Interpersonal COMM 2323: Brady Exam 2
listening styles
four: -action-oriented listeners -time-oriented listeners -people-oriented listeners -content-oriented listeners
social space
4 feet to 12 feet
Listening process
5 steps: -Receiving -Attending -Understanding -Responding -Recalling
boy behaviors
Larger groups Competitive Clear goal (winning) Organized by preset roles and rules Structured Little need to discuss "how" to play Status is important Being better than others/standing out is important
girl behaviors
Pairs/small groups Non-competetive Play "house" or "school" No pre-set, clear goals, or rules Not structured Have to talk to decide what, how, who More interested in "process" than in "product/outcome" cooperation is important
masculine qualities
Strong Ambitious Successful Rational Emotionally Controlled-anger is typically the accepted emotion from men
illustrators
gestures given during speech
managing relationships
language is the primary means by which we maintain relationships
boys playing
learn to assert themselves and use talk to achieve something communication is used to attract and maintain an audience compete for talk stage, get attention
Autonomy vs. connection
men socialized towards independence; may desire more autonomy women need autonomy less; need to feel close and connected more relational implications (women often take men's independence/wanting to do something without her as a rejection)
territoriality
the tendency to claim physical space as our own
intimate space
0-18 inches
public space
12 feet and up
personal space
18 inches - 4 feet
environmental influences on gender
Family Peers Teachers/caregivers Media Marketing Children form a schemata to help them organize the flood of gendered information
responding
The fourth step in the listening process is responding-conveying your attention and understanding after someone shares feedback is given while others talk back-channel cues signal; you've paid attention and understand specifics; samples include nodding your head, responding with "uh-huh" "yes" paraphrasing: summarizing others' comments after they've finished talking-is NOT verbatim
understanding
The third step in the listening process interpreting meaning new information is housed in your short term memory
listening
Very important but often overlooked communicative activity helps us achieve goals we spend more time listening than any other communicative activity a skill that can be improved
sex
a distinction based on biological categories of male and female
androgyny
a person who embraces both masculine and feminine quality
connotative meaning
additional understanding of the word (how people actually use the word)
influences language
age/generation region of country or state profession
feminine gender qualities
attractive deferential (being easy going) unaggressive emotional nurturing concerned with people and relationships
Gender influences on relational preferences
autonomy vs. connection self disclosure/expressions of care relationship monitoring sexual intimacy power dynamics and conflict
girls playing
be collaborative, use cooperative talk to create relationships; process of communication is important, not content avoid "outdoing" or criticizing or putting others down pay attention to others, be sensitive to relationships; respond to feelings, sensitivity
cognitive development theory
children play an active role in developing gender identities children use others to define themselves because they have an internal desire to be competent go through stages in developing gender identities, eventually achieving "gender constant", giving them a high internal motivation to learn and be competent in their own sex and gender same sex role models are very important continue to seek out role models to learn to become competent men or women, even in adolescence/teen years
cooperative verbal communication barriers
communication apprehension defensive communication verbal aggression deception (lying, concealing things, etc)
proxemics
communication through the use of physical distance four types: -intimate space -personal space -social space -public space
naming
creating linguistic symbols for objects naming can influence perceptions use those symbols to communicate about these things
regulators
cues, vocal qualities, posture
cooperative verbal communication
easily understood takes ownership with "i" language includes others with "we" language (emphasizes inclusion)
functions of listening
five: -listening to comprehend -listening to discern (distinguish) -listening to analyze -listening to appreciate -listening to support
power dynamics/conflict
girls are socialized to value relationships and harmony; may result in more cooperative or accommodating behaviors boys socialized to value status and seek victory; may result in more competitive behaviors men may either withdraw or become competitive men sometimes feel women bringing up issues is "nagging"
syntactic language
grammar usage (better able to communicate) example: Je voudrais... = I would like...
pragmatic language
highest, most complete (full understanding) example: understanding slang words
identification theory
identifying with same sex parent is key to infant's gender development mostly unconscious dynamic "penis envy"
cultures and listening styles
in america, time and action oriented listening styles dominate in collectivist cultures, people and content oriented listeners dominate
back-channel cues
indicating to someone that you're paying attention; giving feedback to specifics they have said women respond to show attentiveness whereas men typically have a poker face
gender
is a social symbolic construction, comes from a society's values and beliefs, is learned, and as a culture changes
linguistic relativity
people from different cultures perceive the world in very different ways
emblems
replace speaking example: thumbs up
social learning theory
same sex role models at home, and in media together, with reinforcements for sex-appropriate behaviors from adults are important to children and cause them to acquire sex-typed behaviors girls modeled mothers; are rewarded boys modeled fathers; are rewarded reinforcement begins early in infancy gender development results from reinforcement/encouragement of appropriate behaviors as well as imitation a relatively passive approach
adaptors
self touch, meet physical needs (yawning, stretching, shivering, etc.)
verbal communication functions
share meanings shaping thought naming performing actions crafting conversations managing relationships
denotative meaning
the actual dictionary meaning
verbal communication
the exchange of spoken or written language with others during interactions using words accurately and appropriately
receiving
the first step in the listening process hearing occurs when sound wave vibrations travel along acoustic nerves to your brain the first step in the listening process is seeing and hearing
attending
the second step in the listening process devoting attention to the information you've received salience is a factor limiting multitasking online improves attention elevating your attention improves it mental bracketing: systematically putting aside irrelevant thoughts
linguistic determinism
the vein that language defines the boundaries of our thinking
language levels of meaning
three types: semantic syntactic pragmatic
incompetent listening
types of: -selective listening -eavesdropping -pseudo-listening (don't actually listen but -nonverbally respond) -aggressive listening (listen to criticize) -narcissistic listening (want the focus on them)
personal idioms
used by people in close relationships
dialects
variations in language shared by a group
cultural langauage
within high-context cultures, people presume that listeners share common knowledge in low-context cultures, people don't presume that listeners share common beliefs, attitudes, and values example: American english: cigarette beer apartment British english: fag pint flat
relationship monitoring
women are more attentive to relationship and monitor it more women tend to take more responsibility for "taking care of the relationship" women devote more effort into maintaining the relationship and thinking about how to strengthen it men are less likely to use "secret tests"
gender listening style
women are more likely to use people oriented and content oriented styles men are more likely to use time oriented and action oriented styles
self disclosures and expressions of care
women develop closeness through talk men develop closeness through activities, doing things together women disclose more personal info, feel hurt when men don't do the same for women, being close means being emotionally expressive and communicating deeply; men may be uncomfortable with this, as this is not their path to closeness
sexual intimacy
women more likely to link sex with emotionally involvement men associate sex more with physical involvement men may view women's behavior as more sexual, when not intended that way
semantic language
word meanings (memorizing words) example: bonjour=hello
symbolic language
words are the primary symbols that we use to represent people, objects, events, and ideas symbols have references (thoughts, feelings, connotations, associations)-connections symbol have referents (what they stand for) Nest --> referent: animal home; often a place of warmth or coziness --> my reference: spider's nest
evolving language
yes! language is constantly changing; new words are added to the dictionary every year