Intro. to Business

Maslow's Hierarchy

A theory that arranges the five basic needs of people- physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization into the order in which people strive to satisfy them

Organizational Chart

A visual display of the organizational structure, lines of authority (chain of command), staff relationships, permanent committee arrangements, and lines of communication

Self-Directed Work Team (SDWT)

a group of employees responsible for an entire work process or segment that delivers a product to an internal or external customer

Mediation

a method of outside resolution of labor and management differences in which the third party's role is to suggest or propose a solution to the problem

Total Quality Management (TQM)

a philosophy that uniform commitment to quality in all areas of an organization that will promote a culture that meeting customers' expectations

Flextime

a program that allows employees to choose their work times provided they are at work for a specified core period

ISO 9000

a series of quality assurance standards designed by the Internal Organization for Standardization (ISO) to ensure consistent product quality under many conditions

Wage/Salary Transfer

a study that tells a company how much other companies are paying for specific jobs that firms have in common

Job Description

a written explanation of a specific job usually including title, tasks, relationship with other jobs, physical/mental skills, duties and responsibilities

Job Englargement

addition of more tasks to a job, rather than treating each task as separate

Human Resources Management (HRM)

all the activities involved in determining an organizations human resources needs, as well as acquiring, training, and compensating people to fill those needs

Supply Chain Management

connecting and integrating all parties or members of the distribution system in order to satisfy customers

Labor Unions

employee organizations formed to deal with employers for achieving better pay, hours, and working conditions

Guideline on Discrimination based on Religion

employers have an obligation to accomodate religious practices unless they can demonstrate a resulting hardship

Escalator Principal (USERRA)

ensures reservists can return to a level (ie-promotion) that employee would have reached had they not been in service

Recruiting

forming a pool of applicants from which management can select employees

Job Enrichment

incorporation of motivational factors such as opportunity for achievement/recognition

Affirmative Action Programs

legally mandated plans that try to increase job opportunities for minority groups by analyzing the current pool of workers, identifying areas where women and minorities are underrepresented and establishing specific hiring and promotion goals for addressing the discrepancy

Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967

made it illegal to discriminate anyone 40yrs and over: there can be no mandated retirement age

Compressed Work week

a four-day (or shorter) period during which an employee works for 40hrs.

ISO 14000

A comprehensive set of environmental standards that encourages companies to conduct business in a cleaner, safer, and less wasteful way. Provides set or standards globally

Projectional Organization

A company using a fixed-position layout b/c it is typically involved in large, complex projects

Organizational Culture

A firm's shared values, beliefs, traditions, philosophies, rules, and role models for behavior

Fixed-Position Layout

A layout that brings all resource required to create the product to a central location

Process Layout

A layout that organizes the transformation process into departments that group related processes

Theory Z

A management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making

Economic Order Quality (EOQ) Model

A model that identifies the optimum number of items to order to minimize the costs of managing them

Team

A small group whose members have complementary skills: have a common purpose, goals, and approach, and hold themselves mutually accountable

Line-and-Staff Structure

A structure having a traditional line relationship between superiors and subordinates, and also specialized managers, aka staff managers who are available to assist line managers

Centralized Organization

A structure in which authority is concentrated at the top, and very little decision making authority is delegated to lower levels

Multi-Divisional Structure

A structure that organizes departments into larger groups called divisions

Matrix Structure

A structure that sets up teams from different departments, thereby creating two or more intersecting lines of authority: also called a project-management structure

Statistical Process Control

A system in which management collects and analyzes info. about the production process to pinpoint quality problems in the system

Inventory

All raw materials, component, or products and pieces of equipment a firm uses

Decentralized Organization

An organization in which decision making authority is delegated as far down the chain of command as possible

Hygiene Factors

Aspect of Herzberg's theory of motivation: focus on the work setting and not the content of the work, including adequate wages, comfortable/safe conditions, fair policies, and job security

Motivational Factors

Aspects of Herzbergs theory of motivation: focus on the content of the work including achievement, recognition, involvement, responsibility, and advancement

Equity Theory

Assumption that how much people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the rewards they will receive in exchange

Expectancy Theory

Assumption that motivation depends not on how much someone wants something but on how they will get it

Behavior Modification

Changing behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself

Sexual Harassment

Employers are liable for acts of supervisors regardless of whether employer is aware of sexual harassment. Responsible for acts of co-workers, and non-epmloyees in the workplace. They must take IMMEDIATE and APPROPRIATE action

Delegation of Authority

Giving employees not only tasks but also the power to make commitments, use resources, and take whatever actions are necessary to carry out those tasks

Product Layout

Layout requiring that production be broken down into relatively simple tasks assigned to workers who are usually positioned along an assembly line

Computer-assisted Manufacturing

Manufacturing that employs specialized computer systems to guide and control transformation process

Theory Y

McGregor's humanistic view of management whereby it is assumed that most workers like work and that under proper conditions they will seek out responsibility in an attempt to satisfy their own needs

Theory X

McGregor's traditional view of management whereby it is assumed that workers generally dislike work and are forced to do jobs

Job Rotation

Movement of employees from one job to another to relieve boredom

Turnover

Occurs when employees quit or are fired and must be replaced by new employees

Intermittent Organizations

Organizations that deal with products of a lesser magnitude. Products are not necessarily unique but possess a significant number of differences.

Job Sharing

Performance of one full time job by two people on part-time hours

Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)

Prohibits discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities. it covers people with mental/physical disabilities. no pre-employment inquiries or medical exams

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

Prohibits discrimination in employment and created the equal employment opportunity commission

Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA)

Protects reservists and national guard members and entitles them ti return to civilian employment. it minimizes disadvantages to civilian careers because of services

Computer-integrated Manufacturing

a complete system that designs products, manages machines and materials and controls the operations function

Functional Departmentalization

The grouping of jobs that perform similar functional activities, such as finance, manufacturing, marketing, and human resources.

Job Specification

a description of the necessary qualifications for a specific job

Organizational Layers

The levels of management in an organization

Standardization

The making of identical interchangeable components or products

Customer Departmentalization

The arrangement of jobs around the needs of various types of customers

Structure

The arrangement or relationship of positions within an organization

Modular Design

The creation of an item that can be combined or inter-changed to form different products

Job Analysis

The determination through observation/study of info. about a job, including specific tasks, necessary abilities, knowledge, and skills

Operations Management

The development and administration of the activities involved in transforming resources into goods and services

Flexible Manufacturing

The direction of machinery by computers to adapt to different versions of similar objects

Specialization

The division of labor into small, specific tasks and the assignment of employees to do a single task

Geographical Departmentalization

The grouping of jobs according to geographic location, such as state, region, country, or continent

Departmentalization

The grouping of jobs into working units usually called departments, units, divisions, or groups

Self-Actualization Needs

The need to be the best one can be: at the top of Maslows hierarchy

Span of Management

The number of subordinates who report to a particular manager

Product Departmentalization

The organization of jobs in relation to the products of the firm

Line Structure

The simplest organizational structure in which direct lines of authority extend from the top manager to the lowest level of the organization

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act created EEOC: filing a discrimination charge initiates EEOC, charges must be filed in 180 days

Group

Two or more individuals who communicate with each other, share a common identity, and have a common goal

Profit Sharing

a form of compensation whereby a percentage of company profits is distributed to the employees whose work helped generate them

Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

prohibits discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions

Tall Organization

pyramid-type organization that has relatively large number of levels in its hierarchy of authority

Arbitration

settlement of a labor/management dispute by a third party whose solution is legally binding and enforceable

Quality-Assurance Teams

small groups of workers brought together throughout an organization to solve specific quality, productivity, or service problems

Computer-assisted Design (CAD)

the design of components, products, and processes on computers instead of on paper

Physiological Needs

the most basic human needs- water, food, shelter, and clothing

Social Needs

the need for love, companionship, and friendship, the desire for acceptance by others

Esteem Needs

the need for respect both from oneself and others

Security Needs

the need to protect oneself from physical and economic harm

Collective Bargaining

the negotiation process through which management and unions reach an agreement about compensation, working hours, and working conditions for the bargaining unit

Diversity

the participation of different ages, genders, races, ethnicities, and abilities in the workplace

Quality Control

the processes an organization uses to maintain its established quality standards

Classical Theory of Motivation

theory suggesting that money is the sole motivator coined by frederick w. taylor

Just-in-time (JIT) Inventory Management

using smaller quantities of materials that arrive for use without storage process