Intro to Biology Exam II Part 1
Which of the following describes a way that breast cancer influences the physiology of the body ?
All of the choices are correct
As bone cancer causes bone to break down what might be observed in a patients body chemistry?
Calcium would be released into the blood stream causing high calcium levels.
In most organisms the flow of information is from
DNA, RNA , then protein
Alkylating agents work to prevent the cell from replicating its genetic material thus preventing cell division. At which checkpoint would the cell most likely stop ?
G2 checkpoint
Which of the following is true concerning checkpoints of the cell cycle?
Most cells that undergo mitosis cannot proceed through all the cell cycle checkpoint and end up undergoing apoptosis.
Reverse transcriptase does not have a high degree of fidelity this means that
Rna viruses tend to be more prone to evolution compared to DNA viruses
A woman inherits a mutant BRCA1 allele from her mother. She has an increased risk of developing breast cancer because
a mutation in her normal BRCA1 allele may lead to cancer, whereas a normal individual would have to acquire two mutations (one in each allele) to develop cancer.
Growth factors work as signaling molecules. When they bind to receptor on target cells , they function to
activate proto oncogenes stimulating cell division
The activities of macrophages
are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils
Darwin was very interested in the observation that animals on distant and isolated landmasses appeared to be related to animals on the mainland
biogeographical
Angiogenesis contributes to carcinogenesis because
causes additional mutations to occur in tumor cells
Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells?
cells with abnormal nuclei
The steps involved in a single PCR cycle in the correct order are
heat to denature DNA strands , cool to allow primer anneal, heat slightly to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA
immunotherapy works on the basis of
helping the body to distinguish self cells from non self cells and to destroy only noself sells
if blood sugar levels drop below normal the digestive system is primarily responsible for returning levels to normal . This is an example of
homeostasis
CRISPR systems have been used in cancer treatments to
inactivate faulty genes that are responsible for the cell cycle causing them to slow down or stop cell division
Joan and her doctor notice a suspicious lump in her breast Joan also has a family history of breast cancer . Which of the following is likely the next step as they work to determine the cause of the lump?
performing a mastectomy to remove all breast tissue in that breast
At what level of biological organization does evolution take place?
population
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for an altered protein that is secreted from the cell?
rough endoplasmic reticulum- golgi apparatus -plasma membrane
Which of the following is the correct association?
sister-chromatids- two identical chromosome strands still attached at the centromere
Cancer occurs when
the regulation of the cell cycle is lost and uncontrolled cell division occurs.
Which of the following statements best describe how alkylating agents work as chemotherapy ?
Alkylating agents work to prevent the cell from replicating its genetic material preventing cell division
If cancer is discovered at an early stage surgical removal is most likely used a a first means of treatment before chemotherapy this is because chemotherapy agents
All of the above
Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells bordering the open space will begin dividing until they have filled the empty space. What does this experiment show?
All of the answer choices are correct
All of the following statements describe methods to scan the body for cancer except for one : Select the method that is mismatched:
Computerized tomography CT scans use radio waves and magnets to obtained a detailed picture of organs within the body
Which of the following forms of genetic information has direct contact with amino acids and therefore directly imacts the specific type of protein product being produced?
DNA, mRNA, and tRNA
Rebecca found out that she has a mass of dividing cells called a tumor in her ovaries. She has had tests and is returning to the doctor. Which of the following would be the best news that Rebecca could receive ?
It is a benign tumor
Which of the following is true about mutations?
Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
Which of the following is the correct sequence fot the cell cycle?
S-G2-M-G1
Which of the following statements is true regarding stage 3 cancers?
The tumor has spread to distant organs
When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both the viruses to reassemble them to a new form of virus
antigenic shift
If tumor cells have a faulty nonfunctional proteinase they will be unable to undergo which of the following processes?
apoptosis
Which kind of Tcell is most important in the removal of virally infected cells from the body ?
cytotoxic T cells
As a wavelength increases the associated energy
decreases
during the process of immunotherapy, cells are removed and genetically engineered with genes against tumors. This means that while blood cells will now
display tumor antigens on their cell surface stimulating cytotoxic T cells to attack tumor cells.
Robert has a tumor on his brain that requires radiation. Before his treatment doctors perform a CT scan so they can know where the beam of radiation. Robert's head is shaved in that area and he receives a tiny circle tattoo to allow the radiation technician the beam of radiation. What type of radiation is Robert receiving?
external radiation therapy
During which stage of cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate?
interphase
There are three major parts within each DNA nucleotide Of these three which is responsible foe the storage of genetic information
its four nitrogen bases
Enzymes are able to speed up the rate of a reaction by
lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed
Antiviral medicines target specific stages of the viral life cycle... Which of the following is not a stage of the life cycle
maturation
Although cancer may originate in many regions of the body, many patients die from a cancerous growth in the lungs, lymph glands, or liver. This is most readily explained as
metastasis occurring more commonly in organs that have a filter effect
Environmental air temperature can fluctuate many degrees during the course of the day. A humans body temperature
must be maintained within a range of a few degrees
Blood tests can provide information on blood chemistry in order to determine if the organs in the body are functioning correctly. Which of the following test results would be least likely to cause the suspicion of cancer?
negative findings of CA 15.3 (none is present in the blood)
When the influenza virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract the infected cell responds by
posting antigens on its cell surface acting as a flag for the cytotoxic cells to destroy it
Some of the drugs used in chemotherapy work by
preventing spindle formation
Which type of genes when abnormally activated so that protein is always present and active can result in cancer?
proto oncogenes
Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their
rate of cell division
Sarah has thyroid cancer. As part of her treatment she is given an injection of radioactive iodine that will be absorbed by her thyroid helping target those cells. This is an example of
systemic radiation therapy
Cancer can originate in any area of the body. However death rates are often highest for those cancers involving organs within the digestive , cardiovascular and respiratory systems. This is most likely because
these organs play vital roles in maintaining homeostasis