Intro to Archaeology Test #3

NISP

- number of identified specimens - counts all of the bones and bone fragments collected as individual specimens the number of individual specimens in the faunal collection Sorting is based on the size and type of bone. Archaeozoologists have refined techniques for counting animal remains at a site. The first is NISP, the number of identified specimens, that record the total number of bones from a species that have been identified.

soft hammer percussion

-method of manufacture uses a softer material like bone or wood to make the flakes -softer material absorbs more of the shock of the blow Using a bone, antler or other softer material. **Makes thinner, flatter and more finely flaked tools. A direct percussion method of making stone tools that uses a resilient hammer or billet to gain greater control over the length, width, and thickness of flakes driven from a core. Soft hammer is a flint knapping technique that involves the use of a hammer of bone, antler, or wood, rather than stone. Soft hammer blades are generally longer and thinner with a narrow striking platform and a thin bulb of percussion.

Punctates

-more mature -chromatin - dots - 7-10 days (green arrows) Decorative technique for pottery involving impressions of circular depressions in the surface of clay

style

A distinctive way of being or doing.

hunters and gatherers

A hunter-gatherer or forager society is one in which most or all food is obtained from wild plants and animals, in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species. Hunter-gatherers are a type of nomad people who survive by eating animals that they have caught or plants they have gathered People who obtain their food from wild plant and animals, not domesticated species.

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.

temper

A non-plastic substance intentionally added to clay in order to reduce breakage caused by shrinkage and firing. See also paste.

kiln

A type of oven, used to cook clay objects that is capable of reaching extremely high temperatures. an oven used for making pottery A furnace capable of controlled high temperatures used to fire ceramic ware and sculpture. Oven for firing pottery; can be open or closed.

looting

An individual who plunders archaeological sites to find artifacts of commercial value, thereby destroying the area of the site the objects came from and their archaeological context. Looting: Looters can damage artifacts while searching for treasure

expedient tool

Any tool formed quickly and for immediate use, often made with a flake. a tool that is made by quickly modifying a flake, used, and discarded

Ethnoarchaeology

Approach used by archaeologists to gain insights into the past by studying contemporary people the study of the way present-day societies use artifacts and structures and how these objects become part of the archaeological record The study of contemporary peoples to determine how human behavior is translated into the archaeological record. Ethnoarchaeology is the study of living peoples by archaeologists intent on gaining information useful for learning about the past.

foraging

Behavior associated with recognizing, searching for, capturing, and consuming food. the act of searching for food and provisions Behavior associated with recognizing, searching for, capturing, and consuming food. Another term for hunter-gatherers; in Lewis Binford's model, foragers are mobile hunter-gatherers moving to sources of food throughout the year.

extended inhumation

Burial, also known as interment or inhumation, is a method of final disposition whereby a dead body is placed into the ground, sometimes with objects. This is usually accomplished by excavating a pit or trench, placing the deceased and objects in it, and covering it over. The burial of bodies in the extended position, i.e., lying flat with arms and legs straight, or with the arms folded upon the chest, and with the eyes and mouth closed. Extended burials may be supine (lying on the back) or prone (lying on the front). In extended burials, Bodies are generally Placed facing upward, hands along the sides and Parallel Head without any bent as seen in case of Infant Burials.

Chaine Operatoir

Chaine operatoire is a French term that means "sequence of production" and involves the different stages of production from the acquisition of raw materials to the final abandonment of the desired and/or used object.

Jomon

Cord marks the earliest known Neolithic inhabitants of Japan, named for the cord pattern of their pottery Japanese preagricultural societies that lived in large villages and produced elaborate pottery

cortex/rind

Cortex refers to the heavily weathered rind on the outside of nodules.

dentate stamping

Dentate stamping is a decorating technique that leaves tooth-like impressions. Dentate stamping is associated not only with Cuesta phase pottery, but also Kansas City Hopewell and Schultz phase pottery. The Oliphant site was occupied during the Early and Middle Ceramic periods.

butchering marks

Diagenesis refers to the physical and chemical changes in bone after burial; in the long term and under appropriate conditions, bones will mineralize and turn into fossils but rarely affects archaeological bone because it takes so long. Butchery leaves distinctive traces or cutmarks on bone

Harrappan

Earliest Indian society India's first civilization earliest society in south Asia. Indus society. 3000-1900 BCE. Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about 24 km west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River which now runs 8 km to the north. The current village of Harappa is less than 1 km from the ancient site

Linearbandkeramik (LBK)

Early Neolithic culture in central Europe; coincides with the introduction of farming communities on the continent. Tons of pottery and limited evidence of agriculture. Blade technology. Domesticated crops include wheat, crabapple, etc. The first farmers in central Europe, named after their pottery which was decorated with bands running around the vessels. -Long houses, up to 30m -At least 3 mass graves, many people violently killed

egalitarian, non-egalitarian

Egalitarian: one where everyone is born with equal status-status does not get inherited by the kids, from the parents-if there are any status differences among people, they are achieved. Grave goods are the material objects buried with the dead. In most egalitarian societies, lacking status differentiation, individuals are generally buried with similar graves and goods.

flexed inhumation

Flexed burials were often placed in a semi-fetal position with the legs folded up over the chest. Secondary burials are usually disarticulated, that is, the bones are not in the correct anatomical position and have been moved or sometimes lost during the handling of the remains

Keeley

Focused on micro polishes instead of micro flaking

human burial taphonomy

Human taphonomy is the study of the placement and decomposition of the body in the grave in order to better understand the treatment of the dead.

exotic materials

Indian Knoll A Late Archaic period site in Kentucky dating between 3000 and 2500 cal BC. It has a shell midden (mound) and a cemetery with more than 1,100 individual burials. Some burials have exotic materials such as copper and marine shell perhaps indicating differences in status, whereas others suggest that people were buried with probably gender-related objects such as axes and fishhooks with males and nutting stones and bone beads with females

grave goods

Items such as utensils, figurines, and personal possessions, symbolically placed in the grave for the deceased person's use in the afterlife. The items that are placed in graves to accompany the deceased Grave goods are the items buried with individuals at death and are an important source of information about the social organization of prehistoric groups.

nutritional stress

Mary Rose was one of the first ships built intentionally as a war ship to carry heavy guns. The shipwreck was discovered in 1967 and raised in 1982. The study of the human remains revealed that all skeletons were male and some suggested the presence of rickets (vitamin D deficiency), scurvy (vitamin C deficiency), and anemia (iron deficiency).Their bones also indicate heavy labor, as seen by a unusual deformity of the shoulder blade that appears in almost 20% of the sailors, and in spinal vertebrae that closely resemble the vertebrae of older men.

first fired ceramics

Once humans discovered that clay could be found in abundance and formed into objects by first mixing with water and then firing, a key industry was born. The oldest known ceramic artifact is dated as early as 28,000 BCE (BCE = Before Common Era), during the late Paleolithic period. Bisque firing refers to the first time newly shaped clay pots, or greenware, go through high-temperature heating. It is done to vitrify, which means, "to turn it glasslike," to a point that the pottery can have a glaze adhere to the surface

cribra orbitalia

Porosity in the eye orbits due to anemia caused by an iron-deficient diet, parasitic infection, or genetic disease. pitting and thickening of the eye sockets in the skull caused by anemia or parasitic infections Porosity in the eye orbits due to anemia caused by an iron-deficient diet, parasitic infection, or genetic disease. Cribra orbitalia is pitting and thickening of the eye sockets in the skull caused by anemia or parasitic infections.

Semenov

Russian archaeologist who developed the technique of analyzing the wear patterns on artifacts to determine their function

seasonality and scheduling.

Seasonality is the time of year a site was occupied, part of an annual cycle, usually related to hunter-gatherer settlement patterns.

ranked societies

Societies in which people or, more usually, kinship groups are ordered on a continuum in relation to each other Social systems in which a hierarchy of social status has been established, with a restricted number of valued positions available; in ranked societies, not everyone has the same access to the critical resources of life.

secondary burial

Some time after the initial burial the bones are removed and reburied. Because bodies can be moved after death, archaeologists commonly determine burials as either primary or secondary. Primary burials were interred as a complete corpse, while secondary burials were likely moved to a final burial site some time after death, following defleshing, burial at another site, or the like. Primary burials are articulated; the bones are present in their correct anatomical position. Secondary burials are usually disarticulated, that is, the bones are not in the correct anatomical position and have been moved or sometimes lost during the handling of the remains.

Acheulean

Stone tool industry of the early and middle Pleistocene characterized by the presence of bifacial hand axes and cleavers. This industry is made by a number of Homo species, including H. erectus and early H. sapiens. Lower Paleolithic tool tradition associated with H. erectus The Acheulean assemblages of the Lower Paleolithic (1.75 million years ago until c. 200,000 years ago) are characterized by handaxes and cleav-ers (a close relative of the handaxe), but also include a variety of other large flake tools, such as scrapers and notched pieces.

broad spectrum economy

The broad spectrum revolution (BSR) hypothesis, proposed by Kent Flannery in a 1968 paper presented to a London University symposium,[1] suggested that the emergence of the Neolithic in southwest Asia was prefaced by increases in dietary breadth among foraging societies. The broad spectrum revolution followed the most recent ice age around 15,000 BP in the Middle East and 12,000 BP in Europe. During this time, there was a transition from focusing on a few main food sources to gathering/hunting a "broad spectrum" of plants and animals. - Sites with hundreds of grindstones- Microliths with "sickle sheen"- Harpoons and fishhooks- Net weights- Bow and arrow- Pottery: Jomon culture in Japan with earliest

Oldowan

The earliest stone tools. Simple chopping tools and sharp flakes, Oldowan tools date to about 2.4 million years ago. These tools were probably made by Homo habilis. Some evidence suggests they may also have been produced by Paranthropus robustus (sometimes labeled Australopithecus robustus). Earliest (2.6-1.2 m.y.a.) stone tools; sharp flakes struck from cores (choppers) the tool industry characterized by simple, usually unifacial core and flake tools

cannibalism

The practice of eating the flesh of your own kind Cannibalism is controversial but a number of examples have been found in archaeology from the Paleolithic to the recent past. At the cave of Krapina in Croatia, the bones of at least 13 Neanderthal individuals were found mixed with animal bones. They were burned and split and treated like other animal meat. It is unclear whether the practice represents rituals or whether individuals from enemy groups were added to the diet. The Aztecs were reported to have killed, butchered, and eaten thousands of their enemies. The Southwestern US also shows examples of cannibalism among the Pueblo Indians which conflicts with their reputation as peaceful and ecological. Analysis of skeletal remains of the Mancos Anasazi Pueblo ruin shows that humans were consumed. Coprolite analysis revealed that human myoglobin was present in human waste. Some suggest that cannibalism was practiced to terrorize enemies, or that it was borrowed as a ritual practice from Mexico; others argue that there were periods of starvation during a long drought. There are four kinds of cannibalism recorded in archaeological remains: 1.) survival cannibalism in cases of extreme starvation 2.) ritualized, sacrifice-related cannibalism, such as seen with the Aztecs 3.) reverential funerary cannibalism 4.) warfare-driven cannibalism. There is evidence of cannibalism in almost every society and time period in prehistory.

cremation

The reduction of a dead human body to inorganic bone fragments by intense heat in a specifically designed retort or chamber. A funereal practice involving immolation (incineration) of the corpse. Cremation burials usually consist of ash and a few fragments of bone and teeth. Cremation burials are often found in urns and small pits. Compare with inhumation

Dolni Vestonice

Upper Paleolithic; 27,000 BP to 23,000 BP; Czech Republic; site of earliest known potter's kiln; 3 separate sites; about 100 ppl; venus figurines, animals, and some weapons figurine of a face displaying similar facial anomalies to a skull found at site from the Czech republic dating to about 26,000-35,000bp; possibly earliest known portrait Czech Republic

foragers

a group of people who survive by hunting and gathering over a large region People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects.

achieved status

a status into which one enters; voluntary status A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort By examining tomb contents, structure, and location, together with information of the age and sex of the interred individual, it can be possible to identify whether a person held achieved status,earned through personal accomplishments, or ascribed status, inherited at birth. Earned position of prestige in society determined by skills, abilities, and effort.

ascribed status

a status into which one is born; involuntary status a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. Inherited position of prestige in society determined by birth.

flotation

an archaeological technique employed to recover very tiny objects by immersion of soil samples in water to separate heavy from light particles The use of fluid suspension to recover tiny burned plant remains and bone fragments from archaeological sites. Flotation is an archaeological technique for recovering charred plant remains using water and density differences between heavy and light materials in sediments. Dry sediments are stirred into the water and the lighter plant remains float to the top.

animal domestication

animals kept for some utilitarian purpose whose breeding is controlled by humans and whose survival is dependent on humans; differ genetically and behaviorally from wild animals. When animals are tamed and used for food and profit genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.

cultigen

any plant that is intentionally grown for human use A plant that is wholly dependent on humans; a domesticate

macrobotanicals

archaeological plant remains visible to the naked eye or by means of a low power microscope Nonmicroscopic plant remains recovered from an archaeological site. readily recognizable plant parts recovered from archaeological samples (e.g., corncobs, pine nuts, nut shells, acorns, etc). Identifying macrobotanical materials indicates what species of plants were present, whether they were wild or domestic, and in what context they were found.

microbotanicals

botanical remains that cannot be seen with the naked eye - Tiny microfossils (such as grains of flowers) - Found via soil samples - Includes pollen and phytyliths

incising,

carving into the surface of the clay engraving a decoration into unfired clay Indenting a line into a flat surface Decorative technique for pottery involving cutting or carving lines and other designs in the surface of the clay

cord-wrapped stick decoration

cord-marked- Decorative technique for pottery involving impressions of cord-wrapping in the clpCord-marked pottery or Cordmarked pottery is an early form of a simple earthenware pottery made in precontact villages. It allowed food to be stored and cooked over fire. Cord-marked pottery varied slightly across the world, depending upon the clay and raw materials that were available. It generally coincided with cultures moving to an agrarian and more settled lifestyle, like that of the Woodland period, as compared to a strictly hunter-gathererlifestyle.[1]

glaze

cover with a thin and shiny surface; apply a glaze to; N: thin, smooth, shiny coating (as for pottery); Ex. unglazed pottery A metallic or glass mixture used to change the surface of the pottery vessel for decorative purposes.

plant domestication

deliberately planted and tended by humans that is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selective breeding. genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention deliberate tending of crops to gain certain desired attributes; began around 12,000 years ago along several fertile river valleys and cultural hearths.

parry fractures

distinctive break in the forearm resulting from a blow to an arm raised in protection When people put their arms up in front of their faces to block a blow. A usual reason for these is fighting. A parry fracture is a distinctive break on the forearm usually resulting from the defensive action of raising an arm to protect oneself from a blow.

pottery wheel

electric machine to make pots machine used to spin clay into hollow vessels a machine used in the shaping of round ceramic ware

trace elements

elements required by an organism in only minute quantities An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. A trace element is a chemical element whose concentration (or other measure of amount) is very low (a "trace amount"). They are classified into two groups; essential and non-essential. Essential trace elements are needed for many physiological and biochemical processes in both plants and animals. Not only do trace elements play a role in biological processes but they also serve as catalysts to engage in oxidation and reduction mechanisms

publishing data/excavations

excavation is the exposure, recording, and recovery of buried materials from the past.

horticulturalists

food producers who cultivate the land in small-scale farms or gardens people who cut down land, burn it, use ash as furtilizer to grow crops own farm mode of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used

lead glaze

glaze containing lead, toxic Lead-glazed earthenware is one of the traditional types of earthenware with a ceramic glaze, which coats the ceramic biscuit body and renders it impervious to liquids, as terracotta itself is not

slab method

hand-building technique that involves shaping clay into a broad, flat, thick piece vessels made using flat sheets of clay from which shapes can be fabricated and used as walls for pieces The use of flat pieces of clay, even in thickness, to build clay forms

stature

height Level of achievement or authority; standing

enamel hypoplasia

incomplete development of tooth enamel incomplete or defective formation of the enamel of either primary or permanent teeth; result may be an irregularity of the tooth form, color, or surface Irregular lines in tooth enamel resulting from childhood stress or malnutrition.

monumental architecture

large man-made structures generally created for the public to remember an event or individual Large structures, such as pyramids, temples, public spaces, and large statues, that generally appear wherever powerful leaders emerge; a feature of all agrarian civilizations. architectural constructions of a greater-than-human scale, such as pyramids, temples, and tombs I.E. pyramids of Egypt

hierarchical organization

larger, more general categories are divided into smaller, more specific categories, creating a number of levels of categories Organization of categories in which larger, more general categories are divided into smaller, more specific categories. These smaller categories can, in turn, be divided into even more specific categories to create a number of levels.

slip

liquid clay Distance rocks move along a fault A coating of the surface of a ceramic vessel for decorative or functional reasons.

cryptocrystalline

made of crystals that are only visible under a microscope Having a crystalline structure visible only when magnified Stone with microscopic crystals, formed from silica under pressure in marine deposits, such as quartz, chert, flint. Stone (such as quartz, chert, and flint) with microscopic crystals, formed from silica under pressure in marine deposits.

coil method

method of pottery building using long snake like pieces of clay. Then coiled on top of one another scoring and using slip in-between Attaching rolls of clay together to form pottery Hand-rolling clay into long 'snakes' of clay.

petrographic analysis

microscopic examination that provides data on the physical composition of clay An analytical technique that identifies the mineral composition of a pot's temper and clay through microscopic observation of thin sections. Microscopic analysis of mineral content and structure

microwear analysis

microscopic studies of damage and polish on the edges of stone artifacts to reveal the materials that were worked The study of wear patterns, or damage on the edge of stone tools which provide information on how the tool was used. The study of the patterns of wear or damage on the edge of stone tools, which provides valuable information on the way in which the tool was used. Microwear analysis involves looking at artifacts under a microscope to determine its function and use by identifying damage and polish on the edges of lithic tools. This type of analysis began in the second half of the twentieth century when Sergei Semenov began detailed study of the edges of artifacts.

MNI

minimum number of individuals; the smallest number of individuals necessary to account for all identified bones Sorting is based on the size and type of bone. Archaeozoologists have refined techniques for counting animal remains at a site. After NISP, The second, MNI, is more useful but more difficult to determine, and is based on counts of the number of a unique skeletal part from a particular species. Measures like NISP and MNI are only estimates because of the fragmentary nature of the archaeozoological record.

archaeological ethics

moral issues raised through the study of the material past Stewardship, accountability, commercialization modern issues of skeletal and burial analysis and different ethnic groups

Harris lines

nutritional stress; lines on the ends of long bones Longitudinal cracks located at the ends of long bones; indicative of dietary stress during physical development horizontal lines near the ends of long bones indicating episodes of physiological stress Stress during one's lifetime is also revealed in the skeleton. Malnourishment in childhood causes the disruption of bone growth, which shows up in the skeleton as a series of distinct features, known as Harris lines

pastoral nomads

people who depend on domestic livestock, migrate in an established territory to find pasture for their animals. groups of herders who move with their animals from place to place in search of pasture and water a person who domesticates animals for food and clothing and moves along regular migratory routes to provide a steady source of nourishment for those animals

wasters

pieces of metal with slip on it to test the temperature of a kiln incorrectly fired pieces of pottery Pottery that has broken or warped in the process of firing.

curation behavior

process of managing and preserving a collection according to professional museum and archival practices The process of preparing archaeological materials for permanent storage, and the storage of that material

craft production

refers to the process of manufacturing a product through the use of manual skills. Craft Production system: First type of system many centuries ago with crafting or creating products singularly, offers generalized machines, product customization, and product variety (no hierarchy, more flexible). Craft production involves producing high variety of customized goods, low volume output with skilled workers, and utilizing general-purpose equipment. Main advantage is the flexibility to produce a wide variety of outputs providing many choices for the need of customers. Main disadvantage is its inability to produce at a low cost.

forensic reconstruction

restoration of the facial tissues on human skulls, both past and present A part of systemic anatomy that uses bones to recreate what a person looked like

hard hammer percussion

stone on stone, shaping the tool a hammerstone is used to remove flakes from a core resulting in the removal of relatively large thick flakes A direct percussion method of making stone tools that uses one rock as a hammer to knock flakes from another rock that serves as a core. A hard hammer is a percussion technique for making stone tools by striking one stone or core with another stone, or hammer. Hard hammers are distinct from soft hammers because a soft hammer is a flint knapping technique that involves the use of a hammer of bone, antler, or wood, rather than stone

refitting studies

term used to describe re-assembling of the original parent cores and tools that used to be broken at the site-investigating the horizontal distribution of artifacts-reveals which activities were taking place and the extent of the area was in use.-flakes, blades, cores, burins, and burin spalls partial reconstruction of the pieces of stone so that they almost resemble their original form Refitting is a technique for reassembling the scattered pieces of stone, pottery, or bone at an archaeological site to study patterns of manufacture and disposal. The information generated by refitting is useful because it shows cultural patterns, the handedness of early folk, planning and decision making (i.e. kind of lithic, distance transported) coordination, site use, and tools left at the site.

debitage

the by-products or waste materials left over from the manufacture of stone tools. a term referring to all the pieces of shatter and flakes produced and not used when stone tools are made Debitage is used to describe waste material, including flakes, blocks of flint, and shatter; because flintknapping is a subtractive process, much waste material is produced

clay

the finest soil, made up of particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter. Clay is the primary raw material used in the making of ceramics and is a fine-grained sediment, deposited in water, and most often found in former lake and stream deposits. However, natural deposits of clay are rarely suitable for making ceramics; a mix of clay and other materials called a paste is normally used to make pottery (either intentionally or unintentionally).

Lomekwian

the name of three archaeological sites in Kenya where ancient stone tools have been discovered a proposed new tool tradition or industry based on what appears to be 3.3-million-year-old tools at the Lomekwi locality in Kenya, Africa

quarry

the object of a hunt; prey (v.) to cut or take from (or as if from) a quarry; (n.) a place from which stone is taken; something that is hunted or pursued

curation

the process of preparing archaeological materials for permanent storage, and the storage of that material Special-purpose implements that require specific raw materials and substantial time and labor to manufacture. Curated tools can often be repaired or recycled and are normally discarded only when exhausted. Contrast with expedient tools

agriculture

the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products. Agriculture represents one of the major changes in the evolution of human culture and is an important focus of archaeobotany. An important distinction in agricultural plants is made between seed crops, plants that reproduce sexually by making and dispersing seeds, and root crops, plants that reproduce asexually from shoots or cuttings (potatoes, yams, manioc, and taro). Most evidence for early domesticated plants comes from seed crops

mortuary analysis

the study of burial data to determine patterns of demography, status, and politics study of graves and their contents to learn about past societies and individuals Mortuary analysis is the study of graves and their contents to learn about past societies and individuals.

paleopathology

the study of diseases in ancestral human populations the study of ancient patterns of disease, disorders, and trauma study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites Paleopathology is the study of medical disorders and injury in human skeletal remains. Nutritional problems may be reflected in poorly developed bones and a low average height for the population. Cause of death can only be determined in a small percentage of burials but violence is not infrequently reflected in the human skeleton

taphonomy

the study of what happens to the remains of an animal from the time of death to the time of discovery The study of the deposition of plant or animal remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation. The study of how bones and other materials come to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils. Taphonomy is the study of what happens to an organism after its death and includes decomposition, postmortem transport, burial, and a variety of other biological, physical, and chemical changes. It is useful for understanding the site formation process, the paleoenvironment, and the nature of the sample of prehistoric animals

elemental analysis

use of percentage composition data to determine the empirical formula The process of analyzing a material for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition the experimental measurement of the percent composition of elements in a compound

aplastic

without development pertaining to a failure to form failure of bone marrow to produce stem cells because it has been damaged by disease, cancer, radiation, or chemotherapy drugs; rare but serious form of anemia