Interpersonal COMM 2323: Brady Exam 2

listening styles

four: -action-oriented listeners -time-oriented listeners -people-oriented listeners -content-oriented listeners

social space

4 feet to 12 feet

Listening process

5 steps: -Receiving -Attending -Understanding -Responding -Recalling

boy behaviors

Larger groups Competitive Clear goal (winning) Organized by preset roles and rules Structured Little need to discuss "how" to play Status is important Being better than others/standing out is important

girl behaviors

Pairs/small groups Non-competetive Play "house" or "school" No pre-set, clear goals, or rules Not structured Have to talk to decide what, how, who More interested in "process" than in "product/outcome" cooperation is important

masculine qualities

Strong Ambitious Successful Rational Emotionally Controlled-anger is typically the accepted emotion from men

illustrators

gestures given during speech

managing relationships

language is the primary means by which we maintain relationships

boys playing

learn to assert themselves and use talk to achieve something communication is used to attract and maintain an audience compete for talk stage, get attention

Autonomy vs. connection

men socialized towards independence; may desire more autonomy women need autonomy less; need to feel close and connected more relational implications (women often take men's independence/wanting to do something without her as a rejection)

territoriality

the tendency to claim physical space as our own

intimate space

0-18 inches

public space

12 feet and up

personal space

18 inches - 4 feet

environmental influences on gender

Family Peers Teachers/caregivers Media Marketing Children form a schemata to help them organize the flood of gendered information

responding

The fourth step in the listening process is responding-conveying your attention and understanding after someone shares feedback is given while others talk back-channel cues signal; you've paid attention and understand specifics; samples include nodding your head, responding with "uh-huh" "yes" paraphrasing: summarizing others' comments after they've finished talking-is NOT verbatim

understanding

The third step in the listening process interpreting meaning new information is housed in your short term memory

listening

Very important but often overlooked communicative activity helps us achieve goals we spend more time listening than any other communicative activity a skill that can be improved

sex

a distinction based on biological categories of male and female

androgyny

a person who embraces both masculine and feminine quality

connotative meaning

additional understanding of the word (how people actually use the word)

influences language

age/generation region of country or state profession

feminine gender qualities

attractive deferential (being easy going) unaggressive emotional nurturing concerned with people and relationships

Gender influences on relational preferences

autonomy vs. connection self disclosure/expressions of care relationship monitoring sexual intimacy power dynamics and conflict

girls playing

be collaborative, use cooperative talk to create relationships; process of communication is important, not content avoid "outdoing" or criticizing or putting others down pay attention to others, be sensitive to relationships; respond to feelings, sensitivity

cognitive development theory

children play an active role in developing gender identities children use others to define themselves because they have an internal desire to be competent go through stages in developing gender identities, eventually achieving "gender constant", giving them a high internal motivation to learn and be competent in their own sex and gender same sex role models are very important continue to seek out role models to learn to become competent men or women, even in adolescence/teen years

cooperative verbal communication barriers

communication apprehension defensive communication verbal aggression deception (lying, concealing things, etc)

proxemics

communication through the use of physical distance four types: -intimate space -personal space -social space -public space

naming

creating linguistic symbols for objects naming can influence perceptions use those symbols to communicate about these things

regulators

cues, vocal qualities, posture

cooperative verbal communication

easily understood takes ownership with "i" language includes others with "we" language (emphasizes inclusion)

functions of listening

five: -listening to comprehend -listening to discern (distinguish) -listening to analyze -listening to appreciate -listening to support

power dynamics/conflict

girls are socialized to value relationships and harmony; may result in more cooperative or accommodating behaviors boys socialized to value status and seek victory; may result in more competitive behaviors men may either withdraw or become competitive men sometimes feel women bringing up issues is "nagging"

syntactic language

grammar usage (better able to communicate) example: Je voudrais... = I would like...

pragmatic language

highest, most complete (full understanding) example: understanding slang words

identification theory

identifying with same sex parent is key to infant's gender development mostly unconscious dynamic "penis envy"

cultures and listening styles

in america, time and action oriented listening styles dominate in collectivist cultures, people and content oriented listeners dominate

back-channel cues

indicating to someone that you're paying attention; giving feedback to specifics they have said women respond to show attentiveness whereas men typically have a poker face

gender

is a social symbolic construction, comes from a society's values and beliefs, is learned, and as a culture changes

linguistic relativity

people from different cultures perceive the world in very different ways

emblems

replace speaking example: thumbs up

social learning theory

same sex role models at home, and in media together, with reinforcements for sex-appropriate behaviors from adults are important to children and cause them to acquire sex-typed behaviors girls modeled mothers; are rewarded boys modeled fathers; are rewarded reinforcement begins early in infancy gender development results from reinforcement/encouragement of appropriate behaviors as well as imitation a relatively passive approach

adaptors

self touch, meet physical needs (yawning, stretching, shivering, etc.)

verbal communication functions

share meanings shaping thought naming performing actions crafting conversations managing relationships

denotative meaning

the actual dictionary meaning

verbal communication

the exchange of spoken or written language with others during interactions using words accurately and appropriately

receiving

the first step in the listening process hearing occurs when sound wave vibrations travel along acoustic nerves to your brain the first step in the listening process is seeing and hearing

attending

the second step in the listening process devoting attention to the information you've received salience is a factor limiting multitasking online improves attention elevating your attention improves it mental bracketing: systematically putting aside irrelevant thoughts

linguistic determinism

the vein that language defines the boundaries of our thinking

language levels of meaning

three types: semantic syntactic pragmatic

incompetent listening

types of: -selective listening -eavesdropping -pseudo-listening (don't actually listen but -nonverbally respond) -aggressive listening (listen to criticize) -narcissistic listening (want the focus on them)

personal idioms

used by people in close relationships

dialects

variations in language shared by a group

cultural langauage

within high-context cultures, people presume that listeners share common knowledge in low-context cultures, people don't presume that listeners share common beliefs, attitudes, and values example: American english: cigarette beer apartment British english: fag pint flat

relationship monitoring

women are more attentive to relationship and monitor it more women tend to take more responsibility for "taking care of the relationship" women devote more effort into maintaining the relationship and thinking about how to strengthen it men are less likely to use "secret tests"

gender listening style

women are more likely to use people oriented and content oriented styles men are more likely to use time oriented and action oriented styles

self disclosures and expressions of care

women develop closeness through talk men develop closeness through activities, doing things together women disclose more personal info, feel hurt when men don't do the same for women, being close means being emotionally expressive and communicating deeply; men may be uncomfortable with this, as this is not their path to closeness

sexual intimacy

women more likely to link sex with emotionally involvement men associate sex more with physical involvement men may view women's behavior as more sexual, when not intended that way

semantic language

word meanings (memorizing words) example: bonjour=hello

symbolic language

words are the primary symbols that we use to represent people, objects, events, and ideas symbols have references (thoughts, feelings, connotations, associations)-connections symbol have referents (what they stand for) Nest --> referent: animal home; often a place of warmth or coziness --> my reference: spider's nest

evolving language

yes! language is constantly changing; new words are added to the dictionary every year