/ successes - requires consent of combatants - can help w/ commitment problems - can serve as a buffer b/w combatants - helps w/ post-war elections - some key successes & some difficult cases - ex: somalia, lack of government authority - 1992-1995 : somalia still plagued by violence
what drives the outbreak of civil war?
- political grievances - ethnic discrimination e.g. kurds in turkey - competition for resources i.e greed
political influences on trade
- politics have significant influence over trade policy : trump on steel tariffs - recall discussion of organized interests advantages - electoral politics affect trade policy - how narrow is your winning coalition ? - president vs members of congress - democracies vs autocracies
institutions : international monetary fund (imf)
- powerful institution that deals w/ economic rises - countries contribute to the fund in proportion to economy - vote shares allocated based on this - us & eu have effective veto - loans w/ low interest to countries in crisis - typically difficult economic reforms - IMF proponents : create standard & helps foster creditor/debtor agreement - IMF critics : biased towards powerful countries & finance
private vs public goods
- private goods - ex : land enclosure - club goods - ex : highway - common pool goods - ex : fisheries - public goods - ex : clean air
does IL matter? how much?
- proponents : compliance is high - non-compliance flows from ambiguity & or capacity issues - skeptics : states agree to things they would already do - what does good news about compliance tell us? - IL is imprecise - IL is most influential when: - law is self-enforcing (in everyone's interest) e.g. reciprocity - creates domestic interests in favor of compliance - delegated to arbitrators (democracies especially like this)
why protection?
- protectionism: policies that shield domestic producers from imports through trade barriers - tariffs : 2002, bush administration imposes steel tariffs - quotas : canadian restrictions on cheese imports - nontariff barriers : economic sanctions - barriers assist natural producers at the exposure of consumers
primary products
- raw materials & agricultural products, typically unprocessed/only slightly processed. - the primary sectors are distinguished from secondary sectors (industry) & tertiary sectors (services).
global patterns of leader's experience & war (horowitz & stam)
- rebel experiences more likely to take risk - find that leader experience matters globally
why is civil war an international issue?
- rebel groups often transnational - transnational territorial claims - bases across borders - outside state support - basic bargaining framework also can explain civil war - governments vs sub-state rebel groups
monetary policy & the euro debt crisis
- recall greek debt - monetary policy a key instrument in economic slowdowns - to jumpstart sending/borrowing & investment -- greece should lower interest rates - lower interest rates should aid growth - a key part of federal policy in the us since 2008 - the greek government doesn't have this option - the negative : major problem w/ single currency - the positive : european central bank assistance pay
international influences : institutions
- recall out discussion of the imf - bias towards investors & powerful countries like the us ?
normative explanations
- relies on democratic norms of conflict resolution - states externalize their domestic practices - the norm only applies to like minded states in the system - consistent w/ a "logic of appropriateness" - how does this explain why states fight rather than negotiate? - norms explain why states don't fight, lack of common norms explain why they fight
how can institutions help?
- resolve disputes - make it easier for countries to communicate - set standard of behavior (some more detailed than others) - self reporting policies so countries can hold each other accountable
domestic legacies & development
- resource curse : resource wealth correlates w/ poverty - resource curse : resources & lack of development - easy revenue reduces incentives for broad-based development - resource wealth facilitates patronage & corruption - reduces reliance on tax revenue - economic diversification / entrepreneurship less important
private information
- risk-return trade-off : the more i bet, more to win, also more to lose - "costly signals" : action a "weak type" would/couldn't do - speech? when could it be costly?
the nuclear taboo
- scheling suggests that the cuban missile crisis was pivotal - 1964: president johnson's distaste for their "normalization" - campaign advertisement on atomic power video - this wasn't the consensus view in the 1950s - eisenhower adminstration's massisve retaliation doctrine - apply the 3 stage norms life-cycle 1. emergence - 1950s 2. cascade - mid 1960s 3. integration - late 1970s/late - even north korea has a no 1st use policy
what about temperature
- scholars have longer examined rainfall & conflict - climate change also entails a rise in global temperature - what, if any, effects does temperature have on conflict? - known effects on agricultural output & crimes - recent research analyzes highly local "micro" data - average country temperature very rough in many cases - need for local & precise measurement
does regime type matter? democratic peace
- scholars propose monadic & dyadic versions - monadic - single state starting the armed conflict - dyadic - it matters who the state is interacting w/ & the initial starter - the monadic version w/o empirical support - democracies don't tend to fight each other - dyadic relation
cap-and-trade system
- sets limits on emissions, which are then lowered over time to reduce pollutants released into the atmosphere. - firms can sell "credits" when they emit less than their allocation/must buy from others when they emit more than their allocation
foreign aid & its proponents
- several key pts try to counter the critics - post-cold war foreign aid has been more successful - lack of superpower competition - trend to "bypass" the government in distribution - focus on health outcomes rather than GDP growth - ex: aid programs focus on infant morality/aids - amounts of foreign aid still small relative to investment/trade - who gives foreign aid, who receives it video
dealing w/ collective action
- some additional incentive / benefit necessary - coercion - selective incentive - different dynamics depending on size of group ?
institutions that help their members cooperate militarily in the event
- some additional incentive/benefit necessary - coercion - selective incentive - different dynamics depending on size of the group? - how noticeable are individual contributions? - often interest groups stand to benefit much more than public - organizations designed to deal w/ collective action problem - the public is at a disadvantage
the european state system
- sovereignty emerged in europe as a principle - idea that all states are similar / "equal" units
balance of power
- states want to ensure they can't be dominated - balance against most powerful states w/ alliances - britain on top in 19th century, but others challenge : rise of germany & powe potential in russia
what is terrorism ?
- terrorism : - politically motivated violence against noncombatants/civilians - intended to have psychological effects on an audience - perpetrated by non-state actors
precision
- the degree to which international legal obligations are fully specified - more precise rules narrow the scope for reasonable interpretation.
obligation
- the degree to which states are legally bound by an international rule - high-obligation rules must be performed in good faith &, if breached, require reparations to the injured party
developments in international law: law of war
- the laws of war : the origins of the genva conventions - international laws of war starts w/ hague convention of 1899 - geneva conventions & other treaties develop further - chemical/biological weapons - use of torture - deliberate targeting of civilians - clear patterns of compliance post-ratification 1. reciprocity - 2 combatants sign, both more likely comply 2. democracies more likely to honor ratification 3. john mccain's opposition to torture
bretton woods monetary system
- the monetary order negotiated among the WWII allies in 1944, which lasted until the 1970s & which was based on a U.S. dollar tied to gold - other currencies were fixed to the dollar but were permitted to adjust their exchange rates.
china, the philippines,& the south china sea
- the philippines brought china to the PCA in 2016 - the court ruled in the philippines favor, china dissented - why would this matter - china much more powerful than philippines - what resources can the PCA bring to bear - norms of compliance - evidence of IL decreases militarization, increase peaceful settlement of territorial disputes - territorial disputes are issues central to states; sovereignty
recent developments : r2p
- the responsibility to protect (R2P) passed UNSC in 2006 - recall it's history in brief : the responsibility to protect video - states have responsibility to protect human rights globally - sovereignty a responsibility, not a right for states - in part response to rwanda : rwandan genocride - short history
bargaining range
- the set of deals that both parties in a bargaining interaction prefer to the reversion outcome - when the reversion outcome is war, the bargaining range is the set of deals that both sides prefer to war.
the cold war
- the track record for the unsc isn't uniformly stellar - cold war drought for unsc resolutions - 1st gulf war (iraq war) viewed as 1st great success - president bush hope it signified start of a "new world order"
investment & risk : the good news
- there's increasingly evidence that FDI has a pacifying effect - perhaps more pacifying than trade - why? perhaps, b/c FDI higher volume than trade - trade policy can be more easily manipulated by governments - multinational corporations (MNCs) play a huge role in FDI
international trade in history
- trade has long been important & contentious in IR - silk trade under justinian in mid 6th century - trade in gems, spices, & especially silk disrupted by persians - trade largely in luxury goods until the 19th late century - trade in staples becomes significant during the 1800s - lower transport costs : railroads, steam-powered ships -coincides w/ end of mercantilism & start of "free trade"
why trade? the benefits
- trades allows states to realize the benefits of specialization - division of labor - key concept for trade economics is comparative advantage - a country should specialize in what it produces most efficiently - distinct from concept of absolute advantage - free trade : produce comparative advantage goods & import others
transnational advocacy networks & norm diffusion
- transnational advocacy networks (tans) gaining prominence - groups pursing political change across borders — easier now than historically - tans provide info to states & other actors over issues - analogous to interest groups in domestic politics - attempt to change prevailing norms of behavior - groups "name & shame" governments e.g. human rights violations
the united nations : promise & limitations
- un does facilitate cooperation, although not perfectly - outside intervention not a certainty, but more likely - helps to enforce agreements e.g. peacekeeper - unga closest to a "global parliament" - each country has 1 vote - great power can't block issues from being voted on - binding resolutions must go through the un security council - 5 permanent members - all have a veto (block vote) - ensures buy in of major power - complicates passage of resolutions
collaboration example
- us/ussr arms race a mostly constant feature of cold war - estimates of overall spending in tens of trillions
china & international order
- war is not likely, so what will future bring? - china has security & economic interests divergent from US - territorial/maritime disputes in south china sea - formed the asian infrastructure & investment bank in 2015 - however, many common interests as well - joined the WTO in 1998 - many benefits from the existing world order - what should the US do? - david kang - is east asia primed for peace?
the future of international relatiosn
- what issues will likely define IR in the next decades? - nuclear proliferation - the rise of china - return of great power politics - globalization backlash : the rise of populism
cooperative solutions part 2 ppt
- what role do international institutions play - breakthrough w/ durban platform in 2011 - set deadline for agreement in paris in 2015 - 1st time that most countries agree to global emissions deal - europe teams w/ LDCs/low-emitters to pressure US & china - the US & china announce emission reduction plans prior - national plans; flexible 5 yr process; soft law
development strategies
- what strategies did ldcs use to promote economic development ? 1. import substitution industrialization (isi) 2. export oriented industrialization (eoi) 3. the washington consensus
gold standard controversy
- who favors a pegged rate like the gold standard - firms involved in international trade - investors - those worried about inflation - who opposes a rigid policy like the gold standard - groups w/o connection to the global economy - those worried about unemployment - the gold standard & wizard of oz video - us leaves gold standard in 1933
human rights - treaty politics
- why do states sign human rights agreements? - new democracies want to "lock in" changes - however, some established democracies haven't signed - positive inducements e.g. trade agreement why do states care about others/human rights practices? - domestic pressures : empathetic citizens/organized labor - international consequences e.g rohingya refugee crisis - ngos advocate globally e.g amnesty international
preventing proliferation with force
- why not use force to eliminate weapons program? - 2017/18 : discussion/worries about striking north korea - a strike against north korea seriously considered in 1994 - when are strikes seriously weighed? when do they happen? - states that are rivals w/ conflict theory e.g israel/syria - north korea/iran different than syria in 2007/ iraq in 1981 - north korea has weapons already - location of multiple weapons facilitates not known
concerns about nuclear proliferation
- why the concern about WMD/nuclear proliferation - technology to produce WMD has become cheaper - information about producing WMD widely available - renewed concerns about state proliferators - after 9/11 these concerns were heightened : george w bush "axis of evil" speech - 2017 : north korea conducts 2 tests that alarm the world - ongoing debate about iran's nuclear program : nov 27 assassination of iran's top nuclear scientist
why isn't this a greek/eurozone problem?
- why's greek/portuguese debt a european problem? - why it's a global problem? everyone's connected, & 1 falls, all fall - immense pressure on the greece to cut spending/raise revenue - austerity - very politically unpopular - a common reaction to debt crises - often leads to turmoil - often states decide b/w default & very painful austerity
world war I & the causes of war
- ww1 is the most influential event for theories of war - why? - great power politics - balancing & bandwagoning - power transition dynamics - rising powers - offensive/defensive balance debates - alliance politics - do they deter/provoke? - misperception
strategies of terrorism
1. coercion - attrition (weakening) - intimidation 2. provocation 3. spoiling 4. outbidding who are the intended audience ? government & public
3 general types of norms
1. constitutive - recall sovereignty, which constitutes the system of states 2. procedural - us leadership on security issues in nato - seniority dictates sequence of questions on us supreme court 3. regulative - responsibility to protect - taboo on 1st use of nuclear weapons
the life cycle of the territorial integrity norm
1. convince - after ww1 : article 10 of the league covenant - the us, uk, & france key proponents 2. cascade - adoption of article 2(4) of un charter, 1945 - 1960: un declaration of territorial integrity on colonies - oau's 1963/1964 adoption of uti posseditis - 1975 : helsinki final act proscribes coercive revision of borders 3. internalize - 1991 : response to iraqi aggression in kuwait - 2014 : response to russian actions in ukraine (?)
4 meaning of sovereignty
1. domestic sovereignty 2. cross-border (interdependence) sovereignty 3. westphalian sovereignty 4. international legal sovereignty
development strategies (eoi)
1. export-orientated industrialization (eoi) - promote manufacturing aimed for international markets - ex : south korea produces for american consumers - state intervention in economy also important in eoi - low cost government loans - significant tax breaks for exporting industries - currency manipulation - by 1980s, south korea, taiwan, & others very successful : eoi in south korea
development strategies : isi
1. import substitution industrialization (isi) - develop domestic industries to replace imports - escape from reliance on primary commodities - how? - trade barriers to allow industry to compete - incentives promote development of industry (not agriculture) - state control of much economic & social infrastructure - strength : development of domestic industries - weakness : industries not competitive internationally
unity actors & war
1. private information & incentives to misrepresent 2. commitment problems 3. issue indivisibility - each modifies the simple model of bargaining & war - however, each relies on unitary actor assumption : idea we view the state as 1 actor
3 rationalist explanations for war
1. private information - capabilities not known, incentives to hide this information 2. commitment problem - something makes commitment to not fight not credible 3. issue indivisibility - issues with how to divide a good
an instructive example?
1. states can use coercive powers counterproductivity - common theme in counterterrorism/policing - sometimes groups try to exploit this : proactive strategy 2. power of state repression - by early 1980s, state repression destroyed fela's compound & disrupted his influence - he was increasingly bitter, less popular w/ fans, & had difficult relations
the R2P doctrine has 3 pillars :
1. states responsibility to protect population from mass atrocities 2. international responsibility to assist states in this task 3. international responsibility to intervene if peaceful solutions fail
sources of protection : 3 sources
1. stolpher - samuelson theorem - protectionism benefits the scarce factors of production - protection hurts the abundant factor 2. ricardo - viner theorem - whole industries often act together, why? - factors of production specific to industries, not always mobile - workers' interests flow from her sector of economy example : import quotas on japanese cars in 1980s 3. trade dominated by a few large firms, mostly favor free trade - largest most productive firm dominate export industry - about 1/3 of all u.s trade is intra-firm - these firms lobby for openness
universal declaration of human rights (UDHR) ppt
2 binding agreements undergrid : 1. international covenant on civil & political rights (ICCPR) - right to life, liberty, & freedom of thought/religion - reflected values of us led bloc during cold war 2. international covenant on economic, social, & cultural rights (ICESCR) - right to living wage & education - reflected ideology of socialist bloc during cold wawr - together said to constitute international bill of rights
how does military experience matter
2 prominent possibilities : 1. more cautious about using the military to resolve disputes - direct experiences w/ cost of conflict - not an abstract idea, but a lived experience 2. elevates the military option for decision-makers - knowledge of the military elevates it in calculations - interest in maintaining the credibility & status of military
norms life cycle
A 3 stage model of how norms diffuse within a population & achieve a "taken for granted" status
international law
a body of rules that binds states & other agents in world politics & is considered to have the status of law
state
a central authority with the ability to make & enforce laws, rules, & decisions within a specified territory
league of nations
a collective security organization founded in 1919 after ww1. the league ended in 1946 & was replaced by the un.
united nations (un)
a collective security organization founded in 1945 after ww2. with over 190 members, the un includes all recognized states
league of nations
a collective security organization founded in ww1. the league ended in 1946 & was replaced by the un
international criminal court (icc)
a court of last resort for human rights cases that possesses jurisdiction only if the accused is a national of a state party, the crime took place on the territory of a state party, or the un security council has referred the case to the prosecutor
universal declaration of human rights (udhr)
a declaration, adopted by the un general assembly in 1948, that defines a "common standard of achievement for all peoples" & forms the foundation of modern human rights law
international monetary regime
a formal/informal arrangement among governments to govern relations among their currencies; the agreement is shared by most countries in the world economy
vienna convention
a framework convention adopted in 1985 to regulate activities, especially emissions of CFCs, that damage the ozone layer
indivisible good
a good that can't be divided without diminishing its value
quantitative restriction (quota)
a limit placed on the amount of a particular good that's allowed to be imported
theory
a logically consistent set of statements that explains a phenomenon of interest
international monetary fund (imf)
a major international economic institution that was established in 1944 to manage international monetary relations and that has gradually reoriented itself to focus on the international financial system, especially debt & currency crises.
warsaw pact
a military alliance formed in 1955 to bring together the soviet union & its cold war allies in eastern europe & elsewhere; dissolved in march 31, 1991, as the cold war ended
warsaw pact
a military alliance formed in 1955 to bring together the soviet union & its cold war allies in eastern europe & elsewhere; dissolved on march 31,1991, as the cold war ended
peace-enforcement operation
a military operation in which force is used to make and/or enforce peace among warring parties that have not agreed to end their fighting
insurgency
a military strategy in which small, often lightly armed units engage in hit-and-run attacks against military, government, & civilian targets
ricardo-viner (specific-factors) model
a model of trade relations that emphasizes the sector in which factors of production are employed rather than the nature of the factor itself. this differentiates it from the heckscher-ohlin approach, for which the nature of the factor—labor, land, capital—is the principal consideration.
autocracy
a political system in which an individual or small group exercises power with few constraints and no meaningful competition or participation by the general public
democracy
a political system in which candidates compete for political office through frequent, fair elections in which a sizable portion of the adult population can vote
boomerang model
a process through which NGOs in 1 state are able to activate transnational linkages to bring pressure from other states on their own governments
individual petition
a right that permits individual to petition appropriate international legal bodies directly if they believe a state has violated their rights
transnational advocacy network (tan)
a set of individuals & nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective
export-oriented industrialization (EOI)
a set of policies, originally pursued in the late 1960s by several east asian countries, to spur manufacturing for export, often through subsidies & incentives for export production
import-substituting industrialization (ISI)
a set of policies, pursued by most developing countries from the 1930s through the 1980s, to reduce imports & encourage domestic manufacturing, often through trade barriers, subsidies to manufacturing, & state ownership of basic industries
depression
a severe downturn in the business cycle, typically associated with a major decline in economic activity, production, & investment; a severe contraction of credit; & sustained high unemployment.
recession
a sharp slowdown in the rate of economic growth & economic activity
oligopoly
a situation in which a market/industry is dominated by a few firms
incomplete information
a situation in which actors in a strategic interaction lack information about other actors' interests and/or capabilities
balance of power
a situation in which the military capabilities of 2 states/groups of states are roughly =
most-favored nation (mfn) status
a status established by most modern trade agreements guaranteeing that the signatories will extend to each other any favorable trading terms offered in agreements w/ 3rd parties
brinksmanship
a strategy in which adversaries take actions that increase the risk of accidental war, with the hope that the other will "blink," or lose its nerve, first and make concessions
bandwagoning
a strategy in which states join forces w/ the stronger side in a conflict
coercion
a strategy of imposing/threatening to impose costs on other actors in order to induce a change in their behavior
outbidding
a strategy of terrorist attacks designed to demonstrate superior capability & commitment relative to other groups devoted to the same cause
provocation
a strategy of terrorist attacks intended to provoke the target government into making a disproportionate response that alienates moderates in the terrorists' home society/ in other sympathetic audiences
spoiling
a strategy of terrorist attacks intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target & moderate leadership from the terrorists' home society
tariff
a tax imposed on imports. tariffs raise the domestic price of the imported good & may be applied for the purpose of protecting domestic producers from foreign competition
coordination
a type of cooperative interaction in which actors benefit from all making the same choices & subsequently have no incentive to not comply
collaboration
a type of cooperative interaction in which actors gain from working together but nonetheless have incentives to not comply with any agreement
preemptive war
a war fought with the anticipation that an attack by the other side is imminent
interstate war
a war in which the main participants are states
civil war (chapter 6)
a war in which the main participants are w/i the same state, such as the rebel group & government
civil war
a war in which the main participants are within the same state, such as the government & a rebel group
state capacity
ability to control & extract these resources - europe developed this capacity by fighting wars (charles tilly) - "war made the state & the state made the war"
agenda setting
actions taken before/during bargaining that make the reversion outcome more favorable for one party
extremists
actors whose interests aren't widely shared by others; individuals/groups that are politically weak relative to the demands they make
regional trade agreements (rtas)
agreements among 3 or more countries in a region to reduce barriers to trade among themselves
separatist
an actor that seeks to create an independent state on territory carved from an existing state
irredentist
an actor that seeks to detach a region from 1 country and attach it to another, usually b/c of shared ethnic/ religious ties
bilateral investment treaty
an agreement b/w 2 countries about the conditions for private investment across borders most of these treaties include provisions to protect an investment from government discrimination/ expropriation w/o compensation, as well as establishing mechanisms to resolve disputes.
military-industrial complex
an alleged alliance between military leaders & the industries that benefit from international conflict , such as arms manufacturers
north atlantic treaty organization (nato)
an alliance formed in 1949 among the us, canada, & most of the states of western europe in response to the threat posed by the soviet union. the alliance requires its members to consider an attack on any 1 of them to be an attack on them all.
probabilistic claim
an argument about the factors that increase/decrease the likelihood that some outcome will occur
washington consensus
an array of policy recommendations generally advocated by developed-country economists and policy makers starting in the 1980s, including trade liberalization, privatization, openness to foreign investment, & restrictive monetary & fiscal policies.
mercantilism
an economic doctrine based on a belief that military power & economic influence complemented each other; applied especially to colonial empires in the 16th-18th centuries. mercantilist policies favor the mother country over its colonies & over its competitors
compellence
an effort to change the status quo through the threat of force
detterence
an effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force
multinational corporation (mnc)
an enterprise that operates in a number of countries, with production/service facilities outside its country of origin
war
an event involving the organized use of military force by at least 2 parties that reaches a minimum threshold of severity
fixed exchange rate
an exchange rate policy under which a government commits itself to keep its currency at/around a specific value in terms of another currency or a commodity, such as gold
world bank
an important international institution that provides loans at below-market interest rates to developing countries, typically to enable them to carry out development projects
world trade organization (wto)
an institution created in 1995 to succeed the GATT & to govern international trade relations. The WTO encourages & polices the multilateral reduction of barriers to trade, & it oversees the resolution of trade disputes
cooperation
an interaction in which 2 or more actors adopt policies that make at least 1 actor better off relative to the status quo without making others worse off
united nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC)
an international agreement enacted in 1992 & entered into force in 1994, that provides an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts on climate change
general agreement on tariffs & trade (gatt)
an international institution created in 1947 in which member countries committed to reduce barriers to trade and to provide similar trading conditions to all other members. in 1995, the GATT was replaced by the WTO.
montreal protocol
an international treaty, signed in 1987, that's designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a # of CFCs & other chemical compounds
peacekeeping operation
an operation in which troops & observers are deployed to monitor a cease-fire/peace agreement
where does IL come from
answer: customs & treaties 1. customary law - secondary rules for establishment are clear 2. treaty law - codifies law via international agreements - ex: the geneva conventions - customary law sometimes commodifies
asymmetrical welfar
armed conflict b/w actors w/ highly unequal military capabilities, such as when rebel groups/terrorists fight strong states
commodity cartels
associations of producers of commodities (raw materials and agricultural products) that restrict world supply & thereby cause the price of the goods to rise
crisis bargaining
at least 1 actor threatens to use force in the event that its demands are not met
issue indivisibility
bargaining model of war assumes issue is indefinitely divisible ex : territory is technically an example
infrastructure
basic structures necessary for social activity, such as transportation & telecommunications networks, & power & water supply
credibility
believability - a credible threat is a threat that the recipient believes will be carried out - a credible commitment is a commitment or promise that the recipient believes will be honored
collective security organizations
broad-based institutions that promote peace & security among their members. examples : league of nations & un
proxy wars (chapter 6)
conflicts in which 2 opposing states "fight" by supporting opposite sides in a war, such as the government & rebels in a 3rd state
why does sovereignty matter?
conscription & taxes
cross-border (interdependence) sovereignty
control of what comes & leaves across your borders
domestic sovereignty
control within your border-capacity
less developed countries (ldcs)
countries at a relatively low level of economic development
nash equilibrium
each player chooses its best response
westphalian sovereignty
exclusion of outside actors from your domestic policies
observational data
facts and figures obtained by observing past events, using mechanical, personal, or neuromarketing data collection methods
nonexcludable goods
good that, if available to be consumed by 1 actor, can't be prevented from being consumed by other actors as well
nonrival goods
goods for which consumption by 1 actor doesn't diminish the quantity available for others
trade barriers
government limitations on the international exchange of goods. examples include tariffs, quantitative restrictions (quotas), import licenses, requirements that governments only buy domestically produced goods, & health & safety standards that discriminate against foreign goods.
interest group
groups of individuals w/ common interests that organize to influence public policy in a manner that benefits their members
transnational level
groups whose members span borders : multinational corporations, transnational advocacy networks, terrorist organizations
global climate change
human-induced change in the environment, especially from the emissions of greenhouse gases, leading to higher temperatures around the globe
risk-return trade-off
in crisis bargaining, the trade-off between trying to get a better deal & trying to avoid a war
reciprocity
in international trade relations, a mutual agreement to lower tariffs & other barriers to trade. reciprocity involves an implicit/explicit arrangement for 1 government to exchange trade policy concessions w/ another.
depreciate
in terms of a currency, to decrease in value relative to other currencies
appreciate
in terms of a currency, to increase in value relative to other currencies
what role does leader experience play?
in u.s. context, does it matter who's' in power? - common saying : politics "stops at the water's edge" what role does military experience play? - seems potentially important to foreign policy decisions
norms entrepreneurs
individuals/groups that seek to advance principled standards of behavior for states & other actors
alliances
institutions that help their members cooperate militarily in the event of a war
genocide
intentional & systematic killing aimed at eliminating an identifiable group of people, such as an ethnic or religious group
constructivism
interests : - many types of actors are important - actors' interests are influenced by culture, identity, & prevailing ideas - actors' choices often reflect norms of appropriate behavior, rather than interests interactions : - interactions socialize actors to hold particular interests, but transformations can occur, caused by alternative understandings of those interests institutions : - international institutions define identities & shape action through norms of just & appropriate behavior
liberalism
interests : - many types of actors are important, no single interest dominates - wealth is a common goal for many actors - actors often have common interests, which can serve as a basis for cooperation interactions : - international politics has an extensive scope for cooperation - conflict isn't inevitable but occurs when actors fail to recognize/act on common interests institutions : - international institutions facilitate cooperation by setting out rules, providing information, & creating procedures for collective decision making - democratic political institutions increase the scope for international politics to reflect the common interests of individuals
realism
interests : - state = dominant actor - states seek security/power - states interest are generally in conflict interactions : - international politics are primarily about bargaining, in which coercion always a possibility institutions : - international system is anarchic, & institutions exert little independent effect - international institutions reflect the interests of powerful states
national interests
interests attributed to the state itself, usually security and power
what is international law
international law : body of rules that binds states & other actors in ir - il covers a wide range of issues from war to trade - primary & secondary rules in il - primary rules : negative & positive rules (e.g. don't nurture captured combatants, follow geneva conventions) - secondary rules : rules about how laws are made (i.e. "constitutional rules") - central unifying principle in il is state sovereignty - all states formally = - e.g. a secondary rule : states can only be bound w/ consent
customary international law
international law that usually develops slowly, over time, as states recognize practices as appropriate & correct
international norms
international norms : standards of behavior defined by rights & obligations - informal international institutions - can be written/not; codified/not as hard/soft law - for norms to be effective : 1. most actors adhere to them 2. deviations are punished
humanitarian interventions
interventions designed to relieve humanitarian crises stemming from civil conflicts or large-scale human rights abuses, including genocide
foreign direct investment (fdi)
investment in a foreign country via the acquisition of a local facility/the establishment of a new facility. direct investors maintain managerial control of the foreign operation.
portfolio investment
investment in a foreign country via the purchase of stocks (equities), bonds, or other financial instruments. portfolio investors don't exercise managerial control of the foreign operation.
level of analysis
kenneth waltz identifies 1. individual 2. state 3. international system
psychological
leaders perception & personal backgrounds (military background? age? experience)
sovereign lending
loans from private financial institutions in 1 country to sovereign governments in other countries
audience cost
negative repercussions for failing to follow through on a threat or to honor a commitment
audience costs
negative reprecussions for failing to follow through on a threat / to honor a commitment
collective action problems
obstacles to cooperation that occur when actors have incentives to collaborate but each acts in anticipation that others will pay the costs of cooperation
nontariff barriers to trade
obstacles to imports other than tariffs (trade taxes). examples include restrictions on the number of products that can be imported (quantitative restrictions, or quotas); regulations that favor domestic over imported products; & other measures that discriminate against foreign goods/services.
public goods (chapter 13)
products that are nonexcludable & nonrival in consumption, such as clean air/water
public goods
products that are nonexcludable & nonrival in consumption, such as national defense
commitment problems
reasons : 1. changing distribution of power 2. first advantage strike 3. agreement changes power distribution ex: bargaining over strategically located territory
international legal sovereignty
recognition as a sovereign state e.g UN membership
iteration
repeated interactions with the same partners
international level
representatives of states w/ different interests interact w/ 1 another
what are the key sources of power?
resources & human capital
the "powell doctrine"
reticent to initiate; decisive force after initiation - allow military to be as decisive & quick as possible
nonderogable rights
rights that cannot be suspended for any reason, including at times of public emergency
international relations
seeks to understand how the peoples & countries of the world get along
institutions
sets of rules, known and shared by the community, that structure interactions in specific ways
what makes states special to other actors
sovereignty - 1648 peace of westphalia (note : european focus in ir)
norms
standards of behavior for actors w/ a given identity; norms define what actions are "right"/appropriate under particular circumstances.
where do the most influential international organizations (ios) get funding?
states so they prioritize states' interest
who are viewed as the primary actors in international relations
states, but since the end of the cold war, more focus on non-state actors like international organizations (ios) which tend to policy focused
domestic level
subnational actors with different interests : politicians, bureaucrats, business & labor groups, voters
permanent five (p5)
the 5 permanent members of the un security council :the us, great britain, france, russia, & china
comparative advantage
the ability of a country/firm to produce a particular good/service more efficiently than the other goods/services that it can produce, such that it's resources are most efficiently employed in this activity. the comparison is to the efficiency of other economic activities that the actor might undertake, given all the products it can produce - not to the efficiency of others countries / firms
absolute advantage
the ability of a country/firm to produce more of a particular good/service than other countries/firms using the same amount of effort & resources
power
the ability of actor A to get actor B to do something that B would otherwise not do; the ability to get the other side to make concessions and to avoid having to make concessions oneself.
veto power
the ability to prevent the passage of a measure through a unilateral act, such as a single negative vote
accountability
the ability to punish/reward leaders for the decisions they make, as when frequent fair elections enable voters to hold elected officials responsible for their actions by granting/withholding access to political office
anarchy
the absence of a central authority with the ability to make & enforce laws that bind all actors
international covenant on economic , social , & cultural rights (icescr)
the agreement completed in 1966 & in force from 1976 , that specifies the basic economic , social , & cultural rights of individuals & nations. the iccpr & icescr together are known as the "twin covenants"
international covenant on civil & political rights (iccpr)
the agreement, completed in 1966 & enforce from 1976 , that details the basic civil & political rights of individuals & nations. the iccpr & icescr together are known as "twin covenants"
outside options
the alternatives to bargaining with a specific actor
austerity
the application of policies reduce consumption, typically by cutting government spending, raising taxes, & restricting wages
actors
the basic unit for the analysis of international politics; can be individuals/groups of people with common interests
bureaucracy
the collection of organizations - including the military, the diplomatic corps, & the intelligence agencies - that carry out most tasks of governance w/i the state
nationally determined contribution (NDC)
the commitment each party to the paris agreement makes as to how they will contribute to reducing the threat of global warming
delegation
the degree to which 3rd parties, such as courts/arbitrators/mediators are given authority to implement, interpret, & apply international legal rules; to resolve disputes over the rules ; & to make additional rules
globalization
the dramatic expansion of cross-border flows
bretton woods system
the economic order negotiated among allied nations at bretton woods, new hampshire, in 1944, which led to a series of cooperative arrangements involving a commitment to relatively low barriers to international trade & investment
sovereignty
the expectation that states have legal & political supremacy- or ultimate authority- w/i their territorial boundaries
protectionism
the imposition of barriers to restrict imports
diversionary incentive
the incentive that state leaders have to start international crises in order to rally public support at home
central bank
the institution that regulates monetary conditions in an economy, typically by affecting interest rates and the quantity of money in circulation
linkage
the linking of cooperation on one issue to interactions on a second issue
security council (unsc)
the main governing body of the UN, which has the authority to identify threats to international peace and security and to prescribe the organization's response, including military and/or economic sanctions
gold standard
the monetary system that prevailed b/w about 1870 & 1914, in which countries tied their currencies to gold at a legally fixed price
where do norms come from
the norms life cycle : 1. convince 2. cascade 3. internalize
democratic peace
the observation that there are few, if any, clear cases of war between mature democratic states
treaty of versailles
the peace treaty b/w the allies & germany that formally ended ww1 on june 28, 1919
hegemony
the predominance of 1 nation-state over others
exchange rate
the price at which 1 currency is exchanged for another
decolonization
the process of shedding colonial possessions, especially the rapid end of the european empires in africa, asia, & the caribbean between the 1940s & 1960s
terms of trade
the relationship b/w a country's export prices & its import prices
human rights
the rights possessed by all individuals by virtue of being human, regardless of their status as citizens of particular states/members of a group or organization
entrapment
the risk of being dragged into an unwanted war b/c of the opportunistic actions of an ally
peace of westphalia
the settlement that ended the 30 years war in 1648; often said to have created the modern state system b/c it included a general recognition of the principles of sovereignty and nonintervention
first-strike advantage
the situation that arises when military technology, strategies, or geography give a significant advantage to whichever state attacks 1st in a war
rally effect
the tendency for people to become more supportive of their country's government in response to dramatic international events, such as crises or wars
stolpher-samuelson theorem
the theorem that protection benefits the scarce factor of production. this view flows from the heckscher-ohlin theory : if a country imports goods that make intensive use of its scarce factor, then limiting imports will help that factor. so in a labor scarce country, labor benefits from protection & loses from trade liberalization
heckscher-ohlin trade theory
the theory that a country will export goods that make intensive use of the factors of production in which it's well endowed. for example, a labor-rich country will export goods that make intensive use of labor
international bill of rights
the udhr , iccpr, and icescr collectively. together, there 3 agreements from the core of the international human rights regime
coercive diplomacy
the use of threats to advance specific demands in a bargaining interaction
terrorism
the use/threatened use of violence against noncombatant targets by individual nonstate groups for political ends
interactions
the ways in which the choices of 2 or more actors combine to produce political outcomes
resolve
the willingness of an actor to endure costs in order to acquire a particular good
free ride
to fail to contribute to a public good while benefiting from the contributions of others
default
to fail to make payments on a debt
international influences on development
trade & investment flows are globalization unprecedented way
interests
what actors want to achieve through political action; their preferences over the outcomes that might result from their political choices
rationalist
what are leaders incentives? - leaders want to stay in power & avoid punishment
enforcement of human rights - positives
what factors might contribute to enforcement - domestic pressure for action - influenced by TANs, e.g. anti-apartheid movement in us - geo-political reasons - ex : spanish-american war / 2 war in iraq - intervention arguably not fully @ odds w/ sovereignty - ex : support for anti-colonial movements