Intro to comm midterm

What are two things that influence one's communication?

Dominant/non-dominant groups, attitudes

Quiz 7: "Sexuality is a preference, not an orientation."

False

Quiz 7: we should think of our identities as constant

False

What is communication apprehension and what are some strategies to make it better?

Fear or anxiety experienced by someone due to real or perceived communication with others -Trait CA: general anxiety related to communication Strategies to make it better: Systematic Desensitization -the more we do something, the less it bothers us -imagine yourself: •preparing and practicing the speech •delivering the speech •returning to your seat Cognitive Restructuring -changing the way we think -processing fears as rational vs. irrational -Communication-oriented modification therapy (COM therapy) -positive visualization Skills Training -learning skills that improve speaking behaviors -feedback & constructive criticism -self-evaluation -don't get sidetracked by small errors Physical Relaxation -breathing and stretching release endorphins -deep breathing from diaphragm -stretching calf muscles and wrists

What are the different types of speeches?

Formal - audience has specifically come to see you ~Graduation, speech for class Vocational - speaking as part of your job ~teachers, servers Impromptu -spontaneous daily interactions ~give geographical directions

Describe the halo effect and the horn effect.

Halo effect occurs when initial positive perceptions lead us to view later interactions as positive Horn effect occurs when initial negative perceptions lead us to view later interactions as negative.

How does noise function in the communication process?

Influences how we receive messages, hearing and listening are two different things

Describe the difference between internal and external attributions.

Internal attribution: connect the cause of behaviors to personal aspects such as personality traits External attribution connect the cause of behaviors to situational factors Attributions are important to consider because our reactions to others' behaviors are strongly influenced by the explanations we reach

List the five different forms of communication and describe how each functions.

Intrapersonal communication: This is communication with oneself using internal vocalization or reflective thinking. Serve social functions, internal vocalization can help us achieve or maintain social adjustment Interpersonal communication: is communication between people whose lives mutually influence one another. Builds maintain, and ends our relationships, we spend more time engaged in interpersonal communication than the other forms. More structured and influenced by social expectations, goal-oriented, fulfills instrumental and relational needs Group communication: is communication among three or more people interacting to achieve a shared goal. More intentional and formal, task-focused. Public communication: is a sender-focused form of communication in which one person is typically responsible for conveying information to an audience. Is the most consistently intentional, formal, and goal-oriented form of communication. Mass communication: when it is transmitted to many people through print or electronic media. Television, website, blogs, and social media

Quiz 1: In which era of communication did communication turn from mostly oral to written culture

Manuscript era

Quiz 8: Which of the following is NOT a pattern you could follow when organizing your speech?

alphabetical pattern

Quiz 1: Which of the following is NOT an example of effective communication?

always insisting your perspective is correct

Quiz 7: Which is NOT a benefit of an intercultural relationship?

language barriers

Quiz 2: Which of the following is NOT a Big Five Personality Trait?

perception

Quiz 2: ________ is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information

perception

Quiz 2: _________________ is a person's general way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

personality

Quiz 7: Which of the following is NOT a component of intercultural communication competence (ICC)?

persuasion

Quiz 8: A purpose statement is the general objective you want to accomplish in your speech and a thesis statement is a summary of the general idea of your speech.

to praise

Quiz 2: Our culture can affect the way we perceive other people.

true

Quiz 2: Perception is subjective, meaning there is more than one way to "see" a person.

true

Quiz 7: Race & gender are socially and culturally constructed concepts

true

Quiz 8: When choosing a topic for a speech, which should you NOT consider?

what color your notecards will be

Quiz 8: Which of the following is NOT a type of supporting material that can be used in a speech?

you friend's opinion

What makes visual aids effective?

• Helping your audience remember information because it is presented orally and visually • Helping your audience understand information because it is made more digestible through diagrams, charts, and so on • Helping your audience see something in action by demonstrating with an object, showing a video, and so on • Engaging your audience by making your delivery more dynamic through demonstration, gesturing, and so on -reinforce content -repeat information -make information more accessible -see things in action

Identify the types of needs that communication meets.

• Physical Needs: necessary for physical health. Keep our bodies and minds functioning (without personal relationships, we decline) • Identity Needs: teaches us who we are - we decide who we are based on how others react to us - ex. Genie, Wild Boy of Aveyron. Include our need to present ourselves to others and be thought of in particular and desired ways • Social / Relational Needs: tool through which to develop, maintain, and end relationships. Include needs that help us maintain social bonds and interpersonal relationships • Instrumental / Practical Needs: we use communication to meet goals we have: to direct, inform, explain, advocate, connect, learn, work. Needs that help us get things done in our day to day lives and achieve short and long term goals

Identify ways in which you can build communication competence.

•Focus on observing and learning from others' behaviors (good communicators have good "cognitive complexity") • Put that knowledge to good use • Be a mindful communicator - pay attention to context & multiple perspectives, listen actively

Why is embracing differences important to communication?

•Ideas of "dominant" and "non-dominant" are culturally constructed. They are not natural or inherent. •Perceived differences often lead to stereotyping, prejudice, and communication problems •Claiming to "not see color" or to "see everyone as a human being" ignores how historical & cultural differences have shaped people •allows us to create a more just society • helps us to embrace diversity • creates safer, more inclusive work environments & schools

Give examples of welcoming body language while giving a speech (not including facial expressions).

- Appearance: attractive (clean, neat, unwrinkled); "look sharp, feel sharp" (p. 416) - Movement: "action zone"; natural gestures -Posture: straight spine, relaxed shoulders, feet angled out, head up - Facial Expression: a warm smile - Eye Contact: increases engagement, decreases nerves - sweep audience, memorize start & finish - Volume: loud enough to hear, but not too loud - Rate: not too fast (most common) or too slow - Pitch: highness/lowness of voice - talk "with" your audience, not "at" them - Articulation: correct pronunciation

Four ways to inform during a speech were discussed in your text. Name and describe them.

-Description - creating verbal pictures for your audience -"imagine that..." -Definitions -informing clearly and concisely -Synonyms/antonyms, identifying function, giving examples -Explanation -sharing how something works, came to be, why something happened, give context -Demonstration -give directions & show how to do them

Describe the elements that make for an effective speech delivery.

-Description - creating verbal pictures for your audience -"imagine that..." -Definitions -informing clearly and concisely -Synonyms/antonyms, identifying function, giving examples -Explanation -sharing how something works, came to be, why something happened, give context -Demonstration -give directions and show how to do them

Know the different types of supporting material that can be used in an informative speech.

-Examples: a cited case that is representative of a larger whole, beneficial when presenting information that an audience may not be familiar with -Explanations: clarify ideas by providing information about what something is, why something is the way it is, or how something works or came to be (ex. definitions) -Statistics: are numerical representations of information, very credible as evidence by their frequent use. -Analogies: Involve comparisons of ideas, items, or circumstances. When you compare two things that actually exist -Testimony: This is quoted information from people with direct knowledge about a subject or situation. Expert testimony is from people who are credentialed or recognized experts in a given subject. Lay testimony is often a recounting of a person's experiences, which is more subjective -Visual Aids: Help a speaker reinforce speech content visually, which amplifies the speaker's message. They can be used to present any of the types of supporting materials discussed previously

Know the stages of dominant and nondominant identity development.

1.Unexamined - do not think about identities; do not see hierarchy or privilege 2.Acceptance - accept that some people are treated differently but do nothing about it; acknowledge inequality but are proud to be "superior" 3.Resistance - acknowledge the unearned advantages and feel guilt or shame about it; may begin to disassociate with their own dominant group 4.Redefinition - use power to work for social justice Stages in Nondominant Identity Development: had and currently have less resources and influence 1.Unexamined Identity - lack of awareness/interest in identity 2.Conformity - adopting the values/norms of a dominant group 3.Resistance and Separation - challenge the dominant group; separate & interact only with nondominant others 4.Integration - find a balance between non-dominant/dominant identities

Describe how a purpose statement is different from a thesis statement.

A purpose statement is a one-sentence statement that includes the objective you want to accomplish in your speech. A thesis statement is a one-sentence summary of the central idea of your speech that you with explain or defend.

QUiz 8: How does a specific purpose statement differ from a thesis statement?

A purpose statement is the general objective you want to accomplish in your speech and a thesis statement is a summary of the general idea of your speech.

Quiz 8: What should you include in the introduction of your speech?

A thesis statement, a preview of your main points, and an attention getter.

Why is a dialectical approach to communication beneficial?

Allows us to capture the dynamism of intercultural communication. A dialectic is a relationship between two opposing concepts that constantly push and pull one another. Helps us realize that our experiences often occur in between two different phenomena. Instead of seeing things as dichotomies like wrong/right, black/white, good/bad, we see complexity and nuance with dialectics

Describe the difference between avowed and ascribed identities.

Ascribed identities are personal, social, or cultural identities that are placed on us by others. Avowed: are identities that we claim for ourselves

Know the differences between attitudes, beliefs, and values.

Attitudes; what we like and dislike Values: What we think is right/wrong, good/bad Beliefs: what we think is true/false

Identify what information overload is.

Avoid information overload: barrier to listening that happens when there's too much information to process. Spend 30% of your time introducing new material and 70% of your time repackaging it. Make it easy to lister. Limit your information and choose it carefully

Quiz 1: Having ___ means someone knows effective and appropriate communication patterns and uses and adapts that knowledge in various contexts

Communication competence

Identify the principles of outlining.

Consistency: should follow standard outline format. In standard outline formatting, main points are indicated by capital Roman numerals, subpoints are indicated by capital letters, and sub-points are indicated by Arabic numerals Unity: Each letter or number represents one idea. One concrete way to help reduce the amount of ideas you include per intel is to limit each letter or number to one complete sentence Coherence: There should be a logical and natural flow of ideas, with main points, subpoints, and sub-points connecting to each other. Can also be met by making sure that when dividing a main point or subpoint, you include at least two subdivisions Emphasis: the material included in your outline should be engaging and balanced. Choose supporting material into your outline that will have the most impact on your audience

Define culture and explain how it factors into communication. Include discussions of race, gender and sexuality.

Culture is the ongoing negotiation of learned and patterned beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors. cultures vary greatly and impact how we see the world and people around us Sight - we "read" art differently Sound - music in some cultures can be displeasing Touch - different ideas of gestures/contact Taste - "stinky tofu," a favorite snack in Taiwan Smell - body odor

What qualities makes a topic appropriate for a persuasive speech?

Current - relevant now -current: people should not text while driving -not current: people should use seatbelts Controversial - different sides; not inflammatory -controversial: recycling should be mandated by law -not controversial: people should recycle -inflammatory: QANON is more reliable than the MSM Meaningful - impacts society -meaningful: colleges and universities should adopt zero-tolerance bullying policies -not impactful: Superman is the best superhero Clear thesis - argumentative and states stance

Describe the process of perception and name two barriers to perception.

Perception of the self as an individual with unique feelings, thoughts, and motives, is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information. Perception process: selecting, organizing, and interpreting. Selecting which we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information. Organizing which we sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns. Interpreting which we assign meaning to our experiences using mental structures known as schemata. Barriers to perceiving others: lazy listening skills, lack of empathy, or stereotypes, and prejudice, various filters, and blinders influence how we perceive and respond to others. Barriers to self-perception: barriers to accurate and positive self-perceptions and patterns of behavior that perpetuate negative self-perception cycles

Quiz 1: Communication in integrated into all parts of our lives. Which aspect of our lives uses communication to build, maintain, and end relationships

Personal

Quiz 1: Communication meets need. _____ needs are needs that keep our bodies and minds functioning in a healthy way

Physical

Identify the different organizational patterns persuasive speeches can use.

Primacy: put your most important info first Recency: put your most important info last Problem-solution: introduce issue and explain approach to solving it Cause-effect: descrive catalyst and outcome Monroe's Motivated sequence: 1) hook the audience's attention 2) explain why audience needs to learn about issue 3) offer solution that will bring satisfaction 4) Visualize positive outcome 5) call to action

Quiz 8: The transition to college-level research means turning away from general reference materials and focusing on more primary sources. What is a primary source?

Primary sources are written by people with firsthand experience with an event or researchers/scholars who conducted original research.

Identify self-concept and self-esteem.

Self- Concept: refers to the overall idea of who a person thinks he or she is. A broad description of the self •moods, appearance, social traits, talents, interests, intellect, etc. •looking glass theory: we see ourselves how others view us •social comparison theory: we see ourselves in terms of how we compare to other people Are we similar/different? Superior/inferior? This effects our self-esteem Self-Esteem: Refers to the judgments and evaluations we make about our self-concept, more specifically an evaluation of the self * the judgments and evaluations we make about ourselves & our self-concept * -has a powerful effect on how we communicate -varies over our lives & in different contexts -not all judgments carry the same weight

Quiz 8: What are signposts?

Statements that help the audience navigate your speech, such as explicit transitions

What are important parts of an introduction to a speech? A conclusion?

The introduction includes the attention getter, introduction of topic, credibility, and relevance, and preview statement. Conclusion: Includes the summary of importance, review of main points, and closing statement

Quiz 7: ___________________ is a system of beliefs and practices that produces a "normal" physical and mental standard of behavior for a human being and labels deviations from it as "abnormal," resulting in unequal treatment and access to resources.

ableism

Define communication.

The process of generating meaning by sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal symbols and signs that are influenced by multiple contexts. continuous and ongoing and occurs over time, not instantly. does not occur in isolation (it is relational or transactional). It is something we do with others, not something we do to them. uses arbitrary symbols that are only given meaning by rules, norms, customs, and contextThe process of generating meaning by sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal symbols and signs that are influenced by multiple contexts. continuous and ongoing and occurs over time, not instantly. does not occur in isolation (it is relational or transactional). It is something we do with others, not something we do to them. uses arbitrary symbols that are only given meaning by rules, norms, customs, and context

Quiz 1: In the ___ model of communication, participants are identified as "communicatiors", not "senders" or "recievers"

Transaction

Quiz 1: Communication is a process that is continuous and always changing, meaning it is dynamic

True

Quiz 8: When analyzing an audience before giving a speech, you should consider their attitudes, beliefs and values. Which of the following is an example of someone's values?

What we consider to be right or wrong, good or bad

What are the different types of outlines?

Working Outline: - your "construction map" for your speech - rough ideas that are fluid, and will change Formal Outline: What you will hand in to me - see p. 378-381 in textbook for example (and Bb) - written in full sentences and proofread - includes the purpose, thesis, topic, title, etc

Quiz 7: One of the major challenges in dominant identity development is __________________.

accepting there are social and cultural hierarchies that treat people differently

Quiz 7: ______________ identities are personal, social, or cultural identities that are placed on us by others, while ____________ identities are those that we claim for ourselves.

ascribed/abowed

Quiz 7: Which is NOT a stage of nondominant identity development?

avoidance

Quiz 1: What is the meaning of "communication"

communication is the process of generating meaning by sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal symbols and signs that are influenced by multiple contexts

Transmission model

describes communication as a linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver. Focuses on the sender and message with in communication encounter.

Interaction model

describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological context.

Quiz 8: Wikipedia is considered a scholarly and credible source.

false

Quiz 1: ___ communication exist between 3 or more people and is used to achieve a shared goal

group

Quiz 2: The _________ occurs when initial positive perceptions lead us to view later interactions as positive

halo effect

Transaction model

portrays context as physical and psychological influences that enhance or impede communication

Quiz 1: What aspects of culture might affect the way people communicate

race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation

Quiz 2: _______________is the first part of the perception process, in which we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information.

selection

Quiz 2: __________________ refers to the overall idea of who a person thinks they are.

self-concept

Quiz 2: ________ refers to the judgments people make about their ability to perform a task within a specific context.

self-efficacy

Quiz 2: ________________ is the judgments and evaluations we make about our self-concept

self-esteem

Quiz 7: The ____________ dialectic suggests that culture and communication change over time, yet often appear to be and are experienced as stable.

static-dynamic