Interpersonal Communications Chapter 2 terms

Cognitive complexity

refers to the number of personal constructs used (remember, these are bipolar dimensions of judgment), how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape perceptions.

Ego boundaries refer to:

where an individual stops and the rest of the world begins

Ego Boundaries

where an individual stops and the rest of the world begins.

Which of the four attachment styles develops from an inconsistent caregiver behavior such that caregivers are sometimes loving and attentive but are sometimes indifferent or rejecting?

Anxious/ambivilant

Generalized Other

Every society and social group has values, experiences, and understandings that are widely shared.

True or False? Because of significant progress toward equal rights for the sexes, men and women now enjoy completely equitable opportunities.

False

Girls and women are expected to be caring, whereas men are expected to be:

Independent

Looking Glass Self

Others are mirrors for us -- the views of ourselves the we see in them (our mirrors) shape how we perceive ourselves.

Reflected Appraisal

Our perception of another's view of us. How we think others appraise us affects how we see ourselves.

Parents and other individuals who matter to us communicate who we are and what we are worth. These individuals are referred to as:

Particular others

According to Wood, this group of studies puts a spotlight on the ways that society defines normal and the means it uses in an effort to persuade most people to fit into the categories it labels as normal.

Queer studies

Which concept is similar to the looking-glass-self and explains that how we see ourselves is affected by how we think others see us?

Reflected Appraisals

Which of the four attachment styles develops from a consistently attentive and loving caregiver?

Secure

An important way to learn about ourselves is by revealing information that others are unlikely to discover on their own. This revealing of information is:

Self-disclosure

When we internalize others' expectations about us and behave in ways that are consistent with those expectations and judgments, we're experiencing:

Self-fulfilling prophecies

The process in which we assess ourselves in relation to others to form judgement of our talents, abilities, and qualities is referred to as:

Social Comparison

Particular others

Specific people who are important in our lives.

The views of ______ compromise the generalized other.

society as a whole

Personal constructs

a "mental yardstick" we use to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgement

self-serving bias

a bias towards ourselves and our interests

Script

a guide to action. consists of sequences of activities that are expected of us and others in particular situations.

Standpoint

a point of view shaped by political awareness of the social location of a group -- the material, social, and symbolic conditions common for members of a social group.

stereotype

a predictive generalization applied to a person or situation. Based on the category in which we place someone or something and how that person or thing measures, up against the personal constructs we apply, we predict what he, she, or it will do.

Attribution

an explanation of why something happened or why someone acts a certain way. they have four dimensions. first is locus, which attributes to a person's actions to internal factors. 2nd is stability, which explains actions as the result of stable factors that won't change over time or unstable factors that may or will be different at another time. 3rd is specificity, explains the behavior in terms of whether the behavior has global implications that apply in most or all situations or specific implications that apply only in certain situations or under certain conditions

Self

arises in communication and is a multi-demensional process of internalizing and acting from social perspectives.

Information that others know about us but we don't know about ourselves is in which pane of the Johari Window?

blind

Johari Window

combination of Joe and Harry. 4 types of info relevant to self

Direct Definition

communication that tells us specifically who we are by directly labeling us and our behaviors

Empathy

the ability to feel with another person, to feel what she or he feels in a situation.

Fearful Attachment Style

cultivated when the caregiver in the first bond is unavailable or communicates in negative, rejecting, or even ways as a child. Children who are treated this way often infer that they are unworthy of love and that others are not loving. Thus, they learn to see themselves as unlovable and others as rejecting. Not surprisingly, people with fearful attachment style tend to be apprehensive about relationships. Although they often want close bonds with others, they may fear that others will not love them or that they are not lovable. Thus, as adults they may avoid other or feel insecure in relationship. Fearfully attached individuals also tend to feel less hope, disclose less, and experience less satisfaction with relationships than people with other attachment styles.

Prototype

defines the clearest and most representative examples of some category

John Bowlby

developed the theory that we learn attachment styles in our earliest relationships

When others use labels to describe us and our behaviors, (e.g. "You're smart." "You're talented.") they are using...

direct definitions

Secure Attachment style

facilitated when the caregiver responds in a consistently attentive and loving way to the child. In response, the child develops a positive sense of self-worth ("I am lovable") and a positive view others ("People are loving and can be trusted"). People with secure attachment tend to be outgoing, affectionate, and able to handle the challenges and disappointments of close relationships without losing self-esteem, and are usually comfortable with themselves when they are not involved in close relationships. Their security allows them to engage in intimacy with others without depending on relationships for self-worth,

implicit personality theory

helps explain how the self influences interpersonal perceptions. a collection of unspoken and sometimes unconscious assumptions about how various qualities fit together in human personalities.

fundamental attribution error

involves the dimension of locus. We tend to overestimate the internal causes of others' undesirable behaviors and underestimate the external causes.

Many scholars argue that race:

is a socially constructed category

culture

is the totality of beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a number of people.

All of the following are panest of Johari's Window EXCEPT:

known

Anxious/Ambivalent attachment style

most complex of the four. Each of the other three styles results from a consistent pattern of treatment by a caregiver. The anxious/ambivalent style, however, is fostered by the inconsistent treatment from the caregiver. Sometimes the caregiver is loving and attentive; at other times, the caregiver is indifferent or rejecting. The caregiver's communication is not only inconsistent but also unpredictable. He or she may respond positively to something a child does on Monday but react negatively to the same behavior on Tuesday. Naturally, this unpredictability can cause anxiety for the child who depends on the caregiver. Because children tend to assume that adults are always right, they believe themselves to be the source of any problem -- that they are unlovable or deserve abuse.

Attachment styles are:

parenting patterns that teach us who we are and how to approach relationships

Attachment Style

patterns of care giving that teach us who we and others are, and how to approach relationships.

Dismissive attachment style

promoted by caregivers who are disinterested in, rejecting of, or unavailable to children. Yet people who develop this style do not accept the caregiver's view of them as unlovable. Instead, they typically dismiss others as unworthy. Consequently, children develop a positive view of themselves and a low regard for others and relationships. Those with dismissive attachment style often develop a defensive view of relationships and regard them as unnecessary or undesirable.

Self disclosure

revealing information about ourselves that others are unlikely to discover on their own. An important way to learn about ourselves

Identity Scripts

rules for living and identity

All of the following are guidelines for improving self-concept except:

seek concept that support personal change

Constructivism

states that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata

self sabotage

telling ourselves we are no good, we cant do something, theres no point in trying to change, and so forth.

What does it mean to say, "The self arises in communication with others?"

the way we think about and understand ourselves is shaped by how others communicate

Self-fulfilling prophesies

these occur when we internalize other's expectations or judgments about us and then behave in ways that are consistent with those expectations and judgments. If you have done poorly in classes where teachers didn't seem to respect you, and you have done well with teachers who thought you were smart, then you know what a self-fulfilling prophecy is.

In the discussion of race, what does Wood say is the goal of "critical whiteness scholarship?"

to make whiteness as visible and as open to analysis as any other race