Intro to Criminal Justice 1

A criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin is called _____. A. cyberterrorism B. stalking C. hate crime D. organized crime

C (A criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity

Which of the following isn't true of determinate sentencing? A. A convicted offender is sentenced to a fixed term that may be reduced by good time or gain time B. Eliminated the use of traditional parole and created explicit standards to specify the amount of punishment appropriate for a given offense C. Became common in the 1980's as states began to experiment with sentencing guidelines developed by sentencing commissions D. Policies that were not required by law, were usually based on past sentencing practices, but served as guides to judges

C (Presumptive sentencing became common in the 1980's as states began to experiment with sentencing guidelines developed by sentencing commissions)

The traditional body of unwritten historical precedents based on everyday social customs, rules, and practices is called _______. A. penal code B. case law C. statutory law D. common law

D (Common law is the traditional body of unwritten historical precedents created from everyday social customs, rules, and practices)

Caroline is a corrections officer in a state-run prison. She is responsible for avertng crises among prison inmates that could arise as a result of outside terrorist actions. Which of the following will help her against terrorism? A. Forming security threat groups within the prison B. Confining more prisoners than the prison's capacity C. Transferring influential inmates and altering the power structure D. Collecting and sharing information

D (Corrections officers can help in the fight against terrorism through effective intelligence gathering and intelligence sharing.)

Which of the following is not one of the four traditional sentencing options? A. death sentence B. probation C. fines D. deterrence

D (Deterrence is not a traditional sentencing option but is instead a goal of sentencing)

Roberto is convicted in a shoplifting case and is sentenced to eight months imprisonment. He is housed in a facility where correctional officers and inmates are free to interact with one another. He is allotted an individual room, which is easily accessible to the prison officials. Roberto is most likely to be housed in a ________. A. U.S. penitentiary B. administrative maximum C. maximum-security prison D. direct-supervision jail

D (Direct-supervision jails are designed to allow an open environment in which inmates and corrections personnel can mingle with relative freedom. They also helped eliminate the old physical barriers that separated staff and inmates)

Benjamin, who is defined as mentally retarded, displays frequent, violent outbursts. During one such outburst, he kills his caretaker and two other mentally handicapped inmates in a mental health facility. Which of the following Supreme Court rulings will spare Benjamin from a death sentence? A. Furman v. Georgia (1972) B. Woodsom v. North Carolina (1976) C. Baze v. Rees (2008) D. Atkins v. Virginia (2002)

D (In Atkins V. Virginia (2002), the Court ruled that the execution of mentally retarded people violates the Constitution's ban on cruel and unusual punishments)

Which of the following is not one of the disadvantages of probation and parole? A. Increased social costs B. Increased risk to the community C. Relative lack of punishment D. Increased opportunity for rehabilitation

D (Probation and parole can both be useful behavioral management tools: they reward cooperative offenders with freedom and allow for the opportunity to shape the behavior of offenders who may be difficult to reach through other programs)

Which of the following acts was passed to reduce the number of people being returned to prison after parole release? A. The Mann Act B. The National Probation Act C. The Comprehensive Crime Control Act D. The Second Chance Act

D (The Second Chance Act's purpose is to reduce the number of people being returned to prisons after parole release due to state-run "hair-trigger" parole systems that send large numbers of people back to prison not for new crimes, but for technical violations or other relatively minor reasons)

Steven receives a ticket for not wearing a seat belt while driving. Which of the following categories of crime is depicted in this case? A. an infraction B. espionage C. a felony D. treason

A (A minor violation of state statute or local ordinance punishable by a fine or other penalty is known as an infraction. Steven commits an infraction as he failed to wear a seat belt while driving)

In contrast to men's prisons, the institutions for women _______. A. were not designed to specifically house them B. have meaningful prison programs C. have a violent and predatory subculture D. do not have activities of sexual misconduct between staff and inmates

A (A significant number of institutions were not designed to house female inmates.)

Which term refers to the size of the inmate population a facility can handle according to the judgement of experts? A. Operational capacity B. Rated capacity C. Design capacity D. Prison capacity

B (Rated capacity refers to the size of the inmate population that a facility can handle according to the judgement of experts)

______ capacity refers to the size of the inmate population that a facility can handle according to the judgement of experts. A. Design B. Rated C. Operational D. Diminished

B (Rated capacity refers to the size of the inmate population that a facility can handle according to the judgement of experts)

Which of the following crimes is most likely to be included in the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? A. Faizal's departmental store is burgled in the middle of the night B. Nadia's car is stolen from her garage C. Peter is arrested for illicit drug use D. Nicole is arrested for prostitution

B (This crime is most likely to be included in the NCVS since it includes data on the national incidence of rape, sexual assault, robbery, assault, burglary, personal and household larceny, and motor vehicle theft)

Roy, a probation officer, ensures that a probationer has taken written tests administered by a psychologist. Which of the following tasks is Roy performing in this scenario? A. Presentence investigations B. Diagnosis C. Client supervision D. Revocation hearings

B (As Roy is conducting a psychological inventory of a probationer, he is performing a diagnosis)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a specific condition of probation? A. Jamal is not allowed to possess firearms. B. Katie is ordered to attend an alcohol education program. C. Keith is asked to remain within the jurisdiction of a state trial court. D. Janet is required to pay a fine to a court to reimburse the medical expenses of a victim.

B (Attending an alcohol education program is an individualized condition; therefore, Katie is subject to a specific probation condition)

_____ capacity refers to the inmate population the institution was originally built to handle A. Operational B. Design C. Rated D. Construction

B (Design capacity refers to the inmate population that the institution was originally built to handle)

Phishing is a form of _______. A. hate crime B. computer crime C. corporate crime D. violent crime

B (One form of cybercrime that relies primarily on social engineering to succeed is phishing. Phishing is a relatively new form of high-technology fraud that uses official-looking e-mail messages to elicit responses from victims, directing them to phony websites)

A concentration camp is best described as a ______. A. fusion center B. total institution C. recreation club D. dispute-resolution center

B (A concentration camp is best described as a total institution or a place cut off from larger society where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives)

Regarding the death penalty, what happened between 1930 and 1967? A. Nearly 200 legal killings took place each year. Executions declined substantially every year thereafter. B. Only 5 offenders were put to death, whereas 39 were executed nationwide C. A de facto moratorium existed, with no executions carried out in any U.S. jurisdiction. Following the lifting of the moratorium, executions resumed D. Nearly 3,800 people were put to death

(Between 1930 and 1967, the year in which the U.S. Supreme Court ordered a nationwide stay of pending executions, nearly 3,800 people were put to death)

Which of the following acts is an example of a first-degree murder? A. Alfred plans and executes the killing of his business rival B. Adam, a police officer, shoots and kills a terrorist C. Ralph, a sailor, kills a whale that attacks his boat D. Mia unintentionally runs over and kills a pedestrian in a freak car accident

A (Alfred's act involves an intentional and unlawful killing of a human being with prior planning, and therefore this act is an example of a first-degree murder)

Of the women entering prisons, about ______ have at least one child younger than age 18. A. 70% B. 85% C. 56% D. 25%

A (Approximately 70% of all women under correctional supervision have at least one child younger than age 18. Two-thirds of incarcerated women have minor children; about two-thirds of women in state prisons and half of women in federal prisons have lived with their young children before entering prison. One out of four women entering prison either has recently given birth or is pregnant)

Tom, a substance abuse offender, is ordered to remain at home every day from 8 PM to 6 AM. This type of intermediate sanction is known as _______. A. curfew B. split sentencing C. shock probation D. shock incarceration

A (As Tom is ordered to remain at home during a certain time of the day, curfew is indicated in this scenario. Curfew is a type of home confinement program that requires program participants to remain at home every day during certain times, usually in the evening)

Which of the following is true of case law? A. It comes from judicial decisions B. It is employed exclusively for criminal cases C. It contributes to unpredictability in laws D. It is based on social customs and practices

A (Case law comes from judicial decisions and represents the accumulated wisdom of trial and appellate courts in criminal civil, and administrative law cases over the years)

Probation and parole are disadvantageous in terms of _______. A. social costs B. ics C. opportunities for rehabilitation D. restitution

A (In addition to the increased risk of new crimes, probation and parole increase that chance that added expenses will accrue to the community in the form of child support, welfare costs, housing expenses, legal aid, indigent health care, and the like)

Which of the following statements is true of indeterminate sentencing? A. It encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences B. It encourages retribution and incapactation through the fixed prison terms C. It includes determinate, presumptive, and voluntary or advisory sentencing guidelines D. It is a form of structured sentencing

A (Indeterminate sentencing encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences)

Which of the following is not a part of structured sentencing? A. indeterminate sentencing B. determinate sentencing C. presumptive sentencing D. voluntary sentencing

A (Indeterminate sentencing is a model of criminal punishment that encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a probation officer carrying out the task of client supervision? A. Joel meets with Gregory, a probationer, every week. B. Matilda tries to settle a case of shoplifting between a 15-year-old and a storekeeper C. Frida collects background information about Mariam, an offender, and provides the details to a sentencing judge. D. Barney determines that a juvenile offender requires enrollment in an alcohol-education program to prevent him from re offending.

A (Joel is carrying out the task of client supervision by conducting periodic meetings with the probationer. Supervision of sentenced probationers is the most active stage of the probation or parole process)

Which of the following distinguishes a first-degree murder from a second-degree murder? A. the degree of malice B. killing of a human being C. intention D. an unlawful killing

A (Malice aforethought that defines first-degree murder is considered more severe than hatred or spite that defines second-degree murder)

This term applies to parolees released through discretionary of mandatory supervised release from prison, those released through other types of post custody conditional supervision, and those sentenced to a term of supervised release. The term is known as _______. A. parole B. medical parole C. parole board D. prisoner reentry

A (Parole is a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a prison term. The term applies to parolees released through discretionary or mandatory supervised release from prison, those released through other types of post-custody conditional supervision, and those sentenced to a term of supervised release.)

_____ is the act of taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator A. retribution B. restoration C. rehabilitation D. deterrence

A (Retribution is the act of taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator or a group of offenders)

Which of the following is true of sentencing practices? A. About 41% of felons convicted in state courts were sentenced to active prison terms; another 28% received jail sentences involving less than one year's confinement B. An average of 60% of convicted defendants in courts of limited jurisdiction receive fines as sentences, some in combination with another penalty C. The average probation sentence was 8 years D. Of the total, 37% were sentenced to probation with no jail or prison time to serve

A (State trial corts convict approximately 1,100,000 felons each year; and another 65,000 or so felony convictions occur each year in federal courts. One recent report found that for felons convicted in state courts about 41% were sentenced to active prison terms; another 28% received jail sentences involving less than one year's confinement)

Which of the following is not part of the intake procedure duties of a probationary officer? A. Client supervision B. Defender-victim dispute resolution C. Recommendation of the best sentencing alternative for a particular case D. Presentence investigation

A (Supervison of sentenced probationers or released parolees is the most active stage of the probation or parole process and is not part of intake procedures)

The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act ______. A. provided for a five-day waiting period before the purchase of a handgun B. outlaws 19 military-style assault weapons C. outlaws handguns D. has been repealed

A (The 1993 Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act mandated a five-day waiting period before the purchase of a handgun, and it established a national instant criminal background check system that firearms dealers must use before selling a handgun)

Which of the following statements is true of the Second Chance Act? A. It intends to break the cycle of criminal recidivism. B. It authorizes the allocation of one probation officer per federal judge. C. It drastically decreases the percentage of federal sentences that can be served in home confinement D. It requires release from county supervision within one year for persons who demonstrate good behavior.

A (The Second Chance Act intends to break the cycle of criminal recidivism by assisting offenders reentering the community from incarceration to establish a self-sustaining and law-abiding life)

Which of the following acts requires judges to consider victim-impact statements at federal sentencing hearings and places responsibility for their creation on federal probation officers? A. The Victim and Witness Protection Act B. The USA PATRIOT Act C. The Victims of Crime Act D. The Violence against Women Act

A (The Victim and Witness Protection Act requires judges to consider victim-impact statements at federal sentencing hearings and places responsibility for their creation on federal probation officers)

Hector believes that only the tough and the strong can survive inside a prison. He often spends time in solitary confinement. In this case, he is most likely to be described as _______. A. a mean dude B. religious C. an opportunist D. a hedonist

A (The mean dudes are those inmates who adjust to prison life by being violent and spend much time in solitary confinement. Prison culture supports this kind of behavior based on the prevalent assumption that only the tough and the strong can survive inside a prison)

The purpose of incapacitation is to _________. A. reduce the likelihood that an offender will commit future offenses B. make a victim whole again through healing practices C. inhibit criminal behavior through the fear of punishment D. reform a criminal offender through education and psychological treatment

A (The purpose of incapactation is to reduce the likelihood that an offender will commit future offenses)

Prisonization refers to the ________. A. socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture B. movement toward the wider use of private prisons C. release of an accused person from custody upon his promise to appear in court D. transition involving prisoner reentry into the community

A (The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture has been described as a process of prisonization)

The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the _____ of prison riots. A. explosive decade B. mainstay C. death knell D. historic era

A (While American prisons are relatively calm today, the 10 years between 1970 and 1980 were called the "explosive decade" of prison riots. The decade began with a massive uprising at Attica Prison in New York State in September 1971, which resulted in 43 deaths and left more than 80 men wounded)

Which of the following sanctions is not considered an intermediate sanction? A. community service B. fines C. home confinement D. shock incarceration

B (A fine is a traditional sanction that requires offenders to pay money as penalty for crimes)

Who among the following conducts a presentence investigation? A. A defense attorney B. A parole officer C. A defendant D. A judge

B (A parole or probation officer conducts a presentence investigation and presents it to sentencing authorities)

Who among the following provides a valid argument in support of privatization of prisons? A. Mia states that the procurement process for private prisons is devoid of risks B. Amir states that private prisons provide employment opportunities to the local population C. Susanna states that there are many private companies available from which to choose D. Sean states that private operations will be more experienced in handling correctional operations

B (An advantage of privatizing prisons is that it provides economic development opportunities by hiring and purchasing locally)

Nancy, a prison inmate, prefers to spend her time in prison that in the outside world. She is respected by her fellow inmates and considers the prison her home. She is most likely to be described as a ________. A. radical B. colonizer C. legalist D. retreatist

B (As Nancy feels more comfortable institutionalized than on the streets, she is most likely to be described as a colonizer)

Marci works for her state's Department of Corrections. As part of her job, she must identify the common characteristics in institutions for women and help develop new institutions. Which of the following is not a common characteristic Marci would find? A. Female institutions have few work assignments available to female inmates. B. All the female institutions were probably designed specifically for women C. Female institutions are mostly located in smaller towns D. Some institutions that house female inmates also house men

B (Female institutions were not designed specifically for women inmates or their needs)

According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, which from the following is true? A. Lengths of prison stays for all crimes have decreased significantly B. High levels of incarceration impose significant human economic costs without necessarily making society any safer C. The number of criminal offenders sent to prison has decreased dramatically over time D. Historically, crime rates have risen and fallen in sync with incarceration rates

B (High levels of incarceration impose significant human economic costs without necessarily making society any safer)

Which of the following is not an example of alternative sentencing? A. home detention B. imprisonment C. drug treatment D. community service

B (Imprisonment is one of the traditional forms of sentencing)

A nationwide lockdown of 73 federal prisons occurred in 1995 due to riots related to inmate grievances concerning _______. A. a lack of food given to inmates B. disparities in federal drug sentencing policies C. overcrowded conditions D. the unwarranted physical abuse of inmates by correctional officers

B (In 1995, federal inmates rioted due to disparities in federal drug sentencing policies and the possible loss of weight-lifting equipment)

Tommy, a parolee, accidentally tells his parole officer, Rob, that he has lost his job. Rob uses this statement against Tommy as Tommy did not explicitly claim a right against self-incrimination. This results in the parole revocation of Tommy. Which of the following Court rulings supports Rob's actions A. U.S. v. Knight (2001) B. Minnesota v. Murphy (1984) C. Mempha v. Rhay (1967) D. Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates (1987)

B (In Minnesota v. Murphy (1984), the Court held that a probationer's incriminating statements made to an officer can be used as evidence against him or her if the probationer does not specifically claim a right against self-incrimination)

As a condition for granting parole, a court requires John to pay back the money he stole from a liquor store. In this scenario, the payment made by John is best referred to as _______. A. bail B. restitution C. a penalty D. equity

B (In this scenario, John make a payment of restitution. Restitution is a court requirement that an alleged or convicted offender pay money or provide services to the victim of a crime or provide services to the community)

What comes to the judge in the form of a presentence investigation (PSI) report? A. Usually devoted to the investigating officer's recommendations B. Information about a defendant's background C. Criminal records repositories that can provide comprehensive files on the criminal history of those who have been processed by the Justice system D. Detailed information about a crime

B (Information about a defendant's background often comes to the judge in the form of a presentence investigation)

What is the jail strategy that joined "podular/unit architecture with a participative, proactive management philosophy"? A. Custodial supervision B. Direct supervision C. Intense supervision D. Close supervision

B (Often built in a system of pods, or modular self-contained housing areas linked to one another, direct-supervision jails helped eliminate the old physical barriers that separated staff and inmates.)

Which of the following is a difference between parole and probation? A. Parole does not involve confinement, while probation involves specific period of confinement B. Parole is a correctional strategy, while probation is a sentencing strategy C. Parole acts as deterrent for positive behavioral changes, while probation acts as a stimulus for positive behavioral changes D. Parole cannot be revoked once granted, while probation can be revoked

B (Probation is a sentencing strategy, while parole is meant to be a correctional strategy)

Gary, a correctional officer, has noticed that one inmate has been particularly nice to him, as if he is trying to befriend him. However, one of the leading formative influenced on correctional officers, such as Gary, that keeps him from interacting with the inmate in a manner that could be seen as unprofessional is _______. A. the fear of being disciplined by the superior officer B. the potential threat that inmates pose C. the disdain of other correctional officers toward his relationship with the inmate D. the tendency for officer to uphold the retributive nature of the prison environment

B (Regardless of how nice an inmate may seem, a sudden change in the institutional climate can quickly turn him/her violent. This threat is the leading influence on staff culture)

Which of the following is not one of the goals of contemporary sentencing? A. A just deserts perspective that emphasizes taking revenge on criminal perpetrator or group of offenders B. No attempt to reform a criminal offender C. The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that a particular offender will commit more crime D. A sentencing rationale that seeks to inhibit criminal behavior through punishment or the fear of punishment

B (Rehabilitation is the attempt to reform a criminal offender)

Which of the following is true of non-revocable parole (NRP) A. Parolees need to report to parole officers during the parole period under NRP B. Sex offenders are ineligible for NRP C. NRP has resulted in the increase of state prison populations D. Prisoners found guilty of serious disciplinary offenses are eligible for NRP

B (Sex offenders are ineligible for NRP)

Which of the following is not an advantage of using probation instead of imprisonment? A. Increases employment opportunities for offenders B. Provides the offender with many opportunities to interact with other convicted offenders C. Increases the likelihood that restitution will be paid D. Lowers cost

B (Some offenders placed on probation and parole will effectively and responsibly discharge their obligations; others, however, will become social liabilities. In addition to the increased risk of new crimes, probation and parole increase the chance that added expenses will accrue to the community in the form of child support, welfare costs, housing expenses, legal aid, indigent health case, and the like)

Structured sentencing is a _______. A. sentencing principle that holds that an offender's criminal history should objectively be taken into account in sentencing decisions B. model of criminal punishment that includes determinate and commission created presumptive sentencing schemes, as well as voluntary/advisory sentencing guidelines C. model of criminal punishment that states that the appropriate sentence for an offender is presumed to fall within a range of sentences D. model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term of imprisonment that may be reduced by good time or gain time

B (Structured sentencing is a model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term of imprisonment that may be reduced by good time or gain time)

Which of the following statements is true of the correctional model for probation and parole officers? A. It views probationers and parolees as clients. B. It emphasizes community protection. C. It stresses an officer's service role. D. It depicts probation or parole as a helping profession.

B (The correctional model emphasizes community protection, which officers are supposed to achieve through careful and close supervision)

Which one of the following is part of the philosophy of restorative justice? A. Crime is an act against the state, a violation of a law, an abstract idea B. Crime has both individual and social dimensions of responsibility C. The criminal justice system controls crime. Offender accountability is defined as taking punishment D. The community is on the sidelines, represented abstractly by the state

B (The idea that crime has both individual and social dimensions of responsibility is part of the philosophy of restorative justice)

Jon has been serving time for several months now. By getting to know other inmates, he has embraced their values and language to survive within the prison gates. From Jon's experience, it is evident that an inmate's world is controlled by ________. A. official structures B. prison subculture C. popular culture D. prison rules and procedures

B (The inmate world, best described by how closely it touches the lives of inmates, is controlled by prison subculture consisting of inmate values and behaviors)

In the context of the death penalty, which of the following arguments reflects the retentionist position? A. The death penalty costs millions of dollars to a state for each execution. B. The death penalty provides a sense of closure to a victim. C. The death penalty discriminates against certain racial and ethnic minorities D. The death penalty fails to deter people from committing criminal offenses

B (The rentionist claim of revenge attempts to appeal to the idea that survivors, victims, and the state are entitled to closure)

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using fines as a criminal sanction? A. The use of fines increases the tax burden of law-abiding citizens B. The use of fines suffers from built-in-inequities and a widespread failure to collect them C. Fines result in overcrowded prisons D. Fines help offenders enjoy the proceeds of their crimes

B (Using fines as a criminal sanction suffers from built-in-inequity and a failure to collect them, as the financial background of criminal offenders varies a great extent)

Which of these cases, if true, would be an example of civil death? A. An offender was prohibited from publishing newsletters for use by other inmates B. An offender's cell was searched without a warrant or prior announcement C. An offender serving her sentence was not allowed to marry because she was a prisoner D. An offender who is mentally ill was forcibly treated with psychoactive drugs

C (An offender serving her sentence being denied her right to marry by virtue of her being a prisoner is an example of civil death. This is based on the assumption that defendants lose most of their rights upon conviction)

Nick is arrested for selling cocaine. During trial, the judge sentences him to six months' imprisonment and a year on probation. Which of the following intermediate sanctions is indicated in this scenario? A. shock incarceration B. shock parole C. split sentencing D. curfew

C (As Nick's sentence explicily requires him to serve a period of confinement in prison followed by a year of probation, a split sentence is indicated in this senario)

Three months prior to completing her five-year prison sentence, Tina, a convict in a case of arson, is released under supervision. Which of the following is indicated in this scenario? A. Parole revocation B. Probation C. Reentry parole D. Restitution

C (As Tina's release is a form of supervised mandatory release, this scenario indicates a parole reentry)

Sasha, arrested for drinking and driving, pleads guilty in court. After hearing her case, the judge orders her to abide by certain conditions, such as abstaining from alcohol, maintaining employment, and remaining within the jurisdiction. Sasha also agrees to attend a program that targets individuals for alcohol-related problems. She will have to report to an officer once a month who will supervise her progress. This is an example of ________. A. curfew B. parole C. probation D. split sentencing

C (As the judge orders Sasha to meet certain conditions mandated by the court, instead of sentencing her to prison, this is an example of probation. Probation is a court-ordered period of correctional supervision in the community, generally used as an alternative to incarceration)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates public shaming? A. Dan, a convict in a murder case, is ordered by a court to consult a therapist to work on controlling his anger and agression B. Marie, a convict in a robbery case, is directed by a court to volunteer for an orphanage and raise money during Christmas time C. Collin, a convict in a drunk driving case, is ordered to attach a fluorescent license plate to his car D. Penny, a convict in a substance abuse case, is sentenced by a court to attend a rehabilitation center for six months

C (Collin is subjected to public shaming, which is an alternative sentencing option)

Which of the following scenarios involving riots indicate power vacuums as the most likely cause? A. Inmates riot against a warden who does not consider their legitimate demands B. Inmates riot against overcrowding in prison cells C. Inmates riot against the changes made by the new prison administration D. Inmates riot against forced treatment of mentally ill inmates with psychoactive drugs

C (Power vacuum is a likely cause for the prison riot in this scenario. Changed in prison administration, the transfer of influential inmates, and court-ordered injunctions significantly alter the power structure and informal social-control mechanisms of an institution)

According to the different inmate types, who among the following is a radical? A. Pablo, who accepts imprisonment as a natural consequence of criminal activity and patiently waits to serve his sentence to go back to his criminal way of life B. Vincent, who spends most of his time in solitary confinement and is often violent to other inmates C. David, who believes that the unequal distribution of power and wealth in the society has made criminals out of good people D. Linda, who becomes heavily involved in alcohol abuse through the illicit prison economy to psychologically retreat from the realities of imprisonment

C (David can be identified as a radical inmate. Radical inmates view themselves as political prisoners. They see society and the successful conformists who populate it as oppressors who have forced criminality on many good people through the creation of a system that distributes wealth and power inequitably)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a traditional sentencing option? A. Valerie, an accused in a sexual harassment case, is ordered to undergo psychological counseling B. Ernest, an accused in a robbery case, is sentenced to home detention C. Jacob, an accused in a murder case, is sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment D. Cindy, an accused in a DUI case, is instructed to join the Alcoholics Anonymous program

C (Imprisonment is a traditional sentencing option)

The U.S. Supreme Court ruling that correctional officers employed by a private firm are not entitled to qualified immunity from suits by prisoners charging a violation of Section 1983 of Title 42 of the U.S. Code was made in the case of _______. A. Correctional Services Corporation v. Malesko B. Brown v. Plata C. Richardson v. McKnight D. Minneci v. Pollard

C (In Richardson v. McKnight, the Court held that correctional officers employed by a private firm are not entitled to qualified immunity from suits by prisoners charging a violation of Section 1983 of Title 42 of the U.S. Code)

Before the 1960's, the United states followed a policy of nonintervention with regard to prison management. Which of the following policies did the U.S. government advocate? A. Selective incapacitation B. Civil death C. The hands-off doctrine D. The nothing-works doctrine

C (In the 1960's, a hands-ff doctrine was followed, allowing for nonintervention with regard to prison management)

Which of the five goals protects innocent members? A. retribution B. rehabilitation C. incapacitation D. deterrence

C (Incapacitation, the second goal criminal sentencing, seeks to protect innocent members of society from offenders who might harm them if not prevented from doing so)

________ is a model of criminal punishment that encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences A. presumptive sentencing B. mandatory sentencing C. indeterminate sentencing D. voluntary sentencing

C (Indeterminate sentencing is a model of criminal punishment that encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences)

Joel, a prison inmate, engaged in homosexuality. He gambles and smuggles drugs into the prison. According to the types of prisoners, Joel is most likely to be identified as a ______. A. mean dude B. retreatist C. hedonist D. radical

C (Inmates like Joel build their lives around the limited pleasures available within the confines of prison. The smuggling of contraband, homosexuality, gambling, drug running, and other officially condemned activities provide the center of interest for prison hedonists)

When considering the tasks of correctional staff, which of the following is a major concern that leads to institutionalized procedures for ensuring security in most facilities A. Instructions B. Counseling C. Custody and control D. Rehabilitation

C (It is the twin interest of custody and control that lead to institutionalized procedures for ensuring security in most facilities)

Jennifer works as a prison staff in the local institution from women. She enforces rules strictly, searches cells for contraband, and makes use of cameras to monitor the inmates. Jennifer is most likely working as a _______. A. staff counselor B. instructor C. corrections officer d. area supervisor

C (Jennifer is most likely working as a corrections officer. Corrections officers are responsible for the custody and control of inmates)

The Aryan Brotherhood, NETA, and the Nazi Low Riders are gangs who act together and pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff and prey on other inmates. Corrections personnel refer to these groups or organizations as _______. A. custodial deviants B. organized threat groups C. security threat groups D. organized criminals

C (Security threat groups are inmate groups, gangs, or organizations whose members act together to pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff or the public, who prey on other inmates, or who threaten the secure and orderly operation of a correctional institution)

_______ prohibits cruel and unusual punishment of prisoners. A. The Fourteenth Amendment B. The First Amendment C. The Eighth Amendment D. The Second Amendment

C (The Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from cruel and unusual punishment)

Which one is not among the four traditional sentencing options? A. probation B. death C. drug treatment order D. imprisonment

C (The four traditional sentencing options are fines, probation, imprisonment, and death)

Which of the following acts increased the number of crimes punishable by death under federal jurisdiction? A. The Innocence Protection Act B. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act C. The USA PATRIOT Act D. The Violence against Women Act

C (The list of crimes punishable by death under federal jurisdiction expanded with the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, a federal law that focuses on fighting terrorism)

Over the past thirty years the number of people incarcerated in the United States has dramatically risen. This was most likely a result of ______. A. the increased amount of personal discretion allotted to courtroom judges B. alternative sentencing C. get tough on crime policies D. the increasing tension between the police and minority offenders

C (The no nonsense approach of "get tough on crime policies," such as three strikes laws and mandatory sentencing, led to the dramatic increase of incarcerated individuals)

Which of the following terms used by female inmates is indicative of a style of adaptation to prison life? A. The hedonist B. The radical C. The square D. The colonizer

C (The square is a term used by female prisoners, which is indicative of a style of adaptation to prison life. Square inmates have few early experiences with criminal lifestyles and sympathize with the values and attitudes of conventional society)

Several inmates of a state prison had complained to prison authorities about the poor quality of food that was being served to them. Even after a few incidents of food poisoning, the authorities continued to neglect this issue. This example demonstrates the influence of _______. A. hands-off doctrine B. gender responsiveness C. deliberate indifference D. civil death

C (This is an example of deliberate indifference of the prison authorities. Deliberate indifference is a wanton disregard by corrections personnel for the well-being of inmates, despite the knowledge of a potential harm that could be prevented with reasonable action)

_______ is a close correspondence between the sentence imposed upon those sent to prison and the time actually served prior to prison release A. mitigating circumstances B. presumptive sentencing C. truth in sentencing D. aggravating circumstances

C (Truth in sentencing is a close correspondence between the sentence imposed upon those sent to prison and the time actually served prior to prison release)

According to the chapter, which of the following is not a major problem that prisons face today? A. AIDS B. Mental illness C. An increasing number of inmate escapes. D. Geriatric offenders

C. (An increasing number of inmate escapes is not one of the major concerns that the majority of prison systems face today)

A completed criminal offense punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for at least one year is called a _______. A. misdemeanor B. inchoate offense C. infraction D. felony

D (A felony is a criminal offense punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for at least one year)

Jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions are called _____. A. jail boot camps B. county jails C. direct-supervision D. regional jails

D (A jail that is built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions is called a regional jail)

Alternative sentencing includes _______. A. the use of alternatives to incarceration for persons convicted B. expansion of post-release supervision to all felons and limits the authority of parole officials and judges to revoke post-release supervision C. a project that identified Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania as leaders in the justice reinvestment movement D. the use of court-ordered community service, home detention, day reporting, drug treatment, psychological counseling, victim-offender mediation, or intensive supervision in lieu of other, more traditional sanctions, such as imprisonment and fines

D (Alternative sentencing includes the use of court-ordered community service, home detention, day reporting, drug treatment, psychological counseling, victim-offender mediation, or intensive supervision in lieu of other, more traditional sanctions, such as imprisonment and fines)

Which of the following is true of a presentence investigation report? A. Its contents are freely available to investigating officers. B. It is prepared by a defense attorney C. Its information is derived from a defendant D. It helps judges determine apt sentences for convicted defendants

D (An investigator's recommendations and the information on an offender's criminal history make a presentence investigation report a valuable tool for determining sentences)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates retribution? A. Corbin is convicted with charges of vandalism and ordered to serve 70 hours in community service B. Paula is ordered to pay an amount of $30,000 to the victim to cover victim's medical expenses C. Deborah is asked to undergo de-addiction treatment for a year after being convicted in a DUI case D. James is sentenced to death for murdering three children

D (As James' punishment can be seen as a perceived need for vengeance, this sentencing illustrates retribution. Capital punishment is the ultimate form of retribution)

Perry, a substance abuse offender, was sentenced by a state court to serve weekends in jail and spend the weekdays at his home under probation for a year. Which of the following intermediate sanctions is demonstrated in this scenario? A. Shock probation B. Curfew C. Shock incarceration D. Mixed sentencing

D (As Perry is sentenced to serve weekends in a confinement facility while undergoing probationary supervision in the community, this scenario indicates mixed sentencing)

Susan is a probation officer. She inquires about the background of Hilary, a defendant in a robbery case, to provide the information to a sentencing judge. Which of the following tasks of probation and parole officers is indicated in this scenario? A. client supervision B. warrantless search C. diagnosis D. presentence investigation

D (As Susan examines the background of an offender to provide the required facts to a sentencing judge, the scenario indicates presentence investigations)

Which of the following cases falls under administrative law? A. Ivan is arrested for murdering his neighbor over a scuffle B. Kyle is arrested for assaulting her housemate C. Ralph files a case against his employer for violating the terms of a job contract D. Doris files a case against a factory whose emissions exceed the established pollution limits

D (Cases related to restrictions on pollution and waste disposal come under the purview of the administrative law)

In Jennifer's jurisdiction, she is denied the right to vote or hold public office because she is a convicted felon. Jennifer is experiencing what is known as ______. A. the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine B. the hands-off doctrine C. the balancing test D. civil death

D (Civil death is the legal status of prisoners in some jurisdictions who are denied the opportunity to vote, hold public office, marry, or enter into contracts by virtue of their status as incarcerated felons)

A career offender who is generally supportive of inmates' values in a women's prison is called a _______. A. square B. femme C. lifer D. cool

D (Cool prisoners were more likely to be career offenders. They tended to keep to themselves and generally supported inmate values.)

Which of the following refers to a model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term of imprisonment that is likely to be reduced by good time or gain time? A. mandatory sentencing B. voluntary sentencing C. presumptive sentencing D. determinate sentecing

D (Determinate sentencing is a model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term of imprisonment that may be reduced by good time or gain time)

Who among the following is most likely to be considered for non-revocable parole (NRP)? A. Sasha, who is convicted of first-degree murder. B. Lorenzo, who is convicted of kidnapping his boss's daughter for ransom C. Carl, who is convicted of raping a teenager D. Gia, who is convicted for the possession of marijuana

D (Gia, who is convicted of possession of marijuana, is likely to be eligible for non-revocable parole (NRP), as this is not considered a serious felony crime)

Timothy, a convicted robber, is not granted an early release by a parole board. The paroling authorities do not provide specific evidence or reasoning for the denial of his parole. This is acceptable in accordance with the Court ruling in the case of ______. A. Minnesota v. Murphy (1984) B. Escoe v. Zerbst (1935) C. Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987) D. Greenholtz V. Nebraska Penal Inmates (1979)

D (In Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates (1979), the Court ruled that parole boards do not have to specify the evidence or reasoning used in deciding to deny parole)

Taylor, a suspect in a homicide case, is sentenced to death penalty by electrocution. His lawyers file an appeal in a higher court arguing that death by electrocution is cruel and inhumane. Which of the following landmark judgement is most likely to be cited by a court to uphold Taylor's sentence? A. Furman v. Georgia (1972) B. Baze v. Rees (2008) C. Woodson v. North Carolina (1976) D. In re Kemmler (1890)

D (In In re Kemmler (1890), the Court supported electrocution as a permissible form of execution)

Which of the following happened in September 1996? A. The legislation also lacked the support of President Bill Clinton and was officially withdrawn. B. Proposition 9 in California passed with 53.8% of the vote C. Representatives Trent Franks and Jim Costa introduced a revised Victim Rights Amendment as House Joint Resolution 106. D. A victims' rights constitutional amendment-Senate Joint Resolution 65- was proposed by a bipartisan committee in the U.S. Congress

D (In September 1996, a victim's rights constitutional amendment-Senate Joint Resolution 65- was proposed by a bipartisan committee in the U.S. Congress but problems of wording and terminology prevented its passage)

Tommy, a convict in a burglary case, is placed on probation. Tina, his probation officer, visits Tommy's home as a general condition of probation. She searches his belongings for drugs without an actual warrent. In this scenario, Tina's search is in accordance with the Court ruling in ________. A. Minnesota v. Murphy (1984) B. Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates (1979) C. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott D. Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987)

D (In this case, the Court ruled that anyone under probation or parole can be searched without a warrent or probable cause)

Which of the following is not a distinct result of intermediate sanctions? A. They are less expensive to operate per offender than imprisonment. B. They provide flexibility in terms of resources. C. They are socially cost-effective because they keep an offender in the community D. They contribute to the breakup on an offender's family.

D (Intermediate sanctions avoid both the breakup of the family and the stigmatization of imprisonment because they keep an offender in the community)

Jason is sentenced to 150 days in a confinement facility similar to a military-style boot camp with a highly regimented environment. The facility involved high standards of discipline and strenuous physical exercises and labor. Which of the following intermediate sanctions is indicated in this scenario? A. split sentencing B. shock parole C. mixed sentencing D. Shock incarceration

D (Jason is sentenced to a military-style boot camp prison setting with a highly regimented environment; therefore, shock incarceration is indicated in this scenario. Shock incarceration, which became quite popular during the 1900's, involves strict discipline, physical training, and hard labor)

Why are geriatric offenders a growing concern for correctional authorities? A. Geriatric offenders are often more violent than younger offenders B. A majority of aging prisoners pose a serious threat when the reenter the society C. Geriatric offenders are more likely to have had histories of high-risk behavior D. Prisons are not equipped to deal with the medical needs of aging offenders

D (Long-termers are geriatric inmates have special needs. Unfortunately, few prisons are equipped to deal adequately with the medical needs of aging offenders)

What are mitigating circumstances? A. Voluntary/advisory sentencing guidelines B. Truth in sentencing C. Call for a tougher sentence and may include especially heinous behavior, cruelty, injury to more than one person and so on. D. Indication that a lesser sentence is called for

D (Mitigating circumstances indicate a greater or lesser degree of culpability which judges could take into consideration when imposing a sentence somewhat at variance from the presumptive term)

The sentencing goal of retribution has the following purpose: a just deserts perspective that _____. A. means to reduce the likelihood that a particular offender will commit more crime B. attempt to reform a criminal offender C. seeks to inhibit criminal behavior through punishment or the fear of punishment D. emphasizes taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator or group of offenders

D (The sentencing goal of retribution has the following purpose: a just deserts perspective that emphasizes taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator or group of offenders)

Pam is a 53-year-old prisoner serving her sentence for theft. She has been arrested and convicted for similar offenses several times before and shows little interest in being rehabilitated. She is well aware of prison norms and participates in its social and economic arrangements. In this context, Pam is an example of a _______. A. cool inmate B. radical inmate C. square inmate D. life inmate

D (Pam is an example of a life inmate. Women who could be identified as being this type are quite familiar with lives of crime as they are likely to have been repeatedly arrested for offenses. Women who participated in the life subculture were observed to be full participants in the economic, social, and familial arrangements of the prison)

Which of the following statements best describes parole? A. It is a sentencing strategy that requires offenders to do community service as an alternative to incarceration B. It is a sentence that requires offenders to serve weekends in jail and receive probation supervision during the week C. It is a type of home confinement program. D. It is a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a prison term

D (Parole is a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a prison term. The term applies to parolees released through discretionary or mandatory supervised release from prison, those released through other types of post-custody conditional supervision, and those sentenced to a term of supervised release)

Which of the following is a problem faced by female inmates? A. They face interventions that prevents them from substance abuse. B. They are always imprisoned in facilities that are structurally different from a system designed for male offenders C. They are often confronted with meaningful prison programs D. They often receive insignificant prenatal care

D (Pregnant inmates, many of whom are drug users, malnourished, or sick, often receive little prenatal care, a situation that risks additional complications)

Probation is less likely to increase _______. A. rehabilitation opportunities B. social costs C. opportunities for profitable employment D. the risk of criminal socialization

D (Probation insulates adjudicated offenders, at least to some degree, from criminal values)

A court-ordered period of correctional supervision of offenders in the community, generally as an alternative to imprisonment, is called ______. A. incerceration B. mandatory released C. parole D. probation

D (Probation is a sentence of imprisonment that is suspended. It is also a court-ordered period of correctional supervision in the community, generally as an alternative to incarceration)

Which state has the largest number of female prisoners? A. California B. New York C. Ohio D. Texas

D (Texas has the largest number of female prisoners)

The ______ is the most secure prison ever built by the federal government. A. California City Correctional Center B. FCC at Allenwood, Pennsylvania C. CCM at Washington, D.C. D. ADMAX at Florence, Colorado

D (The Federal Bureau of Prisons ADMAX facility in Florence, Colorado which opened in 1995, is the only ultra-high-security institution in the federal system.)

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole? A. Increased use of community services B. Reduced risk of criminal socialization C. Increased employment D. Relative lack of punishment

D (The jest deserts model of criminal sentencing insists that punishment should be a central theme of the justice process. Many view probation as practically no punishment at all. Parole is likewise accused of unhinging the scales of justice because it releases some offenders early, and it is misleading to those harmed by crime because it does not require completion of the offender's entire sentence behind bars)

What was determined by Baze v. Rees? A. Executing mentally retarded people violates the Constitution's ban on cruel and unusual punishments. B. Use of death as a penalty for all but the most severe crimes. C. Evolving standards of decency D. The method of execution of an offender may not create a substantial risk of wanton and unnecessary infliction of pain, torture, or lingering death

D (The method of execution of an offender may not create a substantial risk of wanton and unnecessary infliction of pain, torture, or lingering death was determined by Baze v. Rees)

When Mark first arrived in prison, he realized that he has a lot to learn about getting along with others and adjusting to this new world. This process of socialization that Mark experiences is called _______. A. prisoner reentry B. rehabilitation C. psychological manipulation D. prisonization

D (The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture has been described as a process of prisonization)

Which of the following statements is true of the penal code? A. It is referred to as the supremacy of law B.It is the law that results from judicial decisions C. It is the traditional body of unwritten historical precedents created from everyday social customs, rules, and practices D. It is the written, organized, and compiled form of the criminal laws of a jurisdiction

D (The written form of criminal law is called the penal code)

Which of the following is not a cause for prison riots? A. Insensitive prison administration B. Regulation of inmate society C. Dehumanizing prison conditions D. Multiple treatment opportunities for inmates

D (This is not a cause of prison riots)

Which of the following statements is true of probation? A. Probation always involves incarceration followed by a supervised community reentry program B. Probation is the least common form of criminal sentencing C. Federal judges are currently prohibited from ordering probation D. A violation of court-mandated conditions or probation may possibly lead to probation revocation

D (Those sentenced to probation must agree to abide by court-mandated conditions of probation, with a violation of conditions possibly leading to probation revocation)

Which of the following is not a total institution? A. Concentration camp B. Mental hospital C. Prison D. High school

D (Total institutions are facilities in which residents are cut off from larger society either forcibly or willingly. A typical high school does not necessarily meet these requirements)

An enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives, is called a _______ institution. A. juvenile B. regimented C. correctional D. total

D (Total institutions are places where the same people work, recreate, worship, eat, and sleep together daily. Such places include prisons, concentration camps, mental hospitals, seminaries, and other facilities in which residents are cut off from the larger society either forcibly or willingly)

Which of the following is true of multiculturalism is U.S. Society? A. It strictly advocates individual rights over social security. B. It strictly advocates social security over individual rights. C. It has a profound impact on the criminal justice system. D. It is a recent phenomenon.

c (The multicultural nature of of the U.S. has posed serious challenges to the administration of the criminal justice system)

______ is the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders. A. Criminology B. Due process C. Psychology D. Criminal justice

A (The scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders)

A group of thugs enter a bank and extort cash and valuables by threatening the bank officials present at gunpoint. This act of crime is an example of ______. A. armed robbery B. social-order offense C. arson D. embezzlement

A (Armed robbery is the unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence by using a weapon. In this scenario, the criminals rob the bank using guns and therefore committed armed robbery)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a violation of criminal justice? A. Chris, a detective, implicates an innocent man in a rape case B. Leo violates a job contract by dismissing his subordinate C. Richard, the managing director of a company, deceives a client by delivering low-quality goods D. Alfred, the manager of a company, chooses his daughter over more eligible employees for a promotion

A (As Chris implicates an innocent man, this scenario illustrates a violation of criminal justice. Criminal justice ideals extended to the protection of the innocent)

Who among the following is most likely to be a proponent of the justice model? A. Fatima believes that all crimes should have minimum sentencing as mandatory B. Brian believes that drug offenders should be sent to de-addiction centers C. Ruth believes that measures such as good time credits should be used more often D. Catherine believes that alternative sentencing options should replace imprisonment

A (As Fatima believes in minimum sentencing requirements, she is most likely to be a proponent of the justice model. The justice model proposes mandatory minimum sentencing requirements)

Which of the following statements is true of the rule of law? A. It requires a uniform and fair application of laws B. It bestows arbitrary powers to the state C. It requires Americans to agree with the law D. It offers an alternative to the due process

A (The rule of law requires that codes should be applied uniformly and fairly to all its members)

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the conflict model of the American criminal justice system? A. Teresa, a defense attorney, presents false evidence to win her case B. The police arrest Rita, a murderer, who is sentenced to life imprisonment after a fair trial in court C. Juan, a police officer, takes steps to build the trust of the police among minority communities D. Sean, a lawyer, has a deep-seated distrust of Arab Americans

A (As Teresa presents false evidence to win her case, the conflict model is illustrated in this scenario. It is a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's components function primarily to serve their own interests)

Which of the following cases requires the administration of civil justice? A. Delta Inc. denies a job to an applicant citing his sexual orientation B. A county prison subjects its inmates to physical torture C. Felix, a driver, violates traffic rules and injures pedestrians D. Betty, a police officer, unlawfully detains an innocent citizen

A (Cases related to businesses and their hiring decisions require the administration of civil justice. As Delta Inc. denies a job to an applicant on the basis of his sexual orientation, this case requires the administration of civil justice)

Which of the following is true of Internet-based crimes? A. They frequently remain undiscovered B. They fall under the category of traditional crimes C. They occur at low and declining rates in the American society D. They have negligible impact on real people as they occur in a virtual world.

A (Crimes committed through the medium of cyberspace frequently remain undiscovered, or are found out only with the passage of time.)

Which of the following types of mens rea is established using the reasonable person criterion? A. negligence B. purposeful C. reckless D. knowing

A (Criminal negligence is established by testing if a reasonable person would have acted differently from a defendant)

Unlike the Uniform Crime Reporting, the National Crime Victimization Survey ______. A. relies on door-to-door surveys B. includes data on murder, kidnapping, and victimless crimes C. contains only data that its creators think appropriate D. eliminates subjective responses from survey respondents

A (In contrast to the UCR program, the NCVS relies on door-to-door surveys and personal interviews for its data)

What type of terrorism describes the unlawful use of force or violence by a group whose activities transcend national boundaries? A. international B. traditional C. domestic D. national

A (International terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an individual who has some connection to a foreign power or whose activities transcend national boundaries against people or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives)

Who among the following is most likely to be a public-order advocate? A. Juan, who supports the targeting of certain ethnic groups for "stop-and-frisks," in an attempt to identify possible terrorists B. Jenna, who believes that government actions should not curtail individual liberties C. Joshua, who believes that the government's infringement on public privacy should be prohibited D. Kathy, who believes that prisoners' individual rights should be protected at any cost

A (Juan is most likely to be a public-order advocate since he would argue in favor of sacrificing individual liberties in exchange for public security)

Rachel, who is a suspect in a shoplifting case, confesses that the store owner's indecent behavior prompted her to commit the crime. Which of the following features of a crime does this scenario illustrate? A. motive B. reckless behavior C. alibi D. criminal negligence

A (Motive is a person's reason for committing a crime. Rachel's motive for shoplifting is established in this case)

A group based in the United States hijacks a passenger aircraft. It threatens to kill the passengers unless of thier members arrrested for bombing a government building is released. Which of the following types of crimes is depicted in this scenario? A. Terrorism B. Embezzlement C. Organized crime D. White-collar crime

A (Terrorism is depicted in this scenario as the crime is committed to coerce the U.S. government to release a prisoner. Terrorism is a violent act or an act dangerous to human life in violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state, committed to intimidate or coerce and government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives)

Apart from reported crimes, the National Crime Victimization Survey focuses on ______. A. uncovering the dark figure of crime B. including unreported commercial robberies C. including unreported burglary of business D. discovering victimless crime

A (The NCVS seeks to uncover crimes that go unreported)

Which model assumes that the system's sub components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice? A. Consensus model B. Crime-control model C. Conflict model D. Due-process model

A (The consensus model is a criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice)

Which of the following statements is true of the due process model? A. It requires an informed consideration of the facts of each individual case B. It prioritizes public security over individual rights C. It is also known as Packer's crime-control model D. It emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders

A (The due-process model requires an informed consideration of the facts of each individual case)

Which of the following statements is true of the National Crime Victimization Survey? A. The major data categories of the survey do not fully encompass the shifting nature of criminal activity in the United States B. The NCVS collects data on murder, kidnapping, and victimless crimes such as drug use, prostitution, and gambling C. NCVS data is gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation D. Household surveys collect data from individuals who are 18 years or older.

A (The major data categories of NCVS do not fully encompass the shifting nature of criminal activity in the United States)

_____ holds that correctional treatment programs have had little success in rehabilitating offenders. A. The nothing-works doctrine B. The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine C. The three-strikes law D. The justice model

A (The nothing-works doctrine holds that correctional treatment programs have had little success in rehabilitating offenders)

The most cited reason why rape victims do NOT report crimes is ______. A. embarrassment about the crime itself B. a fear of reprisal C. the belief that the police cannot do anything D. exploitation by the criminal justice system

A (The victim'r fear of embarrassment was the most commonly cited reason for the failure to report. In the past, many states routinely permitted a person's past sexual history to be revealed in detail in the courtroom if a trial ensued. But the past few decades have seen many changes that have facilitation the accurate reporting of rate and other sex offenses. Trained female detectives often interview female victim, physicians have become better educated in handling the psychological needs of victim, and sexual histories are no longer regarded as relevant in most trials)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the consensus model? A. Robert, who is accused of murder, is arrested and sent to prison following a speedy trial B. Matt, a judge, encourages the accused to plead guilty because he has a high caseload and wants to streamline the process C. George, a police officer, agrees to speak to a judge on behalf of a burglar if the burglar confesses to the other crimes he committed D. Patrick is unlawfully convicted by the police in a homicide case to pacify the public outcry against the delay in investigation

A (This scenario illustrates the consensus model. The consensus model assumes that each of the component parts of the criminal justice system strives toward a common goal and that the movement of cases and people through the system is smooth because of cooperation between the various components of the system)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the stage of adjudication in American criminal justice case processing? A. Linda, the defense attorney in a robbery case, presents evidence before a jury B. Rupert, a convicted rapist, is sentenced to 10 years imprisonment C. Thomas, the investigating officer of a homicide case, collects fingerprints and other personal details of a suspect D. Jamie, a murder suspect, is taken into custody by an investigation officer

A (This scenario indicates the stage of adjudication as it involves a jury hearing the evidence presented by Linda)

While the Uniform Crime Reporting/National Incident-Based Reporting System and the National Crime Victimization Survey are useful in generating statistics that can describe patterns in criminal behavior, these statistics lack _______. A. explanatory power B. verification C. specifics D. credibility

A (Though the statistics generated from UCR/NIBRS and NCVS can be generated to show trends in criminal activity, they do not explain the causes for the criminal activity)

Which of the following periods in American history witnessed a stable crime rate? A. The period following World War II until the 1960s B. The 1980s C. The period following the civil rights movement until the 1970s D. The 1970s

A (Though there was crime during this time period, the crime rates remained stable.)

Which of the following is NOT a fact revealed by the NCVS statistics in recent years? A. Women are more likely to be victimized by crime than men B. City residents are about twice as likely as rural residents to be victims of crime. C. Younger people are more likely than the elderly to be victims of crime D. About half of all violent crimes are reported to the police

A (Women are less likely than men to be victimized by crime)

Which of the following advocates would support the interests of society over those of an individual? A. Due-process advocate B. Public-order advocate C. Individual-rights advocate D. Consensus model advocate

B (A public-order advocate is one who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights)

A nonviolent crime committed for financial gain by an individual who has special knowledge of government and legal regulations is called a ______. A. hate crime B. white-collar crime C. organized crime D. quality-of-life offense

B (A white-collar crime refers to any nonviolent crime for financial gain committed by anyone who has special technology or professional knowledge of business or government, irrespective of the person's occupation)

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the elderly ________. A. have the highest rate of crime victimization of any age group B. have the lowest rate of crime victimization of any age group C. fear crime less than other age groups D. are more likely to attempt to protect themselves from violent criminals than other age groups

B (According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the elderly have the lowest rate of crime victimization of any age group)

Who among the following is least likely to support the just deserts model of imprisonment? A. Katy believes that the imprisonment of criminal offenders is the proper consequence of irresponsible and unlawful actions B. Saleem believes that an increase in crime rate is solely because of an economic system unable to reform its charged C. Juan believes that rigid sentencing schemes should be developed for drug offenders. D. Heather believes in the "get tough on crime" approach to deal with criminals

B (According to the concept of just deserts, imprisonment is seen as a fully deserved and proper consequence of criminal and irresponsible behavior rather than just the end result of a bankrupt system unable to reform its charges)

Salma recieves and e-mail with a link to a fraudulent website asking her to verify her bank login details. The sender uses a fake e-mail address that is similar to the official e-mail address of the bank. This case is an example of _______. A. spamming B. phishing C. malware D. battery

B (As the e-mail is sent from a fake official-looking email address that directs Salma to a phony website, this case is an example of phishing. Phishing is a relatively new form of high-technology fraud that uses official-looking e-mail messages to elicit responses from victims, directing them to phony websites)

Which major crime has the highest clearance rate? A. Rape B. Murder C. Robbery D. Arson

B (Because murder is such a serious crime, it consumes substantial police resources. Consequently, over the years, the offense has shown the highest clearance rate of any major crime. More than 64.5% of all homicides were cleared in 2014)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates one of the ways to adapt to the challenges posed by diversity and multiculturalism on the criminal justice system in America? A. Robin, a federal judge, turns down a non-English-speaking suspect's request for the service of an interpreter B. Kyle, a police officer, institutes emergency call lines for immigrants to report crime C. Martin, a detective, dismisses him female subordinates deeming them inefficient D. Tony, a police officer, questions Martha, a black woman, on the basis of her race as she is found driving in a predominantly white neighborhood

B (Encouraging immigrants to report crime is a possible way of adapting to the challenge posed by diversity and multiculturalism on the criminal justice system in America)

____ refers to crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research. A. Conflict perspective B. Evidence-based practices C. The due-process model D. The crime-control model

B (Evidence-based practices are crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research)

William, a serial killer, is sentenced to 40 years imprisonment. His prison cell is under 24-hour video surveillance, and he is prohibited from interacting with his fellow prisoners. Two armed personnel guard his cell, which is located in the middle of the prison facility. In this case, William is most likely to be housed in a _______. A. open-type prison B. maximum-security prison C. medium-security prison D. minimum-security prison

B (Maximum-security prisons have prison cells in the center of the institution and are protected by armed guards. Technological innovations are used to enhance the security in maximum-security prisons.)

Most hate crimes are motivated by _______. A. national origin B. racial hatred C. sexual orientation D. religious bias

B (Most hate crimes are motivated by racial hatred. A hate crime is a criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society that is motivated by the offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity)

Which of the following agencies is responsible for compiling the NCVS? A. International Associated of Chiefs of Police B. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) C. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) D. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

B (Nationally, crime statistics come from two major sources: 1. the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR/NIBRS), which produces an annual overview of major crime titled Crime in the United States; and 2. the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The most widely quoted numbers purporting to describe crime in America today probably come from the UCR/NIBRS Program, although the statistics it produces are based largely on reports to the police by victims of crime)

Low-risk, nonviolent offenders are housed in a ______. A. high-security prison B. open-type institution C. medium-security institution D. mental hospital-type security prison

B (Open-type institutions are for low-risk, nonviolent inmates)

Which of the following is a disadvantage of privatizing prisons? A. Privatizing prisons increases government's liability exposure B. Private operators may be inexperienced with key corrections issues C. Private operators take a long time to build a new correctional facility D. Private companies offer expensive and poorly designed correctional facilities

B (Private operators may be inexperienced with key corrections issues)

______ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals A. Focused B. Selective C. Massive D. Collective

B (Selective incapacitation is a policy that seeks to protect society by incarcerating individuals deemed to be the most dangerous)

Thomas is arrested for shoplifting from a department store. The judge presiding over this case takes into consideration Thomas' cooperation during the trial and the low-risk nature of his crime and sentences him to six months' imprisonment. In this scenario, Thomas is most likely to be house in a ________. A. U.S. penitentiary B. open-type institution C. high-security prison D. administrative maximum

B (Since Thomas is a nonviolent, low-risk criminal, he is likely to be sentenced to spend time in a minimum-security prison)

Which of the following is not a core component of the criminal justice system? A. The police B. The legislature C. The courts D. Corrections

B (The core components of the criminal justice system are the police, the courts, and correctional agencies)

Which of the following statements best defines jurisprudence? A. It is a legal principle that ensures that previous judicial decisions are authoritatively considered and incorporated into future cases B. It is the philosophy of law or the science and study of the law C. It refers to laws that result from legislative action D. It refers to laws that have been written down in an organized fashion

B (The philosophy of law or the science and study of the law is called jurisprudence)

The weapons used most often to commit murder are _____. A. knives B. firearms C. fists D. blunt objects

B (The weapons used most often to commit murder are firearms)

Which of the following acts is least likely to be reported in the official statistics in the United States because of the difficulty of scoring in terms of traditional Uniform Crime Reporting categories? A. Simone is sexually assaulted B. Philip sends out e-mails with links to a fake website that prompts the recipients to disclose their bank account details. C. Mark sets fire to his brother's house because of a dispute involving family inheritance with the intent of killing his brother D. Kate's house is burgled when she goes on vacation

B (This is a case of phishing. High-technology and computer crime, like white-collar crime, don't always fit well with traditional reporting categories, leading to their possible under representation in today's crime statistics. Therefore, phishing is least likely to be reported in the official statistics in the United States)

What term describes a classification of crimes along a particular dimension, such as legal categories, offender motivation, victim behavior, or the characteristics of individual offenders? A. crime analysis B. crime mapping C. crime typology D. crime profiling

C (A crime typology is a classification scheme used in the study and description of criminal behavior. There are many typologies, all of which have an underlying logic)

Who among the following provides a valid argument against the privatization of prisons? A. Adrian believes that government liability will increase with the privatization of prisons B. Vivian believes that private prisons discourage competition between private and public organizations C. Patrick believes that governments will lose the capability to perform correctional functions if private prisons are encouraged D. Benjamin believes that the privatization of prisons will require government to assume long-term debts instead of paying for capacity as needed

C (A disadvantage of privatizing prisons is that the government may, over time, lose the capability to perform the corrections function)

Who among the following is most likely to be an individual-rights advocate? A. Amanda, who believes that the government should curb criminal activity using repressive mechanisms B. Mia, who believes that "get-tough-on-crime" attitudes work better in reducing the crime rate C. Abigail, who protested President George W. Bush's authorization to the NSA to monitor the phone calls and emails of American citizens, in an effort to combat possible terrorist attacks D.Miriam, who believes that some individual rights need to be sacrificed for ensuring public safety

C (Abigail is most likely to be an individual-rights advocate since an individual-rights advocate will believe that a criminal is the product of social realities and will try to analyze the root cause of crime)

In 2013, 15-year-old Michael was sent to a juvenile prison for committing a crime. The crime he committed was both shocking and prominent in the U.S. from 2012-2014. Michael was most likely sent to prison for _____. A. his links to organized crime B. the sale and illicit use of drugs C. mass shooting D. attacks on racial minorities

C (An epidemic of mass shootings and random violence swept public venues across the U.S from 2012-2014. Michael was most likely sent to prison for mass shooting.)

Brian, a prosecutor in a murder case, presents evidence against a convict before a grand jury. The jury considers the evidence and decides that the case should go to trial. Which of the following stages of American criminal justice case processing does this scenario illustrate? A. First appearance B. Adjudication C. Indictment D. Arraignment

C (As Brian, a prosecutor, presents evidence against a convict before a grand jury, the indictment stage of American criminal justice case processing is illustrated in this scenario. During this stage, a grand jury hears evidence presented by a prosecutor and decides whether a case should go to trial)

James, a convict, is housed in a dormitory-like prison setting. He is not required to wear the prison uniform. He is also granted access to attend the course on job seeking that takes place on the prison grounds. In this case, James is housed in a _________. A. maximum-security prison B. administrative maximum C. minimum-security institution D. U.S. penitentiary

C (As James is allowed to wear civilian clothes and has access to skills-training programs on the prison grounds, he is housed in a minimum-security institution. In minimum security institutions, inmate are generally housed in dormitory-like settings and are free to walk the yard and to visit most of the prison facilities)

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the due-process model? A. Philip, a suspect, is unlawfully detained without being produced before a magistrate B. Mick, a burglar, confesses to other petty crimes he committed in exchange for support from the police in front of a judge C. Judith, a suspect, is informed of her rights during the trial process D. Carlos, a suspect in a terrorist activity, is detained without being informed of the nature of his crime

C (As Judith's rights are ensured during the trial procedures, this case illustrates the due-process model. The due-process model is a criminal justice perspective that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of justice-system processing)

Julie, a convict in a bank robbery, is sentenced to five years imprisonment. She is housed in a dormitory-style setting and is allowed to visit the prison library under limited supervision. She is instructed to be present for the head count of inmates that is taken five times a day. In this scenario, Julie is most likely to be housed in a ______. A. minimum-security prison B. direct-supervision jail C. medium-security prison D. maximum-security prison

C (As Julie is housed in a dormitory-style setting where a head count is taken five times a day and has access to prison facilities under limited supervision, she is most likely to be housed in a medium-security prison. An important security tool in medium-security prisons is the count, which is literally a head count of inmates taken at regular intervals)

Neil, a suspect in an assault case, is denied the option of hiring a lawyer to represent him in court. In this case, Neil is denied a due course of legal proceedings guaranteed by ________. A. The consensus model B. The USA PATRIOT act C. The Bill of Rights D. The Sarbanes-Oxley act

C (The right to due process provisioned by the Bill of Rights allows suspects the right to hire an attorney)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the stage of arraignment in American criminal justice case processing? A. Jackie, a detective, gathers evidence for a rape case and makes a list of possible suspects B. Jenny, an assault suspect, is arrested and produced before a magistrate C. Salma, the accused, is informed of the indictment against her and is asked to enter a plea D. Lizzie is arrested for murdering her husband and is informed of her Miranda rights before questioning

C (As Salma is informed of the indictment against her and is asked to enter a plea, the arraignment stage of American criminal justice case processing is illustrated in this scenario. At arraignment, the accused stands before a judge and hears the information of indictment against him. Defendants are again notified of their rights and asked to enter a plea)

Which of the following is true of the indictment stage of American criminal justice case processing? A. It is the first stage in criminal justice case processing B. It marks the point from which a judge is involved in criminal justice case processing C. It determines whether a case will go to trial D. It is the stage during which the defendants are informed of their Miranda rights

C (At the stage of indictment, a grand jury hears evidence presented by a prosecutor and decides whether a case should go to trial)

Which of the following crimes is least likely to be reported in the National Crime Victimization Survey data? A. A case of sexual assault of a female employee in a large, private organization B. A burglary in which several valuables were stolen from a house C. Drug use D. A case of armed robbery in a bank

C (Drug use is a victimless crime. NCVS programs do not gather data for victimless crimes.

Which of the following statements best describes social order offenses? A. They are crimes that remain unsolved B. They are violent crimes like murder and forcible rape C. They are victimless crimes in which victims are willing to participate D. They are crimes that go unreported due to judgmental errors of interviewers

C (Gambling and drug use are examples of social order offenses)

Which of the following is true of high-security facilities in the federal prison system? A. They are also known as federal prison camps B. They are also known as federal correctional institutions C. They are architecturally designed to contain disturbances D. They are essentially honor-type camps.

C (High-security facilities are architecturally designed to prevent escapes and to contain disturbances, and they also make use of armed patrols and intense electronic surveillance.)

Gia is caught stealing a bicycle. In this case, she is most likely to be charged with the crime of ______. A. embezzlement B. battery C. larceny D. robbery

C (In this case, Gia is most likely to be charged with the crime of larceny. Larceny is the unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another)

Under the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting/National Incident-Based Reporting System (UCR/NIBRS), who among the following is a victim of robbery? A. Francois, whose house is looted when he is at work B. Paul, who is a victim of pocket picking C. Maria, who is forced to had over her jewelry at gun point D. Zianab, who's purse is snatched on her way to work

C (In this scenario, Maria is a victim of robbery as she has a face-to-face confrontation with the robber. Robbery is a personal crime involving a face-to-face confrontation between the victim and the perpetrator)

_____ capacity is the number of inmates that a facility can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal of the institution's staff, program, and services. A. Prison B. Design C. Operational D. Rated

C (Operational capacity is the number of inmates that a facility can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal of the institution's staff, program, and services)

In the 1820s, a New York State Prison used the _______, which enforced a congregate but silent system, under which inmates lived, ate, and worked together. A. public-account system B. state-use system C. Auburn system D. Irish system

C (The Auburn system is a form of imprisonment developed in New York State around 1820 that depended on mass prisons, where prisoners were held in the congregate fashion and required to remain silent. This style of imprisonment was a primary competitor with the Pennsylvania system.)

The _____ is based on victims' reports rather than on police reports. A. Bureau of Justice Statistics B. National Incident-Based Reporting System C. National Crime Victimization Survey D. Uniform Crime Reporting

C (The National Crime Victimization Survey is the second major source of statistical data about crime in the United States. The NCVS, which was first conducted in 1972, is based on victim self-reports rather than on police reports. The NCVS originally build on efforts by both the National Opinion Research Center and the 1967 President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice to uncover what some had been calling the dark figure of crime - that is, those crimes that are not reported to the police and that are relatively hidden from justice system officials. An analysis of victim self-report data led to the realization that crimes of all types were more prevalent than UCR statistics had previously indicated)

Which of the following is true of the conflict perspective of the American criminal justice system? A. It envisages an ideal collaborative functioning of the components of the American criminal justice system B. It perceives justice as the outcome of consensus among the components of the American criminal justice system C. It assumes that the American criminal justice system's components function primarily to serve their own interests D. It is idealistic and predicts a near-perfect form of social organization

C (The conflict perspective of the criminal justice system views justice as the outcome of the self-serving interests of its components, which are usually conflicting)

Jacob, a suspect in a rape case, is produced before a judge. The judge informs Jacob of the charges against him and his option of obtaining bail. Which of the following stages of American criminal justice case processing is illustrated in this scenario? A. Booking B. Indictment C. First appearance D. Investigation

C (The first appearance stage of American criminal justice case processing is illustrated in this scenario. During the first appearance, suspects are brought before a magistrate within hours of the arrest, and the magistrate informs them about their charges and bail options)

During which stage of American criminal justice case processing are the defendants advised of their Miranda rights? A. Booking B. First appearance C. Investigation D. Arrest

D (A defendant should be advised of his or her Miranda rights during arrest and before questioning)

A different kind of offending, _________, took center stage in 2002 and 2003 as Congress stiffened penalties for unscrupulous business executives who knowingly falsify their company's financial reports. A. robbery B. rape C. traditional crime D. white-collar crime

D (A different kind of offending, white-collar crime, took center stage in 2002 and 2003 as Congress stiffened penalties for unscrupulous business executives who knowingly falsify their company's financial reports)

Bernard Madoff's operation of a ponzi scheme is an example of _________. A. grand theft B. felonious assault C. terrorist attack D. white-collar crime

D (A different kind of offending, white-collar crime, took center stage in 2002 and 2003 as Congress stiffened penalties for unscrupulous business executives who knowingly falsify their company's financial reports)

A temporary confinement facility that eliminates many of the traditional barriers between inmates and corrections staff is called a _______. A. federal prison camp B. federal correctional institution C. regional jail D. direct-supervision jail

D (A direct-supervision jail is a temporary confinement facility that eliminates many of the traditional barriers between inmates and corrections staff)

A public-order advocate is most likely to argue that _________. A. the accused and convicted should be allowed to exercise their civil and criminal rights B. restrictive government actions assault basic human dignity and individual liberty C. an individual's rights should take precedence over the interests of society D. offenders should be made accountable for violating criminal laws

D (A public-order advocate will argue for prioritizing society's interests over individual rights and that offenders should be made accountable for violating criminal laws)

A ______ was an early form of imprisonment whose purpose was to instill habits of industry in the idle. A. dispute-resolution center B. medical model C. fusion center D. workhouse

D (A workhouse was an early form of imprisonment whose purpose was to instill habits of industry in the idle)

Most aggravated assaults are committed with ______. A. firearms B. hands C. knives D. blunt objects

D (Aggravated assaults are distinguished from simple assaults in that either a weapon is used or the assault victim requires medical assistance. When a deadly weapon is employed, an aggrivated assault may be charged as an attempted murder even if no injury results. In some cases, the UCR/NIBRS Program scores these attempted assaults as aggravated assaults because of the potential for serious consequences. Most aggravated assaults were committed with blunt objects or objects near at hand; hand, feet, and fists were also commonly used (27%))

Rex is an individual-rights advocate, and Diana is a public-order advocate. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true in this case? A. Diana protests for the rights of prisoners B. Diana believes that even hardcore criminals should be allowed to exercise their criminal rights C. Rex believes that public security takes precedence over individual liberties D. Rex believes that the state has to ensure the protection of citizens' personal freedom

D (An individual-rights advocate will seek to protect personal freedoms and civil rights within society)

Janice is arrested for committing a string of high-profile murders. The judge presiding over Janice's trial convicts her on multiple counts of first-degree murder and sentences her to death. In this case, Janice is most likely to be house in a ______. A. federal correctional institution B. open-type institution C. medium-security institution D. high-security prison

D (As Janice is considered a long-term, high-risk offender, she is most likely to be housed in a maximum-security prison)

Sean is arrested by the police when he attempts to enter and empty, locked house by breaking open a window. He later confesses to having done so with the intent of stealing personal items from the house. In this case, Sean is most likely to be charged with _______. A. arson B. armed robbery C. robbery D. burglary

D (As Sean attempted to enter a private building unlawfully with the intent of stealing personal items, he is likely to be charged with burglary)

Who among the following is most likely to be serving his or her sentence in a minimum-security prison? A. Dean, a homicide convict, is housed in a secure cell and permitted to shower only twice a week B. Jean, a rape convict, is housed in a cell guarded by armed prison guards C. Miriam, a convict in a robbery case, is housed in a prison where she is expected to report for a head count that takes place once in every four hours D. Sean, a convict in a shoplifting case, is housed in a dormitory-style setting and has access to prison facilities and training programs

D (As Sean has access to skills-training programs and is allowed to visit prison facilities, he is most likely to be housed in a minimum-security prison)

Who among the following is credited with making criminal justice an academic discipline? A. Herbert Packer B. John H. Laub C. Earl Warren D. August Vollmer

D (August Vollmer, the former police chief of the Los Angeles Police Department, persuaded the University of California to offer courses on criminal justice)

Which of the following cases requires the administration of criminal justice? A. Qusoft Inc. hires unqualified candidates over qualified and experienced applicants B. Kerry fails to pay his employee as per the terms of the job contract C. Tom, a detective, fails to fulfill his duties within the stipulated time D. Ferdinand, a prison warden, subjects a convict to physical abuse

D (Cases involving foul play on the part of justice agencies require the administration of criminal justice)

Donna left her job at Portland, Inc. and joined a rival company. Portland accused her of breaking her contractual obligations and decided to take her to court. In this scenario, which aspects of social justice are involved? A. Distributive Justice B. Civil Justice C. Criminal Justice D. Sustainable Justice

D (Civil justice, one component of social justice, concerns itself with fairness in relationships between citizens, government agencies, and businesses in private matters, such as those involving contractual obligations, business dealings, hiring, and equality of treatment. In this scenario, Portland is expected to receive civil justice from the court)

During which of the following stages of American criminal justice case processing does the hearing judge seek to determine whether there is probable cause? A. Arraignment B. First appearance C. Indictment D. Preliminary hearing

D (During the preliminary hearing stage of American criminal justice case processing, the hearing judge will seek to determine whether there is probable cause)

Each of the following are Part I offenses, EXCEPT ______. A. robbery B. rape C. murder D. fraud

D (Fraud refers to fraudulent conversion and obtaining money or property by false pretenses. Confidence games and bad checks, except forgeries and counterfeiting, are included)

The application of scientific research to the operation of the criminal justice system was first encouraged by the _______. A. Evidence Integration Initiative B. Sarbanes-Oxley Act C. Safe Streets and Crime Control Act D. President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice

D (In 1976, this commission called for scientific research to be used to study the operation of the criminal justice system)

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the use of an excuse as a legal defense? A. Kevin, who is accused of assaulting a customer, claims that his trial has been delayed beyond the limit set by the law B. Liam, who is accused of murder, claims that he committed the murder in self-defense C. Mark, who is accused of rape, produces video footage to prove that he was attending an office party when the crime occured D. Ruth, who is accused of murder, testifies that she was suffering from an epileptic seizure at the time of murder

D (In this case, Ruth is using an excuse as a legal defense. A personal condition, such as epilepsy that causes seizures, or other circumstances at the time the crime was committed are known as excuses, and do not hold the offender accountable under criminal law)

Which of the following is not a purpose of jails? A. Transferring inmates to federal, state, or other authorities B. Holding inmates sentenced to short terms C. Holding individuals for protective custody D. Conducting therapy sessions

D (Jails do not conduct therapy or rehabilitative programs and are instead only confinement facilities)

Minimum-security prisons are also known as ________. A. U.S. penitentiaries B. administrative facilities C. federal correctional institutions D. federal prison camps

D (Minimum-security prisons are termed federal prison camps)

Which of the following is not a component of a typical prison system in relatively populous states? A. One high-security prison for long-term high-risk offenders B. One or more open-type institutions for low-risk, nonviolent inmates C. One institution for adult women D. One ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like

D (One ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like is not a component of a typical prison system in relatively populous states)

Which of the following statements best defines social justice? A. It is concerned with the fairness in relationships between citizens, government agencies, and businesses in private matters B. It is a for of justice that is concerned with violations of the criminal law C. It is concerned with providing the members of the society with a fair share of the available economic resources D. It encompasses all aspects of civilized life, such as fairness, cultural beliefs of right and wrong, and the relationship of individuals

D (Social justice encompasses all aspects of civilized life, such as fairness, cultural beliefs of right and wrong, and the relationship of individuals, and serves and the basis for the other forms of justice)

Men are more likely than women to be victimized for all of the following offenses, EXCEPT ______. A. murder B. vandalism C. robbery D. rape

D (Statistics show that women are victimized less frequently than men in every major personal crime category other than rape)

Which of the following statements is true of the strategy of selective incapacitation? A. It discourages the use of less expensive alternative sanctions B. It suggests imprisonment for almost all serious offenders C. It is gradually being replaced by collective incapacitation D. It is based on the assessment of dangerousness of offenders

D (The assessment of dangerousness is central to today's contemporary strategy of selective incapacitation)

Which of the following statements is true of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act? A. It amended the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act to include hate crimes B. It amended the Violent Cime Control and Law Enforcement Act to include hate crimes C. It defined hate crime as a violation of a criminal statute by a corporate entity acting on behalf of and for the benefit of the corporation D. It expanded the definition of federal hate crimes to include crimes based on sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability

D (The definition of hate crimes was expanded to include nder the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act that was signed as law in 2010)

Individual rights are emphasized at all stages of criminal justice administration under the ________. A. conflict model B. consensus model C. crime-control model D. due-process model

D (The due-process model values the protection of individual rights during all stages of criminal justice administration)