Medical Terminology - Chapter 4 - Musculoskeletal System

pathologic fracture

fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone

kinesi/o

movement

anti-

against

dis-

apart

circum-

around

transverse fracture

complete fracture is straight across bone at right angles to long axis of bone

scoli/o

crooked

chiropractic

healthcare profession, spine and musculoskeletal system with intention of affection nervous system and improving health

muscul/o

muscle

cervic/o

neck

epi-

above

herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)

herniation of protrusion of an intervertebral disk; also called herniated disk or ruptured disk. may require surgery

crepitation

noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together in conditions such as arthritis. Also called crepitus

-trophic

pertaining to development

ankyl/o

stiff joint

orth/o

straight

tend/o

tendon

tendin/o

tendon

extens/o

to stretch out

-asthenia

weakness

intra-

within

kyphosis

abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine. also known as hunchback or humpback.

-ion

action

prosthet/o

addition

ab-

away from

pod/o

foot

oblique fracture

fracture at an angle to the bone

impacted fracture

fracture in which bone fragments are pushed into each other

compound fracture

fracture in which bone has broken through the skin (open fracture)

comminuted fracture

fracture in which bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into many small pieces or fragments

spiral fracture

fracture in which the fracture line spirals around the shaft of the bone. can be caused by a twisting injury and is often slower to heal than other types of fractures

greenstick fracture

fracture in which there is an incomplete break; one side of bone is broken and the other side is bent. this type of fracture is commonly found in children due to their softer and more pliable bone structure

humer/o

humerus

kyph/o

hump

ili/o

ilium

-blast

immature

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

synovitis

inflammation of synovial membrane

lumb/o

loin (low back between ribs and pelvis)

my/o

muscle

myos/o

muscle

-stenosis

narrowing

non-

not

cortic/o

outer layer

e-

outward

ex-

outward

patell/o

patella

pelv/o

pelvis

-logic

pertaining to study of

-scopic

pertaining to visually examining

phalang/o

phalanges

-porosis

porous

-scopy

process of visually examining

pub/o

pubis

burs/o

sac

scapul/o

scapula

crani/o

skull

-listhesis

slipping

osteomalacia

softening of bones caused by deficiency of calcium. it is thought to be caused by insufficient sunlight and vitamin D in children

condromalacia

softening of the cartilage

plant/o

sole of foot

spin/o

spine

stern/o

sternum

-ectomy

surgical removal

-plasty

surgical repair

synov/o

synovial membrane

synovi/o

synovial membrane

tars/o

tarsus

ten/o

tendon

callus

the mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during its healing

per-

through

tibi/o

tibia

flex/o

to bend

duct/o

to bring

-desis

to fuse

rotat/o

to revolve

-clasia

to surgically break

vers/o

to turn

-tonia

tone

ad-

toward

myeloma

tumor that forms in bone marrow tissue

osteochondroma

tumor, usually benign, that consists of both bone and cartilage tissue

chondroma

tumor, usually benign, that forms in cartilage

uln/o

ulna

sub-

under

vertebr/o

vertebra

spondyl/o

vertebrae

-graphy

process of recording

-genic

producing

-centesis

puncture to withdraw fluid

radi/o

radius; ray (X-ray)

-gram

record

cost/o

rib

sacr/o

sacrum

osteoporosis

decrease in bone mass producing a thinning and weakening of the bone with resulting fractures. the bone becomes more porous, especially in the spine and pelvis

rickets

deficiency in calcium and vitamin D found in early childhood that results in bone deformities, esp bowed legs

-pathy

disease

Quiz Chapter 4

Question 1 1 / 1 point The fibrous connective tissue that wraps muscle is called: Question options: ligaments adipose fascia tendons Hide Feedback Fascia is the fibrous connective tissue that wraps muscle. Ligaments are connected to bones in the joint. Adipose is fat tissue. Tendons attach muscle to bone. Question 2 1 / 1 point Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by: Question options: tendons ligaments bursa both tendons and ligaments Hide Feedback Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Ligaments attach bone to bone in the joints. Bursa are found in some synovial joints. Question 3 1 / 1 point Skeletal muscles may be named for all of the following except: Question options: location size depth action Hide Feedback Skeletal muscles are named for their location, size, action, origin and insertion, fiber direction, and number of attachment points. Question 4 1 / 1 point When a skeletal muscle is attached to two bones, the more movable of the bones is considered to be where the muscle ends and is called its: Question options: insertion action origin tendon Hide Feedback The insertion is where the muscle ends. The origin is where the muscle begins. The action is the type of movement the muscle produces. The tendon attaches muscle to bone. Question 5 1 / 1 point Movement away from the midline of the body is called: Question options: adduction flexion abduction circumduction Hide Feedback Movement away from the midline of the body is called abduction. Movement toward the midline of the body is called adduction. Flexion is the act of bending or being bent. Circumduction is movement in a circular direction from a central point. Question 6 1 / 1 point The opposite action from flexion is: Question options: plantar flexion extension inversion elevation Hide Feedback The opposite action from flexion is extension. The opposite action from plantar flexion is dorsiflexion. The opposite action from inversion is eversion. The opposite action from elevation is depression. Question 7 1 / 1 point Pointing the toes downward is called: Question options: plantar flexion extension depression dorsiflexion Hide Feedback Pointing toes downward is plantar flexion. Extension is movement that brings a limb into or toward a straight condition. Depression is a downward movement. Dorsiflexion is backward bending of the hand or foot. Question 8 1 / 1 point Turning the palm upward is called: Question options: pronation supination rotation circumduction Hide Feedback Turning the palm upward is called supination. Turning the palm downward is called pronation. Rotation is movement around a central axis. Circumduction is movement in a circular direction from a central point. Question 9 1 / 1 point Two bones are held together in a joint by: Question options: cartilage tendons ligaments muscles Hide Feedback Ligaments hold two bones together in a joint. Tendons attach muscle to bone. Cartilage is a flexible tissue. Question 10 1 / 1 point The shaft of a long bone is called the: Question options: periosteum epiphysis epiphyseal plate diaphysis Hide Feedback The shaft of the long bones is the diaphysis. The epiphysis is the end. The epiphyseal plate is known as the growth line. The periosteum is the outer covering of the bone. Question 11 1 / 1 point The end of a long bone is covered by: Question options: articular cartilage spongy bone periosteum red bone marrow Hide Feedback The ends of a long bone are covered by articular cartilage. The inside of the bone is spongy bone. The periosteum is the outer covering of the bone. Red bone marrow is found in spongy bone. Question 12 1 / 1 point A hollow cavity within a bone is called a: Question options: fissure fossa foramen sinus Hide Feedback A sinus is a hollow cavity within a bone. A fissure is a slit-type opening. A fossa is a shallow cavity or depression on the surface of a bone. A foramen is a smooth, round opening for nerves and blood vessels. Question 13 1 / 1 point Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? Question options: patella ischium clavicle vertebrae Hide Feedback The vertebrae are part of the axial skeleton. The patella, ischium, and clavicle are part of the appendicular skeleton. Question 14 1 / 1 point The tibia is commonly referred to as the: Question options: shin bone ankle bone hip bone knee cap Hide Feedback The tibia is commonly called the shin bone. The tarsals are the ankle bones. The hip bones are the os coxae. The knee cap is known as the patella. Question 15 1 / 1 point The clavicle is commonly referred to as the: Question options: shoulder blade breast bone collar bone wrist Hide Feedback The collar bone is the clavicle. The shoulder blade is the scapula. The breast bone is the sternum. The bones of the wrist are the carpals. Question 16 1 / 1 point The anatomical name of the knee cap is the: Question options: fibula patella phalanges tarsals Hide Feedback The common name for the patella is the knee cap. Question 17 1 / 1 point Which of the following is the name for freely moving joints? Question options: osseous cartilaginous synovial fibrous Hide Feedback Synovial joints are freely moving joints. Osseus describes bone. Cartilaginous joints allow for slight movement. Fibrous joints allow almost no movement. Question 18 1 / 1 point Braces or splints used to prevent or correct deformities are called: Question options: prosthetics orthotics orthopedics podiatrics Hide Feedback Orthotics are braces or splints used to correct deformities. Prosthetics is the healthcare profession specializing in making artificial body parts. Orthopedics is a branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Podiatry, not podiatrics, is the healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the feet and lower legs. Question 19 1 / 1 point The medical term for humpback is: Question options: exostosis scoliosis kyphosis lordosis Hide Feedback Kyphosis is the medical term for humpback. Lordosis is the medical term for swayback. Exostosis is the medical term for a bone spur. Scoliosis is the abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Question 20 1 / 1 point Which term means that the fracture is protruding through an open skin wound? Question options: simple fracture compression fracture pathologic fracture compound fracture Hide Feedback A compound fracture means the skin is open. A simple fracture means the skin is closed. A compression fracture involves a loss of height of a vertebral body. A pathologic fracture is a fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone. Question 21 1 / 1 point Which type of fracture occurs because the bone is diseased or weakened? Question options: stress fracture pathologic fracture spiral fracture oblique fracture Hide Feedback A pathologic fracture occurs when the bone is diseased or weakened. A stress fracture is caused by repetitive low-impact forces. A spiral fracture is caused by a twisting injury. An oblique fracture is at an angle. Question 22 1 / 1 point In which type of fracture is the bone shattered? Question options: greenstick fracture Colles' fracture comminuted fracture pathologic fracture Hide Feedback A comminuted fracture is a fracture in which the bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into many small pieces or fragments. A greenstick fracture is a fracture in which there is an incomplete break. A Colles' fracture is a common type of wrist fracture. A pathologic fracture occurs from diseased or weakened bone. Question 23 1 / 1 point ________ is a decrease in bone mass that results in thinning and weakening of the bone. Question options: Osteomalacia Exostosis Osteoporosis Paget's disease Hide Feedback Osteoporosis is a decrease in bone mass that results in thinning and weakening of the bone. Osteomalacia is bone softening. Exostosis is a bone spur. Paget's disease is a metabolic disease. Question 24 1 / 1 point An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called: Question options: lordosis exostosis scoliosis kyphosis Hide Feedback Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Lordosis is an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine. Exostosis is a bone spur. Kyphosis is an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine. Question 25 1 / 1 point Which of the following diagnostic procedures is useful in identifying a herniated nucleus pulposus? Question options: dual-energy absorptiometry myelography bone scan arthrography Hide Feedback Myelography is the study of the spinal column after injecting opaque contrast material; it is particularly useful in identifying a herniated nucleus pulposus disk pinching a spinal nerve. A dual-energy absorptiometry is a measurement of bone density using a low-dose X-ray for the purpose of detecting osteoporosis. A bone scan is a nuclear medicine procedure especially useful in identifying stress fractures, observing progress of treatment for osteomyelitis, and locating cancer metastases in the bone. An arthrography is a visualization of a joint by radiographic study after injection of a contrast medium into the joint space. Question 26 1 / 1 point Which procedure examines the inside of a joint? Question options: arthroplasty arthrotomy arthrocentesis arthroscopy Hide Feedback Arthroscopy examines the inside of a joint. Arthroplasty is the surgical repair of a joint. Arthrotomy is an incision into a joint. Arthrocentesis is a puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint. Question 27 1 / 1 point Surgery performed to realign bone fragments is called a(n): Question options: open reduction external fixation traction internal fixation Hide Feedback An open reduction is a surgery to realign bone fragments. External fixation includes casts, splints, and pins inserted through the skin. Traction is applying a force on a fracture or dislocated limb or the vertebral column in order to restore normal alignment. Internal fixation includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires applied during an open reduction. Question 28 1 / 1 point Which of the following abbreviations stands for a surgical procedure? Question options: TKA LE RA FX Hide Feedback TKA stands for total knee arthroplasty, which is a surgical procedure. LE stands for lower extremity, the leg. RA stands for rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease. FX stands for a fracture. Question 29 1 / 1 point Intermittent claudication is: Question options: severe neck spasms wasting muscles severe leg pain when walking very short distances a type of muscular dystrophy Hide Feedback Intermittent claudication is severe leg pain when walking very short distances. Torticollis is severe neck spasms. Atrophy is wasting muscles. Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is a type of muscular dystrophy. Question 30 1 / 1 point Which of the following conditions is caused by overuse or overstretching? Question options: strain muscular dystrophy ganglion cyst fibromyalgia Hide Feedback A strain is caused by overuse or overstretching. Muscular dystrophy is an inherited disease. A ganglion cyst is a cyst that forms on a tendon sheath. Fibromyalgia is a condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and soft tissue. Question 31 1 / 1 point Which of the following bones are the fingers? Question options: tarsals scapulae metacarpals phalanges Hide Feedback The phalanges are bones of the fingers. The tarsals are bones of the ankles. The scapulae are the shoulder blades. Metacarpals are the bones of the hands. Question 32 1 / 1 point Which of the following bones is the shoulder blade? Question options: scapula carpal clavicle fibula Hide Feedback The scapula is the shoulder blade. A carpal is a wrist bone. The clavicle is the collar bone. The fibula is a leg bone. Question 33 1 / 1 point Which of the following terms is misspelled? Question options: mandibuler humeral femoral clavicular Hide Feedback Mandibuler should be spelled mandibular. The other terms are spelled correctly. Question 34 1 / 1 point Which of the following terms is misspelled? Question options: maxillary coccygeal metacarpel thoracic Hide Feedback Metacarpel should be spelled metacarpal. The other terms are spelled correctly. Question 35 1 / 1 point Which of the following involves obtaining fluid from a joint in order to examine it to make a diagnosis? Question options: arthroscopy arthroclasia arthrotomy arthrocentesis Hide Feedback An arthrocentesis is withdrawing fluid from a joint. An arthroscopy is visually examining the inside of a joint. Arthroclasia is surgically breaking a joint. An arthrotomy is an incision into a joint. Question 36 1 / 1 point Widespread aching and pain in the muscles and soft tissue is called: Question options: carpal tunnel syndrome fibromyalgia repetitive motion disorder polymyositis Hide Feedback Fibromyalgia is widespread aching and pain in the muscles and soft tissue. Carpal tunnel syndrome is pain in the wrist and hand. Repetitive motion disorder is a disorder of the tendon, muscle, and joint. Polymyositis is an inflammation of multiple muscles. Question 37 1 / 1 point Which of the following abbreviations is a record of the strength and quality of muscle contractions? Question options: ORIF DTR EEG EMG Hide Feedback EMG stands for electromyogram, which is a record of the strength and quality of muscle contractions. ORIF stands for open reduction and internal fixation, a surgical procedure to realign bone fragments. DTR stands for deep tendon reflexes. EEG stands for electroencephalography, recording electrical activity of the brain. Question 38 1 / 1 point Which of the following type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs? Question options: skeletal voluntary visceral cardiac Hide Feedback Visceral muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs. Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle and is attached to bones. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart. Question 39 1 / 1 point Applying a pulling force on a fracture in order to restore normal alignment is called: Question options: traction fixation fusion arthroplasty Hide Feedback Traction is applying a pulling force on a fracture. Fixation is a procedure to stabilize a fractured bone while it heals. A fusion is immobilizing adjacent bones. An arthroplasty is a surgical repair of a joint. Question 40 1 / 1 point Which diagnostic imaging procedure uses a radioactive dye to produce an image? Question options: myelography bone scan arthroscopy absorptiometry Hide Feedback A bone scan uses a radioactive dye to produce an image. A myelography is the study of the spinal column after injecting an opaque contrast material. An arthroscopy is the visualization of the inside of a joint. An (dual-energy) absorptiometry is a measurement of bone density using a low-dose X-ray.sc

Bones

Called osseous tissue, are one of the hardesst materials in the body. Bones are formed from a gradual process before birth called ossification. The first model of the skeleton, made of cartilage, is formed in the fetus. Osteoblasts, immature bone cells, gradually replace the cartilage with bone. In a fully adult bone, the osteoblasts have matured into osteocytes that work to maintain the bone. The formation of strong bones is greatly dependent on an adequate supply of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

Bone and Skeleton

Each bone is unique: carries its own blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. When bones are connected to each other, it forms skeleton. Skeleton protects vital organs and stores minerals. Bone marrow is the site of blood cell production. A joint is the place where two bones meet and are held together by ligaments. This gives flexibility to the skeleton. The skeleton, joints, and muscles work together to produce movement.

Joints

Joints are formed when two or more bones meet. This is also referred to as an articulation. There are three types of joints based on the amount of movement allowed between the bones: synovial joints, cartilaginous joints, and fibrous joints. Most joints are freely moving synovial joints, which are enclosed by an elastic joint capsule. The joint capsule is lined with synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint. As noted earlier, the ends of bones in a synovial joint are covered by a layer of articular cartilage. Cartilage is very tough, but still flexible. It withstands high levels of stress to act as a shock absorber for the joint and prevents bone from rubbing against bone. Cartilage is found in several other areas of the body, such as the nasal septum, external ear, eustachian tube, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and intervertebral disks. Example of synovial joint is the ball-and-socket joint found at the shoulder and hip. The ball rotating in the socket allows for a wide range of motion. Bands of strong connective tissue called ligaments bind bones together at the joint. Some synovial joints contain a bursa, which is a saclike structure composed of connective tissue and lined with synovial membrane. Most commonly found between bones and ligaments or tendons, bursas function to reduce friction. Some common bursa locations are the elbow, knee, and shoulder joints. Not all joints are freely moving. Fibrous joints allow almost no movement since the ends of the bones are jointed by thick fibrous tissue, which may even fuse into solid bone. The sutures of the skull are an example of a fibrous joint. Cartilaginous joints allow for slight movement but hold bones firmly in place by a solid piece of cartilage. An example of this type of joint is the public symphysis, the point at which the left and right public bones meet in the front of the lower abdomen.

Types of Bones

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Long bones are longer than they are wide (femur and humerus). Short bones are roughly as long as they are wide (carpals and tarsals). Irregular bones receives their name because the shape of the bones are very irregular (the vertebrae are irregular bones). Flat bones are usually plate-shaped bones such as the sternum, scapulae, and pelvis. Majority is long bones who have similar structure with a central shaft or diaphysis that widens at each end, which is called an epiphysis. Each epiphysis is covered by a layer of cartilage called articular cartilage to prevent bone from rubbing directly on bone. The remaining surface of each bone is covered with a thin connective tissue membrane called the periosteum, which contains numerous blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. The dense and hard exterior surface bone is called cortical or compact bone. Cancellous or spongy bone is found inside the bone. As its name indicates, spongy bone has spaces in it, giving it a spongelike appearance. These spaces contain red bone marrow, which manufactures most of the blood cells and is found in some parts of all bones. The center of the diaphysis contains an open canal called the medullary cavity. Early in life, this cavity also contains red bone marrow, but as we age, the red bone marrow of the medullary cavity gradually converts to yellow bone marrow, which consists primarily of fat cells.

QUIZ

Question 1 1 / 1 point The fibrous connective tissue that wraps muscle is called: Question options: ligaments adipose fascia tendons Hide Feedback Fascia is the fibrous connective tissue that wraps muscle. Ligaments are connected to bones in the joint. Adipose is fat tissue. Tendons attach muscle to bone. Question 2 1 / 1 point Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by: Question options: tendons ligaments bursa both tendons and ligaments Hide Feedback Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Ligaments attach bone to bone in the joints. Bursa are found in some synovial joints. Question 3 1 / 1 point Skeletal muscles may be named for all of the following except: Question options: location size depth action Hide Feedback Skeletal muscles are named for their location, size, action, origin and insertion, fiber direction, and number of attachment points. Question 4 1 / 1 point When a skeletal muscle is attached to two bones, the more movable of the bones is considered to be where the muscle ends and is called its: Question options: insertion action origin tendon Hide Feedback The insertion is where the muscle ends. The origin is where the muscle begins. The action is the type of movement the muscle produces. The tendon attaches muscle to bone. Question 5 1 / 1 point Movement away from the midline of the body is called: Question options: adduction flexion abduction circumduction Hide Feedback Movement away from the midline of the body is called abduction. Movement toward the midline of the body is called adduction. Flexion is the act of bending or being bent. Circumduction is movement in a circular direction from a central point. Question 6 1 / 1 point The opposite action from flexion is: Question options: plantar flexion extension inversion elevation Hide Feedback The opposite action from flexion is extension. The opposite action from plantar flexion is dorsiflexion. The opposite action from inversion is eversion. The opposite action from elevation is depression. Question 7 1 / 1 point Pointing the toes downward is called: Question options: plantar flexion extension depression dorsiflexion Hide Feedback Pointing toes downward is plantar flexion. Extension is movement that brings a limb into or toward a straight condition. Depression is a downward movement. Dorsiflexion is backward bending of the hand or foot. Question 8 1 / 1 point Turning the palm upward is called: Question options: pronation supination rotation circumduction Hide Feedback Turning the palm upward is called supination. Turning the palm downward is called pronation. Rotation is movement around a central axis. Circumduction is movement in a circular direction from a central point. Question 9 1 / 1 point Two bones are held together in a joint by: Question options: cartilage tendons ligaments muscles Hide Feedback Ligaments hold two bones together in a joint. Tendons attach muscle to bone. Cartilage is a flexible tissue. Question 10 1 / 1 point The shaft of a long bone is called the: Question options: periosteum epiphysis epiphyseal plate diaphysis Hide Feedback The shaft of the long bones is the diaphysis. The epiphysis is the end. The epiphyseal plate is known as the growth line. The periosteum is the outer covering of the bone. Question 11 1 / 1 point The end of a long bone is covered by: Question options: articular cartilage spongy bone periosteum red bone marrow Hide Feedback The ends of a long bone are covered by articular cartilage. The inside of the bone is spongy bone. The periosteum is the outer covering of the bone. Red bone marrow is found in spongy bone. Question 12 1 / 1 point A hollow cavity within a bone is called a: Question options: fissure fossa foramen sinus Hide Feedback A sinus is a hollow cavity within a bone. A fissure is a slit-type opening. A fossa is a shallow cavity or depression on the surface of a bone. A foramen is a smooth, round opening for nerves and blood vessels. Question 13 1 / 1 point Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? Question options: patella ischium clavicle vertebrae Hide Feedback The vertebrae are part of the axial skeleton. The patella, ischium, and clavicle are part of the appendicular skeleton. Question 14 1 / 1 point The tibia is commonly referred to as the: Question options: shin bone ankle bone hip bone knee cap Hide Feedback The tibia is commonly called the shin bone. The tarsals are the ankle bones. The hip bones are the os coxae. The knee cap is known as the patella. Question 15 1 / 1 point The clavicle is commonly referred to as the: Question options: shoulder blade breast bone collar bone wrist Hide Feedback The collar bone is the clavicle. The shoulder blade is the scapula. The breast bone is the sternum. The bones of the wrist are the carpals. Question 16 1 / 1 point The anatomical name of the knee cap is the: Question options: fibula patella phalanges tarsals Hide Feedback The common name for the patella is the knee cap. Question 17 1 / 1 point Which of the following is the name for freely moving joints? Question options: osseous cartilaginous synovial fibrous Hide Feedback Synovial joints are freely moving joints. Osseus describes bone. Cartilaginous joints allow for slight movement. Fibrous joints allow almost no movement. Question 18 1 / 1 point Braces or splints used to prevent or correct deformities are called: Question options: prosthetics orthotics orthopedics podiatrics Hide Feedback Orthotics are braces or splints used to correct deformities. Prosthetics is the healthcare profession specializing in making artificial body parts. Orthopedics is a branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system. Podiatry, not podiatrics, is the healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the feet and lower legs. Question 19 1 / 1 point The medical term for humpback is: Question options: exostosis scoliosis kyphosis lordosis Hide Feedback Kyphosis is the medical term for humpback. Lordosis is the medical term for swayback. Exostosis is the medical term for a bone spur. Scoliosis is the abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Question 20 1 / 1 point Which term means that the fracture is protruding through an open skin wound? Question options: simple fracture compression fracture pathologic fracture compound fracture Hide Feedback A compound fracture means the skin is open. A simple fracture means the skin is closed. A compression fracture involves a loss of height of a vertebral body. A pathologic fracture is a fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone. Question 21 1 / 1 point Which type of fracture occurs because the bone is diseased or weakened? Question options: stress fracture pathologic fracture spiral fracture oblique fracture Hide Feedback A pathologic fracture occurs when the bone is diseased or weakened. A stress fracture is caused by repetitive low-impact forces. A spiral fracture is caused by a twisting injury. An oblique fracture is at an angle. Question 22 1 / 1 point In which type of fracture is the bone shattered? Question options: greenstick fracture Colles' fracture comminuted fracture pathologic fracture Hide Feedback A comminuted fracture is a fracture in which the bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into many small pieces or fragments. A greenstick fracture is a fracture in which there is an incomplete break. A Colles' fracture is a common type of wrist fracture. A pathologic fracture occurs from diseased or weakened bone. Question 23 1 / 1 point ________ is a decrease in bone mass that results in thinning and weakening of the bone. Question options: Osteomalacia Exostosis Osteoporosis Paget's disease Hide Feedback Osteoporosis is a decrease in bone mass that results in thinning and weakening of the bone. Osteomalacia is bone softening. Exostosis is a bone spur. Paget's disease is a metabolic disease. Question 24 1 / 1 point An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called: Question options: lordosis exostosis scoliosis kyphosis Hide Feedback Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Lordosis is an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine. Exostosis is a bone spur. Kyphosis is an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine. Question 25 1 / 1 point Which of the following diagnostic procedures is useful in identifying a herniated nucleus pulposus? Question options: dual-energy absorptiometry myelography bone scan arthrography Hide Feedback Myelography is the study of the spinal column after injecting opaque contrast material; it is particularly useful in identifying a herniated nucleus pulposus disk pinching a spinal nerve. A dual-energy absorptiometry is a measurement of bone density using a low-dose X-ray for the purpose of detecting osteoporosis. A bone scan is a nuclear medicine procedure especially useful in identifying stress fractures, observing progress of treatment for osteomyelitis, and locating cancer metastases in the bone. An arthrography is a visualization of a joint by radiographic study after injection of a contrast medium into the joint space. Question 26 1 / 1 point Which procedure examines the inside of a joint? Question options: arthroplasty arthrotomy arthrocentesis arthroscopy Hide Feedback Arthroscopy examines the inside of a joint. Arthroplasty is the surgical repair of a joint. Arthrotomy is an incision into a joint. Arthrocentesis is a puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint. Question 27 1 / 1 point Surgery performed to realign bone fragments is called a(n): Question options: open reduction external fixation traction internal fixation Hide Feedback An open reduction is a surgery to realign bone fragments. External fixation includes casts, splints, and pins inserted through the skin. Traction is applying a force on a fracture or dislocated limb or the vertebral column in order to restore normal alignment. Internal fixation includes pins, plates, rods, screws, and wires applied during an open reduction. Question 28 1 / 1 point Which of the following abbreviations stands for a surgical procedure? Question options: TKA LE RA FX Hide Feedback TKA stands for total knee arthroplasty, which is a surgical procedure. LE stands for lower extremity, the leg. RA stands for rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease. FX stands for a fracture. Question 29 1 / 1 point Intermittent claudication is: Question options: severe neck spasms wasting muscles severe leg pain when walking very short distances a type of muscular dystrophy Hide Feedback Intermittent claudication is severe leg pain when walking very short distances. Torticollis is severe neck spasms. Atrophy is wasting muscles. Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy is a type of muscular dystrophy. Question 30 1 / 1 point Which of the following conditions is caused by overuse or overstretching? Question options: strain muscular dystrophy ganglion cyst fibromyalgia Hide Feedback A strain is caused by overuse or overstretching. Muscular dystrophy is an inherited disease. A ganglion cyst is a cyst that forms on a tendon sheath. Fibromyalgia is a condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and soft tissue. Question 31 1 / 1 point Which of the following bones are the fingers? Question options: tarsals scapulae metacarpals phalanges Hide Feedback The phalanges are bones of the fingers. The tarsals are bones of the ankles. The scapulae are the shoulder blades. Metacarpals are the bones of the hands. Question 32 1 / 1 point Which of the following bones is the shoulder blade? Question options: scapula carpal clavicle fibula Hide Feedback The scapula is the shoulder blade. A carpal is a wrist bone. The clavicle is the collar bone. The fibula is a leg bone. Question 33 1 / 1 point Which of the following terms is misspelled? Question options: mandibuler humeral femoral clavicular Hide Feedback Mandibuler should be spelled mandibular. The other terms are spelled correctly. Question 34 1 / 1 point Which of the following terms is misspelled? Question options: maxillary coccygeal metacarpel thoracic Hide Feedback Metacarpel should be spelled metacarpal. The other terms are spelled correctly. Question 35 1 / 1 point Which of the following involves obtaining fluid from a joint in order to examine it to make a diagnosis? Question options: arthroscopy arthroclasia arthrotomy arthrocentesis Hide Feedback An arthrocentesis is withdrawing fluid from a joint. An arthroscopy is visually examining the inside of a joint. Arthroclasia is surgically breaking a joint. An arthrotomy is an incision into a joint. Question 36 1 / 1 point Widespread aching and pain in the muscles and soft tissue is called: Question options: carpal tunnel syndrome fibromyalgia repetitive motion disorder polymyositis Hide Feedback Fibromyalgia is widespread aching and pain in the muscles and soft tissue. Carpal tunnel syndrome is pain in the wrist and hand. Repetitive motion disorder is a disorder of the tendon, muscle, and joint. Polymyositis is an inflammation of multiple muscles. Question 37 1 / 1 point Which of the following abbreviations is a record of the strength and quality of muscle contractions? Question options: ORIF DTR EEG EMG Hide Feedback EMG stands for electromyogram, which is a record of the strength and quality of muscle contractions. ORIF stands for open reduction and internal fixation, a surgical procedure to realign bone fragments. DTR stands for deep tendon reflexes. EEG stands for electroencephalography, recording electrical activity of the brain. Question 38 1 / 1 point Which of the following type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs? Question options: skeletal voluntary visceral cardiac Hide Feedback Visceral muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs. Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle and is attached to bones. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart. Question 39 1 / 1 point Applying a pulling force on a fracture in order to restore normal alignment is called: Question options: traction fixation fusion arthroplasty Hide Feedback Traction is applying a pulling force on a fracture. Fixation is a procedure to stabilize a fractured bone while it heals. A fusion is immobilizing adjacent bones. An arthroplasty is a surgical repair of a joint. Question 40 1 / 1 point Which diagnostic imaging procedure uses a radioactive dye to produce an image? Question options: myelography bone scan arthroscopy absorptiometry Hide Feedback A bone scan uses a radioactive dye to produce an image. A myelography is the study of the spinal column after injecting an opaque contrast material. An arthroscopy is the visualization of the inside of a joint. An (dual-energy) absorptiometry is a measurement of bone density using a low-dose X-ray.

Bone Projections and Depressions

Some are rounded and smooth in order to articulate with another bone in a joint. Others are rough to provide muscles with attachment points. The general term for any bony projection is a process. Then there are specific terms to describe the different shapes and locations of carious processes. Some of the common bony process include the following: The head is a large, smooth, ball-shaped end on a long bone. It may be separated from the body or shaft of the bone by a narrow area called the neck. A condyle refers to a smooth, rounded portion at the end of a bone. The epicondyle is a projection located above or on a condyle. The trochanter refers to a large rough process for the attachment of a muscle. A tubercle is a small, rough process the provides the attachment for the tendons and muscles. The tuberosity is a large, rough process that provides the attachment of tendons and muscles. Sinus: a hallow cavity within a bone. Foramen: a smooth, round opening for nerves and blood vessels. Fossa: consists of a shallow cavity or depression on the surface of a bone. Fissue: a slit-type opening.

Skeleton

Two divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Axial Skeleton includes the bones of the head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk of the body. These bones form the central axis for the whole body and protect many of the internal organs such as the brain, lungs, and heart. The head or skull is divided into two parts consisting of the cranium and facial bones. These bones surround and protect the brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity from injury. The muscles for chewing and moving the head are attached to the cranial bones. The cranium encases the brain and consists of the frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital bones. The facial bones surround the mouth, nose, and eyes, and include the mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, palatine, nasal, and lacrimal bones. The hyoid bone is a single U-shaped bone suspended in the neck between the mandible and larynx. It is a point of attachment for swallowing and speech muscles. The trunk of the body consists of the vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage. The vertebral or spinal column is divided into five sections: cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx. Located between each pair of vertebrae, from the cervical through the lumbar regions, is an intervertebral disk. Each disk is composed of fibrocartilage to provide a cushion between the vertebrae. The rib cage has 12 pairs of ribs attached at the back to the vertebral column. Ten of the pairs are also attached to the sternum in the front. The lowest two pairs are called floating ribs and are attached only to the vertebral column. The rib cage serves to provide support for organs, such as the heart and lungs. Appendicular Skeleton Consists of the pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities. These are the bones for our appendages or limbs and along with the muscles attached to them, they are responsible for body movement. The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula bones. It functions to attach the upper extremity, or arm, to the axial skeleton by articulating with the sternum anteriorly and the vertebral column posteriorly. The bones of the upper extremity include the humerus, ulna, radius, carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges. The pelvic girdle is called the os coxae or the innominate bone or hipbone. It contains the ilium, ischium, and pubis. It articulates with the sacrum posteriorly to attach the lower extremity, or leg, to the axial skeleton. The lower extremity bones include the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges.

fracture

a broken bone

Colles' fracture

a common type of wrist fracture

Paget's disease

a fairly common metabolic disease of the bone from unknown causes. it usually attacks middle=aged and older adults and is characterized by bone destruction and deformity. named for sir james paget, a british surgeon

stress fracture

a slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces, like running, rather than a single forceful impact.

lord/o

bent backward

inter-

between

oste/o

bone

myel/o

bone marrow, spinal cord

ostealgia

bone pain

exostosis

bony, outward projection from the surface of a bone; also called bone spur

orthopedics

branch of medicine, musculoskeletal system, aka orthopedic surgery, physician is an orthopedist or orthopedic surgeon.

carp/o

carpus

chondr/o

cartilage

pector/o

chest

thorac/o

chest

ped/o

child; foot

clavicul/o

clavicle

coccyg/o

coccyx

hyper-

excessive

pseudo-

false

femor/o

femur

fibr/o

fibers

fasci/o

fibrous band

fibul/o

fibula

closed fracture

fracture in which there is no open skin wound; simple fracture

compression fracture

fracture involving loss of height of a vertebral body. may result from trauma, but in older people, esp women, it may be caused by conditions like osteoporosis

osteopathy

general term for bone disease

prosthetics

healthcare profession, artificial body parts, prosthetist

podiatry

healthcare profession, disorders of feet and lower legs, podiatrist

orthotics

healthcare profession, orthopedic appliances such as braces and splints, orthotist

ankylosing spondylitis

inflammatory spinal condition resembling rheumatoid arthritis and results in gradual stiffening and fusion of the vertebrae. more common in men than in women

medull/o

inner region

-scope

instrument for viewing

-tome

instrument to cut

hypo-

insufficient

ischi/o

ischium

arthr/o

joint

articul/o

joint

arthralgia

joint pain

lamin/o

lamina (part of vertebra)

Ewing's sarcoma

malignant growth found in shaft of long bones that spreads through periosteum. removal is treatment of choice because this tumor will metastasize or spread to other organs

mandibul/o

mandible

poly-

many

maxill/o

maxilla

-iatry

medical treatment

metacarp/o

metacarpus

metatars/o

metatarsus

osteogenic sarcoma

most common type of bone cancer. usually begins in osteocytes found at ends of long bones

-kinesia

movement