Intro exam 3/FINAL
____ ___ is the deadliest form of skin cancer
malignant melanoma
What are the 3 main types of polyps for colorectal cancer?
-Adenomatous polyps -Hyperplastic and inflammatory -Sessile Serrated Polyps (SSP) and Traditional Serrated Adenomas (TSA)
More than______ _____ per year receive outpatient chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of both
1 million patients
What are the 4 types of Nonseminomatous testicular Germ Cell Tumors (NTGCT)
Embryonal carcinoma Yolk sac carcinoma Choriocarcinoma Teratoma
After contact with a patient with intact skin, it is suggusted to wash your hands with soap and water. T/F
False
Alcohol based hand rub should be rubbed into the hands for 40-60 seconds. T/F
False
T/F For testicular cancer, diagnosis is determined by fine needle biopsy through the testicle.
False
Washing hands with soap and water cause less skin irritaion and dryness. T/F
False
You should always use alcohol based hand rub before eating. T/F
False
Colorectal Cancer is the most common ______ _______, but is associated with the best prognosis of all ______ _______
GI malignancies
Majority of testicular cancers are made up of ____________
Germ cells
1.Pneumonia/ surgical site infection 2.Gastrointestinal infection 3.UTI 4.Primary blood stream infections 5.Eye, ear, nose, throat, mouth infection 6.Lower respiratory tract infection 7.Skin and soft tissue infection 8.Cardiovascular system infection 9.Bone and joint infection are all ____ ____ ___
Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs)
Despite advances in treatments, infections remain the major cause of mortality amongst cancer patients is
Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs)
______- involves the reproduction of microorganisms in the human body
Infection
The most common type of lung cancer AMONGST NON-SMOKERS is
Large cell
What are the two types of stromal testicular cancer?
Leydig & Sertoli cell tumor
Cancer of the skin is the most common form of _______________
Malignancy in humans
Darker complected individuals have more ____, which gives them more protection from UV rays
Melanin
How often should you check your skin for cancer at home?
Monthly
What are the two main types of lung cancer
Non-small cell and small cell
Another name for small cell lung cancer is what?
Oat cell
Reasons for 2nd primary skin cancers are _____________
Other areas of the skin being exposed to same carcinogen & Having weakness in immune system
What is the prevention for testicular cancer
Self examinations
The most common type of lung cancer AMONGST SMOKERS is
Small cell
The most common cell type in oral cancer is ________________
Squamous cell carcinoma
what are the subtypes of Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Squamous cell carcinoma Large cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma
What are the two main types of esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
_______ _____- a person with an infection but no observable symptoms
Subclinical Infection
T/F Smoking is a common cause of oral cancer
TRUE
_____ ______ is a malignancy that occurs in the testes within the scrotum
Testicular cancer
Seminoma, Stromal tumors and Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors are the two types of
Testicular cancer germ cell tumors
Alcohol based skin rub is more effective for most routine pateint care than hand washing. T/F
True
Handwashing should be used to clean hands that are visibly dirty or soiled. T/F
True
The gold standard based on cost, effectiveness, and efficiency is to use alcohol based hand sanitizer, except in certain situations. T/F
True
When washing your hands with soap and water you should rub your hands together vigourously for 40-60 seconds. T/F
True
You should always wash your hands with soap and water after using the restroom. T/F
True
You should wash your hands with soap and water after every 10-15 applications of hand sanitizer. T/F
True
Rectal bleeding Change in bowel dark-colored stool vomiting Unintended weight loss these are what and are associated with what type of cancer?
Typical signs/symptoms of colorectal cancer
Wheezing blood in sputum fatigue loss of appetite swelling in face/veins chest pain these are what and are associated with what type of cancer?
Typical signs/symptoms of lung cancer
What is the esophagus?
a hollow, muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach
Prior skin cancer occurrence increases the chance that what may happen?
a second primary skin cancer will occur
When screening for oral cancer, what should you look for?
any abnormalities, color changes, lumps/bumps, cists
Self-breast exams/screenings should happen when each month?
around the same time
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
basal cell skin cancer
Stromal testicular cancer is usually _________
benign
The gold star in the detection of colorectal cancer is ____________
colonoscopy
Barrett's esophagus is when Normal squamous cells in the lower esophagus transform into __________
columnar epithelium cells
Individuals with fair skin complexions are more likely to develop skin cancer than those with ______________
darker skin
Due to the pap smear, cervical cancer deaths ______
decreased
The cause of Colorectal Cancer has been largely attributed to ____ but can also involve other risk factors
diet
why is it important for breast exams to take place around the same time each month?
due to menstrual cycle (period)
people who live closer to the ____ have a high chance of developing skin cancer
equator
Dysphagia, weight loss, odynophagia, pressure/ burning are all symptoms of what type of cancer?
esophageal
Esophagoscopy, Brush cytology, biopsy, balloon cytology, chromoendoscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy are all screening techniques of what type of cancer?
esophageal
Smoking, alcohol use, obesity, lack of exercise, GERD, Barretts esophagus malnourishment, diet lacking fruits and veggies or high in nitrates, tylosis and achalasia are all risk factors of what type of cancer?
esophageal
Prevntion of esophageal cancer includes,
exercise chemoprevention with NASAID avoiding Tabaco and alcohol use
What is the main cause of skin cancer?
exposure to UV light
Incidence of skin cancer is ________________
higher than all other cancers combined
Cancer patients are ________ both during and after their treatment
immunocompromised
Esophageal adenocarcinoma is cancer that originates where?
in glandular cells
Esophageal adenocarcinoma is often found where?
in the lower third of the esophagus
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is most common where?
in the neck region and upper two-thirds of chest cavity
Self-breast exams/screenings should take place around the same time each ________
month
infections acquired in a hospotal setting are termed ________ __________
nosocomial infections
Tongue, tonsils, oropharynx, gums and floor of mouth are the most common locations for what type of cancer?
oral
Most colorectal cancers start as growths on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. These growths are called _________
polyps
Watch and wait is a viable treatment option for what type of cancer patient(s)?
prostate
95% of testicular malignancies are germ cell tumors, or growths from
reproductive cells
Age, race, Undescended testicle, abnormal tesicle development, and family history are all examples of what?
risk factors (of testicular cancer)
Esophagoscopy, Brush cytology, biopsy, balloon cytology, chromoendoscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy are all examples of what?
screening techniques (for esophageal cancer)
•A lump or enlargement in either testicle •A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum •A dull ache in the abdomen or groin •A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum •Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum •Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts •Back pain Are all examples of what?
signs of testicular cancer
What are the main subtypes of Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
small cell carcinoma & combined small cell carcinoma
Risk factors of lung cancer include
smoking Exposure to radon HIV infection Arsenic in drinking water family history air pollution
What are the main causes of oral cancer?
smoking, alcohol, chewing tobaccos, UV, viruses, diet, poor oral hygiene, genetics
what is the Dose limiting structure for treatment of esophageal cancer?
spinal cord
Detection = the use of examinations and tests intended to find the disease as early as possible before it has _______
spread
Age, race, Undescended testicle, abnormal tesicle development, and family history are all risk factors of what type of cancer?
testicular
Ultrasound, blood tests, imaging, and biopsies are used to diagnose what cancer?
testicular
•A lump or enlargement in either testicle •A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum •A dull ache in the abdomen or groin •A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum •Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum •Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts •Back pain Are all signs of what cancer?
testicular
Cervical cancer deaths greatly decreased after what?
the pap smear was implemented
What age is most commonly diagnosed with testicular cancer?
21
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma makes up less than _____% of esophageal cancers
30
Yearly screening for breast cancer should start at the age of
40
at what age do people usually begin to get colonoscopies?
50
Most skin cancer appear after how long?
50 years
Esophageal adenocarcinoma makes up approximately ____% of esophageal cancer
80
Oral caner comprise ____% of head and neck cancers
85%
When evaluating skin changes, what acronym is used to help remember
ABC's
_______: most common type of colon and rectal cancer; makes up 95%
Adenocarcinoma
What are the risk factors of breast cancer?
Age, gender, ethnicity, smoking, drinking, pregnancy, genetics, overweight
What are the risk factors of colorectal cancer?
Age, genetics, family history, diet, obesity, smoking/ alcohol use, diabetes. decreased physical activity
ALL HAI's ( Healthcare associated infections) are tracked by the
CDC
_____- a person who has an infection that has colonized but not ill
Carrier
What are the two types of seminoma testicular cancers
Classic seminoma & Spermatocytic seminoma
_____- reproduction of an infectious microorganism
Colonization
______- presence of microorganisms on the body or an inanimate object
Contamination
______- the collective term used to describe related clinical signs and symptoms associated with an infectious agent
Disease