Intro to anthro exam 2; 7, 8, 9, 10

Which statement best describes the anatomy and characteristic movement of the ancestral species known as Orrorin, which dates to about 6 million years ago

The thigh bone indicates bipedal walking, and the upper arm bone shows tree-climbing skills

Which statement best describes the findings accosiated with the herto skulls?

The three anatomically modern skulls, dating 154,000-160,000 years ago showed signs of ritual use

Which statement best describes the sexual dimorphism of Australopithecus afarensis

The weight of adult males was likely twice that of the females

Which statement best describes the fossils belonging to the genus Ardi and how they relate to the genus australopithecus?

There are more than 100 fossil specimens enabling scientists to suggest that Ardipithecus wasn an ancestor to Australopithecuss

Which of the following statements regarding the hominin fossils found in two chinese caves and known as Red Deer Cave people are true?

They are notable in part for their recent date of 14,300-11,500 B.P They displayed an unexpected blend of very primitive and modern features They are most recent human remains found anywhere in the world that do not closely resemble modern humans

Which of the following statements about catarrhines are true?

They are sharp-nosed as opposed to flat-nosed. The include Old World monkeys, apes, and humans

Which of the following statements best describes the group that was ancestral to anatomically modern humans

They arrived in Europe from Africa

What is one characteristic of Neandertals

They could be found in a wide variety of places

Which of the following statements about modern-day orangutans are true?

They exist in indonesia They are endangered

Great variation in mitochondrial DNA among Africans means that

They have been evolving the longest amount of time

Fossil finds at a site located at Dmanisi dating to 1.77 mya are significant because

They show when the first human ancestors spread out of africa

Which of the following traits did pierolapithecus share with other apes such as chimps and gorillas

They were adapted for tree climbing as well as knuckle-walking on the ground. They were most likely fruit eaters

What is the best explanation of why Homo erectus expanded out of africa into europe and asia

They were following the animals they hunted for meat

Which of the following statements best describes the behavior of Homo floresiensis

This small braned species hunted elephants, made tools with small blades mounted on wooden shafts, and controlled fire.

Which of the following is the smallest subspecies of gorilla and the animal you normally see in zoos?

Western lowland gorilla

Which of the following best decribes what anthropologists richard Klein considers the beginning of behavioral modernity?

When human creativity appeared 45,000 years ago in ceremonial burials, jewelry, and symbolic cave paintings commemorating hunts

The species Homo erectus is associated with which of the following important archeological sites?

Zhoukoudian

Monkeys, apes, and humans, are

anthropoids

The early hominin species called Ardi had bipedal anatomy but still retained which characteristic of apelike anatomy?

ardipithecus still had a grasping foot allowed it to climb trees well.

Between ardipithecus and austalopithecus, which genus was probably the ancestor

ardipithecus was probably the ancestor for australopithecus.

Which of the following statements best describes the time period in wich australopithecus africanus lived in south africa?

between 3-1 mya

The single most important humanlike charachteristic that set apart hominins from ape ancestors was

bipedalism

Some call the pygmy chimp, _____ live in the forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo

bonobos

Hand-over-hand movement through the trees is known as

branchiation

Anthropologists are concerned with the _____ era, which is the era of recent like--birds and mammal

cenozoic

Which of the following explains the arboreal theory?

claims that primates evolved from their ancestors by adapting to arboreal life. Primates are thought to have developed several of their traits and habits initially while living in trees.

Which of the following best describes the process by which similar traits arise if species experience similar selective forces and adapt to them in similar ways?

convergent evolution

A hominin that existed one million years ago was Homo

erectus

The earliest human ancestral species that hunted game animals was Homo

erectus

The first hominin to leave Africa was Homo

erectus

The name for the place in the skull where the spinal cord enters the brain is called the ______, and its placement in the species named :Toumai: or sahelanthropus shows it was a bipedal walker.

foramen magnum

South African australopithicines can be divided into two major groups based on bone structure. To which group does australopithecus africanus belong

gracile

What is the zoological superfamily that includes extinct and living apes?

hominoid

Traits inherited from a common ancestor are called

homologies

Which of the following tend toward orthograde posture?

humans and apes

Reproductive success measured by the genes one shares with relatives is known as

inclusive fitness

What is the foramen Magnum and why is it important?

it is the hole through which the spinal cord attatches to the brain; its placement on the skull indicates whether or not a creature was bipedal

Which dating technique was used to establish that the age of the volcanic ash at the laetoli site was 3.6 mya

potassium-argon (K/A) dating

What are some physical characteristics of neandertals?

stanting foreheads heavy brow ridges

the assignment of organisms to categories according to their relationship and resemblance is known as?

taxonomy

How many species are there from the genus Australopithecus

8

What is a Clovis point

A distinctly shaped early american stone point fastened to a hunting spear dating to about 13,000 years ago

According to Klein's hypothesis, what caused the change in human behavior that he called behavioral modernity

A sudden genetic mutation occuring in Europe about 50,000 years ago that changed the neurological structure of the human brain

What evidence of bipedalism was discovered at a famous site in laetoli, Tanzania?

A trail of ancient footprints preserved in volcanic ash

some of the first settlers came into north america following big game animals such as woolly mammoths

Across Beringia, the Bering land bridge that connected North America and Siberia

The oldest Homo Habilis and Homo erectus fossils can be found on which continent?

Africa

H. erectus remains have been found at which places?

Africa java

Which statement best describes the mitochondrial Eve hypothesis

Analysis of modern DNA samples indicates that everyone today has mtDNA descending from a woman who lived 200,000 years ago in sub-saharan africa

Which of the following distinguished anthropoids from prosimians during the eocene epoch?

Anthropoid eyes were rotated forward, Anthropoid brains and eyes grew bigger

Which of the following statements about apes and brachiation are true?

Apes have longer arms than legs, which is adaptive for brachiation. Young apes brachiate Apes and humans likely had a brachiating ancestor

Which statement best describes some important characteristics of ardi

Ardi had a brain that was about the size of a chimp's and lived in a woodland or forest environment

What is the name of the species that was discovered in 2009 that dates to 4.4 million years ago?

Ardi ramidus

The pelvis, hand, arms, legs, and feet of "Ardi" have been compared to those of "Lucy." Which of the following statements best describe Ardi?

Ardi's pelvis allowed her to walk bipedally, but her feet did not have an arch; Ardi's hands, long arms, and short legs show an apelike climber

The famous fossil find known as "Lucy" was an almost complete skeleton of a bipedal walker. A more recently discovered fossil skeleton predates "Lucy" by almost one million years and is now the most famous early bipedal walker. What is the name of this earlier species?

Ardipithecus ramidus

What does the narrower birth canal of Au. afarensis reveal about this early species?

Au. afarensis had a small brain.

Which statement most accurately describes the teeth of australopithecus afarensis

Au. afarensis has pointed premolars that are similar to an ape's

What was the species name given to the famous :Taung child" discovery, and which anatomist named it?

Australopithecus Africanus

In the evolutionary sequence of hominins, which probably came first; Australopithecus afarensis or robust australopithecus?

Australopithecus afarensis

What is the species name of the oldest fossil child, Which is called Lucys Baby?

Australopithecus afarensis

A new species of hominin was discovered in 1999 that used stone tools to butcher animals earlier than any human ancestrial species had been thought to use them. What was the name given to this early tool user from 2.5 mya

Australopithecus garhi

The study of evolutionary basis of social behavior is known as

Behavioral ecology

Becoming fully human, associated with evidence of symbolic thought and artisic creativity, may have occured as much as 165,000 ya or only 45,000 ya. What is the term used by anthropologists for these abilities?

Behavioral modernity

What was the initial purpose for writing

to keep records and accounts

True or false: Probably one of the species of Australopithecus made and used stone tools long before the species homo habillis did.

true

True or false: The brain size or cranial capacity of australopithecus afarensis was almost the same as that of a chimpanzee

true

Blombos Cave and other sites in africa dating from 70,000-100,000 years ago provide early evidence of human symbolic behavior and artistic creativity. Which phrase best describes this evidence

Bone awls, polished weapon points engraved red pigmented stone fragments, and barbed bone harpoon points created for beauty not just utility.

The ____ are famous cave paintings found in southwestern france made by prehistoric big game hunters and depict the animals they hunted, such as wooly mammoths, wild cattle and horses, deer, and reindeer

Cave art at Lascaux

Thanks to studies by scientists such as jane goodall, more is known about the full range of behavior and social organization of _______ than any other apes

Chimps

There are dietary differences between chimps and gorillas. For example, _________ prefer fruits and are omnivorous, but ________ eat green bulk vegetation

Chimps Gorillas

Which of the following are true of chimps

Chimps are omnivorous, Chimps live in tropical Africa and range over a larger area than gorillas

A type of spear point called a(n) ____ orginated and spread throughout north america between 13,250 and 12,800 years ago

Clovis point

Which ability of Homo erecrtus provided against cave bears and saber-tooth tigers during the ice age in the middle east and in southern africa

Control of fire

You are a paleoanthropologist excavating at a rock shelter in france dating to about 31,000 years ago. You discover a skull that has the features of an anatomically modern human, including a high vaulted forehead and small brow ridges.

Cro Magnon

In 1891 the Fossil called "Java Man" made _____ famous as one of the first scientists to identifying a missing link between apes and humans

Eugene Dubois

Which of the following statements are true according to the mitochondrial eve hypothesis

Eve's descendants eventually colonized the world Eve was a resident of africa whose descendants left for other parts of the world.

True or False: there are fewer than 10 fossillized bone specimens that represent only 2 individuals that wer discovered at laetoli and harad that established the species known as Australopithecus afarensis

False

True or false: Some apes have tails?

False

How were Oldowan stone tools likely used

For breaking open bones for marrow, and for digging up roots and insects to eat

Evidence that ancestral Polynesians stopped Melanesia included which of the following?

Genetic markers in modern-day Polynesians prove interbreeding Homes on stilts, similar to those found in Southeast Asia, Were found in Melanesia Outrigger canoes such as those used by Polynesians were found in Melanesia

Which of the following statements about gorillas are true?

Gorillas live in social groups Most of the gorillas day is spend feeding Gorillas spend little time in the trees

What are the names of the two major groups of South African australopithecines?

Gracile and robust

Which of the following did primates develop as adaptions to life high up in the trees?

Grasping hands and feet importance of sight over smell omnivorous diets

In which of the following ways does H. rudolfensis differ from H. Habilis?

H. rudolfensis has canines facing the front of the jaw The H. Habilis skull has a more marked brow ridge

Evidence revealing that anatomically modern humans hunted hippos and antelope and made various tools, including blades and hand axes, was found with the

Herto Skulls in Africa

What statement best describes the skull features of the human ancestors called Cro Magnons?

High, round modern size braincases with modern looking foreheads and chins

Hunting was an important cultural behavior marking a significant step for a human ancestor. Which ancestral species does the fossil record indicate was the earliest sophisticated hunter?

Homo erectus

The acheulean hand ax, associated with the species _____ represents the type of tool that requires a metal template in the mind of the maker, a significant advance in human evolution.

Homo erectus

What was the name of the earliest human ancestral species that hunted game animals for food

Homo erectus

Which of the following ancestral human species had an avarage cranial capacity of at least 900 cm3?

Homo erectus

Which two species of hominins existed during the period from 1/9 million years ago to 1.4 mya?

Homo erectus and Homo Habilis

Which statement best describes the cultural abilities of Au. boisei and Homo erectus

Homo erectus had greater mental capacities that enabled toolmaking and hunting, but there is no evidence that Au. Boisei had those abilities

Which of the following statements best describes the earliest migration of human ancestors out of africa

Homo erectus was the first species to rang out of africa for hunting and gathering

Which species was named by louis and mary leakey, with the name meaning "handy man" because it was believed to be the first tool maker?

Homo habilis

Which of the following statements regarding apes and humans are true

Humans and apes are more closely related to each other than they are to monkeys. Humans and apes share common ancestry Humans and apes belong to the same taxonomic superfamily

What ability set apart homo erectus from homo habilis and Au. boisei?

Hunting ability

Which of the following statements about kenyanthropus playtops are true?

It is dated to 3.5 million years ago. It provides evidence that at least two hominin lingeages existed at the same time The fossil find was made in northern Kenya

The fossil of the flat faced "man" that was discovered in 1999 by Maeve Leakey's research team and represented a new branch of the early family tree was named

Kenyathropus platyops

Which os the following paleoanthropologists made Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania famous by discovering the first tool maker and the first known representative of the Genus Homo

L.S.B and Mary Leakey

Which of the following paleoanthropologists made Olduvai gorge in tanzania famous by discovering the first tool maker and the first known representtive of the genes homo

LSB and Mary Leaky

A discovery in 1908 of a Neandertal skeleton turned out to be an old name with arthritis, but it gave us the population image of a cave man who cannot walk upright. What is the name of the famous site where this Neandertal was discovered

La Chapelle

Significant Australopithecus afarensis discoveries have been made in

Laetoli, tanzania, and Hadar, Ethiopia

The oldest modern human skeletons found outside of africa were found at

Lake Mungo in australia

______ pottery is ornately decorated with geometric designs and was first identified in melanesia in New Caledonia

Lapita

What physical characteristic of Homo Erectus allowed it to hunt longer distances?

Longer legs

The species known as homo habilis was first discovered and identified by which famous team of paleoanthropologists in 1960

Louis and mary Leakey

Which statement about Lucy is true?

Lucy lived around 3 mya and about 40% of the skeleton was recovered

Which of the following statements about baboons are true?

Male baboons typically leave their home troop for another near the time of puberty. Female baboons form the stable core of the terrestrial monkey troop.

Which of the following are characteristics of orangutans?

Males typically climb, rather than swing through, trees. They live in jungles and feed in trees. Adult males weight more than twice as much as females

Which of the following statements about new world monkeys is true?

Many have prehensile tails

Which of the following best distinguishes prosimians from anthropoids?

Many prosimians are nocturnal

Which of the following sites is associated with Neandertal?

Neander Valley

Mousterian tools include a wide variety of stone scrapers and notched tools designed to make clothing from animal hides and to be used for sawing and piercing. Which ancestral species made this tool type?

Neandertal

Which of the following groups stayed within a particular territory and did not engage in long-distance trade?

Neandertals

Archaic homo sapiens include which of the following species?

Neandertals and the earliest members of our species

What does the term paleolithic mean?

Old Stone Age

The stone tools that date to about 1.8 million years ago are called _______ pebble tools

Oldowan

What is the name for the simple stone tools dating to about 2 million years ago that were first discovered by l.s.b. and mary leakey

Oldowan Tools

The first representative of homo habilis was found at

Olducai gorge in tanzania

Where did Tim White discover an important specimen of Homo habilis identified as female in 1986

Olduvai

A significant amount of fossil evidence has been found that relates to the ancestral hominin species Australopithecus afarensis. Which statement best describes the amount of fossil specimens found?

One site studied yielded about two dozen specimens; another site yielded fossil specimens representing 35-65 individuals.

Which of the following comprise the great apes of the hominoid superfamily?

Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees

The name for the period during which human ancestors relied on only stone tools is

Paleolithic

Which of the following hominins had an anatomical feature called a sagittal crest?

Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei

Which of the following is likely the last common ancestor of humans, chimps, gorillas, and orangutans?

Pierolapithicus catalunicus

The earliest human ancestors appeared during the geological time perios called the ____, which began about two mya and endured until about 11,000 years ago.

Pleistocene

Which of the following are characteristics of primates?

Primates most important means of obtaining info is sight rather than smell, Primates have five-digited feet and hands that are suited for grasping

Which of the following happened during the Oligocene epoch?

Proto-monkeys become the most numerous primates

Hominin fossils dates between 14,300 and 11,500 B.P and found in two chinese caves are associated with

Red Deer Cave People

How did the first settlers of the Americas enter North America?

Some crossed Beringia, the Bering land bridge, following big game animals such as woolly mammoths; others came by boat along the seashores

The current prevailing view among scientists is that H. erectus

Split into separate groups, one ancestral to the Neandertals and the other ancestral to anatomically modern humans (AMHs)

The primate suborder _____ includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

Strepsirrhini

Which site in southern France is important because it yielded evidence dating to 300,000 years ago of the ability to build huts and establish seasonal camp site

Terra Amata

Baboons and many macaques are _______ monkeys.

Terrestrial

Which of the following are traits of terrestrial, as opposed to arboreal, Old World monkeys?

Terrestrial monkeys are larger than arboreal monkeys Sexual dimorphism tends to be more marked in terrestrial than in arboreal monkeys

Which statement best describes the famous fossil find known ad Lucy?

The Lucy discovery was a skeleton from female hominin that was 40% complete and has been dated to 3 mya

How does the brain size of cranial capacity of the australopithecus compare with Homo sapiens and chimps

The australopithecus brain size was only slightly larger than that of chimps and was roughly one- third of the size of Homo sapiens'

Which statement best describes the general shape of the pelvis and spine of Australopithecus

The australopithecus pelvis is shorter and bowl shaped while the spine is curved similar to that of the humans

Which of the following statements best descrive the cranial capacity (Brain size of Homo erectus compared with the australopithecine average?

The average cranial cap of h erectus is 1,000 cm3

Which statement best describes the cranial capacity of Homo sapiens and the australopithecines?

The average cranial capacity of Homo Sapiens was 1,350 cm3 and the cranial capacity of the australopithecines ranges from 430 to 540 cm3

Which anatomical features of Au. afarensis were human like?

The bones of the pelvis and the structure of the arms and legs were humanlike

The teeth of the early hominins such as australopithecus afarensis have been carefully analyzed to see if they are more like those of apes or humans. Which statement best describes the differences ?

The canines of Au. afarensis are larger than those humans and extend beyond the other teeth

Which of the following discoveries from the fayum deposits are true?

The fayum fossils revealed the existance of different groups of proto-monkeys The proto monkeys of the fayum lived in trees and ate fruits and seeds. The fayum fossils show distinctive dental formulas

What important information regardinf homo erectus was revealed by the famous fossil find known as Nariokotome boy?

The find suggested that the boy as an adult have reached a height of six feet, approaching the height of modern humans.

Different geographic areas provide more abundant primate fossil evidence for different time periods. Which of the following is true?

The fossil record is limited, and much is subject to change

What do the teeth and jaws of Australopithecus afarensis suggest about in diet

The large back teeth and thick lower jaw (mandible) accommodate the powerful chewing required to process coarse, gritty savanna vegetation.

In which of the following ways did the neandertals deal with the cold environment that was caused by the Wurm glacial

The made more elaborate tools They wore clothes The hunted mammoths, reindeer, and woolly rhinos.

What is significant about the fossilized human skeleton found at Lake Mungo in Australia

The odest modern human skeletons outside africa, dating to 46,000 years ago, also reveal the oldest ritual cremations

Ancestral Polynesians and Melanesians lived near what landmark?

The pacific ocean

The fossil specimens of "Ardi" and "Lucy" both show anatomy built for bipedal walking, but one of these hominids was considered more primative. Which of the following statement best describes their differences in anatomy

The pelvis of ardi was more primative than Lucys

Which of the following occured as a result of glacial retreat?

The practices of gathering are reproducing plans grew in importance The quality and variety of edible marine life increased.

Which of the following statements is true about the skeletons of Homo erectus and modern humans?

The skeleton of H. erectus was similar to modern humans

Which of the following statements about H. antecessors are true?

The species may be a common ancestor of the Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. The first remains discovered date to 78,000 years ago.

Which of the following statements about the Denisovans are true?

The split between ancestral Neandertals and Denisovans happened when Neandertals spread to the west and Denisovans headed east The lived in Asia from roughly 400,000 to 500,000 years ago

Which of the following anatomical features of Au. afarensis were more like apes than humans?

The teeth and skull were more apelike while the pelvis and leg bones were human like

What is the earliest date that homo erectus lived in africa?

1.9 mya

What was the cranial capacity of Au. afarensis?

430 cm 3, close to the size of an avarage chimp

How old is the human ancestor known as sahelanthropus tchadensis?

6-7 myo

Neandertals were resistant to change and were suspicios of outsiders, but members of which group were innovators and had regional social networks

AMHs

What does the name Homo habilis mean?

Able man

The type of tool associated with homo erectus is the?

Acheulean hand ax

Which of the following tool types is associated with homo erectus

Acheulean hand ax

Which of the following tool types is associated with homo erectus?

Acheulean hand axes

What was the name given by Louis and Mary Leakey to the type of stone tools associated with the species named Homo Habilis

Acheulian tools

The largest primate that ever lived is

Gigantopithecus

The human Ancestral species ______ is accosiated with the cave site in china known as Zhoukoudian, which contains the hearths and a large amount of tools, animal bones, and the fossilized remains of more than 40 individuals

Homo Erectus

The human ancestral species, _____, dates as far back as 1.4 million years ago and continued to exist even until 500,000 years ago

Homo Erectus

Which human ancestral species was the first to migrate out of africa?

Homo Erectus

Which of the following human ancestral species is associated with the tool type know as Acheulean?

Homo Erectus

Which of the following species was a miniature hominid that lived between 95,000 and 13,000 years ago

Homo Floresiensis

Which species origionaly got its name because it was thought to be the first human ancestor that made tools?

Homo Habilis

With a cranial capacity of 600 to 700 cubic centimieters, whcih of the following species was the first tool maker and was identified as the first member of the Genus Homo?

Homo Habilis

Fossil remains at several sites in Europe, Africa and asia

Homo Heidelbergensis

Archaeological eveidence of hearths from campfires has been found in isreal dating back to about 800,000 years ago

Homo erectus

The species which has been named _______, discovered in 2004 in indonesia, had a cranial capacity smaller than that of a chimp but had surprising abilities to make stone tools and to hunt

Homo floresiensls

What was the name of the earliest species within the genus

Homo habilis

In human evolution, the shape of the pelvis changed to accommodate two conflicting requirements. Which statement best reflects the nature of the chance in the pelvis?

Humanlike birth canals had to accommodate larger skulls, but the demands of bipedalism restricted the size that the pelvic opening could be

Which of the following statements regarding Gigantopithecus are true?

It is the largest primate that ever lived It was confined to asia

The average cranial capacity of which of the following species exceeded that of modern humans?

Neandertal

Which of the following traits appeared in human evolution, which set apart human ancestors from apes?

Upright bipedal walking

Which of the following is the smallest and most agile of the apes

gibbons

What is the most exclusive classificatory unit of the zoological taxonomy?

subspecies

The blade tool-making traditions associated with early anatomically modern humans (AMH) in Europe are called _____tools.

upper paleolithic

The position of the foramen magnum in australopithecines is centered under the base of the skull, which indicates that australopithecus

walked upright and was bipedal

The discovery of an early species of hominin called ardi revealed revealed that bipedalism first appeared in which type of habitat?

woodland or rainforest habitat

What type of diet did the australopithecines have?

mainly vegetarian

The knowledge of the properties of metals, including their extraction and processing to manufacture metal tools, is known as _______

metallurgy

Each gorilla troop has a silverback, which is usually the _________ in the group?

only breeding male

Anthropologists have come to believe that foragers have an excellent knowledge of what?

plant and animal reproduction