Intro Test 2

The 5 Parameters of a sign

1. handshape 2. palm orientation 3. Location/Point of Articulation 4. Movement (if any) 5. Non-Manual Markers

Ethnologue estimates there are ________ different sign languages used in the world.

137

ASL was formally recognized as a natural language in ______ by William C. Stokoe, Dorothy Casterline, and Carl Cronenberg.

1960

Approximately how many Deaf Americans are there in the United States?

500,000

Jacobs (1996) says that the average number of years to become fluent in ASL is...

7

ASL Poetry

A vibrant three-dimensional art form where body movements convey meaning. There is no paper or text. Rhymes are measured in hand shapes and meter in movements. Images cut and dissolve as its verses transcend all spoken word

Home Sign

AKA "Kitchen Sign", the gestural communication system developed by deaf children who lack an language input model in the family, not uncommon for kids isolated from the Deaf community

Gloss

An ASL gloss is a writing system for ASL that uses English capital letters to represent sign language

Gestuno

An international sign language, a contact variety of sign language used in a variety of different contexts, particularly at international meetings such as the World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) congress, events such as the Deaflympics, in video clips produced by Deaf people and watched by other Deaf people from around the world, and informally when travelling and socializing. It can be seen as a pidgin form of sign language, which is not as conventionalized or complex as natural sign languages and has a limited lexicon. The Commission on Unification of Signs of the World Federation of the deaf then issued a book of almost 1500 signs, chosen or invented by them and they called the new basic international vocabulary "Gestuno". The name is Italian and roughly translated means "oneness of sign languages"

During the 1800s, the majority of schools for the Deaf in the United States were...

Bilingual, using sign language and written English in classrooms

Deaf children are not always simply deaf, they can have additional disabilities. Most common additional disabilities for Deaf students according to GRI (2011) are...

Cognitive disabilities, learning disability and vision issues (low vision or blind)

CS

Cued Speech; a visual system of communication used with and among deaf or hard-of-hearing people. It is a phonemic-based system which makes traditionally spoken languages accessible by using a small number of handshapes, known as cues, (representing consonants) in different locations near the mouth (representing vowels), as a supplement to speechreading.

Researchers during the 1960s through the 1980s found that...

Deaf children of Deaf parents had higher scores when compared to deaf children of Hearing parents

In the US, when someone says that deaf children struggle with reading and writing, you know that person operates in the...

Deficit model; that bilingual Deaf children are often deprived of language access from ages 0-5 and cannot be compared with monolingual hearing children who have had full access to language since birth

Mayberry (2002) explains hat invented signs for English (e.g. SE, SEE1, SEE2, CASE, LOVE) may seem like excellent teaching tools for teaching English "on the hands" for deaf children, however, research shows those invented signs...

Do not usually improve the deaf child's English reading and writing skills, and are often not used by adults correctly

According to Mitchiner (2015), Deaf parents view..

English as a "survival language" to succeed in an English dominated country, and ASL as a "cultural language" for community and cultural identity

Enrolling deaf children in Deaf schools are often used as a last resort after all of the other options have been exhausted. According to Olivia & Lytle (2004), people in the Deaf communities are frustrated, mainly because...

Full access to ASL, bilingual education with deaf peers and Deaf teachers have been found to be effective for educating deaf children- why not start with something that actually works?

The first school for the deaf, now known as the American School for the Deaf, was established by Deaf Frenchman Laurent Clerc and hearing American Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet in __________ during the year of__________.

Hartford, Connecticut; 1817

ASL is spread mostly through...

Horizontal transfer, from Deaf person to Deaf Person

IEP

INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PLAN If a child receives special education services, he/she must have an Individualized Education Program (IEP), under IDEA. An IEP is an important legal document. It spells out a child's learning needs, the services the school will provide and how progress will be measured.

IDEA

INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT The U.S. law that outlines rights and regulations for students with disabilities in the U.S. who require special education. IDEA was previously known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) from 1970 to 1990. In 1990, the United States Congress reauthorized EHA and changed the title to IDEA (Public Law No. 94-142). Overall, the goal of IDEA is to provide children with disabilities the same opportunity for education as those students who do not have a disability.

Members of the Deaf communities fight for Deaf children (e.g. Child First Campaign) to be educated...

In classrooms with deaf peers, learning through sign language

LRE

LEAST RESTRICTIVE ENVIRONMENT In the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), least restrictive environment (LRE) means that a student who has a disability should have the opportunity to be educated with non-disabled peers, to the greatest extent appropriate. They should have access to the general education curriculum, or any other program that non-disabled peers would be able to access. The student should be provided with supplementary aids and services necessary to achieve educational goals if placed in a setting with non-disabled peers.

MCE

Manual Codes of English Signed English (SE) Seeing Essential English (SEE1) Signing Exact English (SEE2) Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE) Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE)

Which sign language was used by both Deaf and hearing people in schools, churches, and at the marketplace?

Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL)

From the early 1900s through the 1960s, the majority of schools for the deaf were...

Monolingual, using only spoken English in the classrooms.

According to Humphries (2004), Deaf teachers play an important role in ASL/English bilingual programs because they are...

Native signers, bilingual models, and know how to integrate cultural language learning strategies in the classroom

ASL is classified in the United States as a "foreign language", just like...

Navajo

American Sign Language, which is slightly less than 300 years old, came from several older sign languages. What were they?

Old Spanish and French sign language, Native American Sign Languages, and the sign languages of New England villages.

Most Deaf people learn English through...

Reading

Full Continuum of Alternative Placements

Regular class placement; Regular class with resource or itinerant instructional services; Regular class with special education related services; Special classes or special schools; Nonpublic schools; State schools for students with "low incidence" disabilities; Instruction in settings other than classrooms (such as in homes or hospitals).

SSS

Sign Supported Speech; Signing key words as an individual talks to and with a deaf child

SE

Signed English; 14 markers, sometimes ASL signs to English word order; includes initialized signs. Often looks similar to SEE2.

SEE1

Signing Exact English 1; BUTTER + FLY, visual English; BOW has only one sign (Bow and Arrow, Bow you tie...)

SEE2

Signing Exact English 2; spin-off group from SEE1, one-to-one correspondence (BOW = 4 different signs); adds many initialized signs

Simultaneous Communication (SimCom) vs. Total Communication (TC)

Simultaneous Communication (SimCom) is speaking and signing at the same time. Total Communication (TC) is philosophy of educating children with hearing loss that incorporates all means of communication; formal signs, natural gestures, fingerspelling, body language, listening, lipreading and speech.

When someone says that a Deaf person's primary (or dominant) language is ASL, what does that usually mean?

That the Deaf person prefers to communicate in ASL

WFD

World Federation of the Deaf; an international non-governmental organization that acts as a peak body for national associations of Deaf people, with a focus on Deaf people who use sign language and their family and friends. WFD aims to promote the Human Rights of Deaf people worldwide, by working closely with the United Nations and various UN agencies, such as the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization. WFD is also a member of the International Disability Alliance.

Does ASL have different dialects?

Yes, linguists have found that ASL has different variations or dialects that may be related to: how old you are, your socioeconomic class, your gender, your ethnic background, where you live, our sexual orientation, and whether you have a vision impairment or not

American Sign Language (ASL) IS...

a complete natural language, quite independent of English, very different from pantomime, has grammar, with rules of word and sentence formation, is NOT immediately understood and easy to learn, abounds in signs for abstract ideas, & is believed to be the most widely used sign language in the world; ASL is the leading minority language in the U.S. after the "big four": Spanish, Italian, German, & French. All sign languages have a phonology (sound system), semantics (vocabulary), syntax (grammar), morphology (study of word parts), and pragmatics or discourse (conversations).

manual alphabet

a set of 26 handshapes used in fingerspelling, in which different finger configurations correspond to letters of the alphabet.

Deaf people are also better than hearing people at...

forming pictures in their mind, remembering objects and moving objects, changing visual attention and scanning visual material, detecting motion and recognizing faces

ASL/English bimodal bilingual approach

includes establishment of language foundations and access to learning through two modalities, auditory and visual, and two languages, ASL and English

Deaf children who have no access to language from birth...

often invent their own system of gestures to express themselves

Expansion in ASL

or contextualizing in ASL refers to the amount of detail or information conveyed to clarify a topic, expand an idea, or provide illustration of a point. This discourse style of ASL uses frequent expansion techniques, and it's this process, which makes ASL visually dynamic and interesting. Additionally, since native ASL users typically share such a common experience and world view, the level of detail is often what makes a story, discussion, or lecture different or unique

Deaf individuals have better...

peripheral vision than hearing people

An deaf-friendly classroom or setting typically consists of...

seats in a semicircle around the presenter

Language milestones for deaf and hearing babies who have equal, full access to language are...

similar, from finger/vocal babbling to forming basic sentences.

Missionaries and teachers who travel to other countries, teaching American Sign Language (ASL) to local deaf communities are often responsible for...

the deaths of local indigenous sign languages

For all babies, language is primarily learned through...

the eyes and ears

When Children (deaf or otherwise) do not receive early access to language, what happens to them?

They will experience cognitive and language deprivation issues growing up.

SRP

The Shared Reading Project (SRP) is a highly successful program that was developed at the Gallaudet University Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center to promote early literacy among young deaf and hard of hearing children. The SRP is designed to teach parents and other caregivers how to share books with their deaf or hard of hearing children using Sign Language, and how to use strategies to make book sharing most effective. It provides resources and support to hearing parents and caregivers so they can learn to read with their deaf or hard of hearing children through Sign Language (ASL). It is built on the premise that hearing people can learn to read storybooks to deaf or hard of hearing children by observing how Deaf adults do it. In the Shared Reading Program, a trained Deaf Home Tutor visits your family each week. They bring a book pack which contains a child's story book and resources for your family. They leave the pack with you so that you can practice with the DVD and when the tutor returns, you will be able to ask any questions you may have. Each week, the tutor will bring a new book pack for your family to enjoy. Each book pack contains: a copy of the book, a DVD of a Deaf adult signing the story (it is important to note that the DVD is for the parents ONLY and should not be used with the child), a bookmark which contains tips for reading with your deaf or hard of hearing child, and an activity sheet that includes optional suggestions of activities which will help to support your child's engagement and understanding of the book.

Spoken and sign languages activate what part of the brain?

The same area of the brain, responsible for language.