Intro to Criminal Justice- Final Exam

James is the owner of a farm. He agrees to oversee a juvenile convict in exchange for the convict's labor. This scenario best illustrates ________.

an indenture agreement

In shock probation, offenders ________.

are under the custody of the state's department of corrections; In shock probation, an offender is transferred to the custody of the state's department of corrections rather than the local jail and must apply for parole.

One of the historically oldest forms of punishment that removed an offender from society, with the understanding that if the offender returned he or she would be put to death, was called _______.

banishment

What percentage of prisoners serving time will eventually be released back into society?

95 percent

What percentage of court cases at the federal level are disposed of by plea bargaining?

97 percent

Which of the following is not a type of domestic terrorism?

Al-Qaeda's plan to detonate plastic explosives on board a Northwest Airline flight from Amsterdam to Detroit, Michigan; This act was motivated by political or religious beliefs. Often the goal of the group is to achieve power to force adoption of radicalized religious ideologies.

________ is a criminal proceeding where the defendant is formally charged with a crime and is asked to enter a plea.

An arraignment

Pardons are sometimes referred to as _________.

clemency

A ________ refers to the role of a probation and parole officer in helping his or her clients secure the services and necessities that are required for a successful reentry.

community resource broker

Jack was released early from jail for good behavior. He now needs to find an apartment and join a substance abuse counseling program. David, a state officer, is helping Jack track down these necessities and finds him a low-cost counseling program. From this scenario, it can be inferred that David is most likely a ________.

community resource broker

Jay is under a type of _________, wherein he is monitored electronically from home and thus he avoids having to serve his sentence in prison.

community-based corrections

Reduction in the severity or length of an inmate's sentence is called a(n) ____________.

commutation of sentence

________ refers to the nonrandom distribution of people by race in correctional institutions.

Disproportionate confinement

A defendant convicted of a capital offense and sentenced to death wanted DNA testing to prove her innocence and filed for an appeal. The appellate court reviewed the evidence presented during the initial trial and denied the appeal stating that she no longer had a Constitutional right to DNA testing. The Supreme Court has upheld the denial of the requested DNA testing based on the ruling of the ________ case.

District Attorney's Office for the Third Judicial District v. Osborne; In District Attorney's Office for the Third Judicial District v. Osborne (2009), the Supreme Court ruled that prisoners do not have a constitutional right to DNA testing after conviction.

After being convicted for driving under the influence, instead of going to trial and facing possible prison time, Alfred is offered an alternative choice of attending a drug court. In this scenario, which of the following options has been offered to Alfred?

Diversion

________ is when a defendant is offered an alternative to criminal trial and a prison sentence, such as drug court, boot camp, and a treatment program

Diversion

Mike is arrested for arson and admits his guilt in a state district court. He is sentenced to two years of incarceration and a fine of $5,000 by the judge. After Mike has been imprisoned, Aaron, the victim of the arson incident, requests for a retrial of the case. Aaron requests that Mike should be given a life sentence as Mike's act led to the death of his partner. The federal court dismisses the case, stating that Mike is already convicted for his act. Which of the following is Mike protected from?

Double jeopardy; Double jeopardy is the act of trying a person twice for the same offense. In this scenario, Mike has been convicted for arson. He cannot be tried again for the same offense.

________ is a popular in-school anti-drug program initiated by the Los Angeles Police Department in 1983 that was abandoned when data failed to support its effectiveness.

Drug Abuse Resistance Education

Kristy, a police officer, was an instructor in a federally funded program that targeted children in kindergarten through ninth grade. The program focused on educating these children about the ill effects of drug abuse. However, the program was abandoned when no data supporting its effectiveness could be collected. In this scenario, Kristy was most likely a part of the ________.

Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)

Which of the following is true of a signature bond?

It is mainly used for minor offenses such as traffic law violations

Which of the following statements is true of domestic terrorism?

It is perpetrated by both groups and single individuals

Which of the following statements defines double jeopardy?

It is the act of trying a person twice for the same offense

Which of the following best defines civil commitment examination?

It is the determination of whether a defendant should be released or confined to an institution for people with mental illness

Which of the following statements best describes waiver?

It is the process of moving a juvenile from the authority of a juvenile court to the adult criminal justice system

Which of the following best defines a ticket of leave?

It is the unconditional release from prison purchased with marks earned for good behavior

Which of the following is a criticism of the material witness law?

It leads to an abuse of power by the Justice Department, which has used this law to detain people on suspicion of terrorism where questionable evidence existed for such detentions

Which of the following best describes the wall?

It refers to the separation of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the production and dissemination of intelligence data

Which of the following statements is true of the United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (US-VISIT) program?

It requires foreign visitors to be fingerprinted when they enter the United States

Which of the following is true of plea bargaining?

It seldom involves the victim of the case

________ are short-term multipurpose holding facilities that serve as the gateway into the criminal justice system.

Jails

Joanne and her husband were convicted of armed robbery and sentenced to a term of incarceration in state prison. How will Joanne's experience in a female prison differ from her husband's experience in a male prison?

Joanne is less likely to have access to educational and vocational programs.

Who initiated a process in Boston's municipal courtroom which later become known as probation?

John Augustus

Which state was first to adopt a new verdict known as "guilty but mentally ill"?

Michigan; In 1975, Michigan was the first state to adopt this verdict. The verdict provides the jury the option of finding that the defendant, indeed, has mental illness, is perhaps suffering from a serious mental illness, but was "sufficiently in possession of his faculties to be morally blameworthy for his acts."

Who among the following is most likely to be found not guilty by reason of insanity?

Mike was found to have murdered his baby, but he was also found to be schizophrenic and did not know right from wrong

Home confinement programs typically make use of electronic ________.

Monitoring

Deinstitutionalization of mentally ill inmates did not work because:

Most of the inmates with mental illness ended up in jails and prisons for bizarre public behavior

________ are agreements that ensure that neighboring jurisdictions can assist in providing personnel and resources to their impacted counterparts.

Mutual aid agreements

A group of individuals hears about a residential incarceration program that will soon begin in a house in its neighborhood. The group begins a campaign to stop this because it does not want criminal offenders around the community. This scenario depicts ________.

NIMBY

Who among the following is a bailiff?

Sam, who escorts the jury in and out of the courtroom and ensures order in the court during the trial of a murder case; Bailiffs are people who provide courtroom security

Courtney, aged 15, brings a knife to her school and stabs other students for no apparent reason. The court deems her to be a danger to herself and society, and sends her to a juvenile facility pending adjudication. The court also denies her bail during this time. The court's decision to deny Courtney's bail is based on the precedent established in the ________ case.

Schall v. Martin

________ are civil lawsuits filed in federal court alleging that the government has violated a constitutional right of the inmate.

Section 1983 lawsuits

________ probation is a sentence involving a brief period of imprisonment before serving probation.

Shock

Section 1983 lawsuits are civil lawsuits filed in ________ court alleging the government has violated a constitutional right.

Federal

Which of the following federal prison facilities has a low staff-to-inmate ratio, dormitory housing, limited to no fencing or guard towers, and implement a work program in which inmates help serve the larger needs of the larger institution they are adjacent to?

Federal prison camps

Which amendment to the Constitution prohibits trying someone twice for the same crime?

Fifth Amendment; Double jeopardy, which is the act of trying a person twice for the same offense, is prohibited by the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution

Which of the following would be considered the most difficult issue facing an ex-offender upon his or her return to society?

Finding gainful employment

In a controversial move to promote national security, Congress has provided law enforcement officials with new power that diminishes ____________.

Fourth Amendment rights

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court effectively halt the use of the death penalty?

Furman v. Georgia; In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court effectively banned the use of the death penalty. Rather than focus on the physical and emotional pain of the prisoner as the grounds for capital punishment to be considered cruel and unusual, Furman's defense argued that the death penalty, as applied, was arbitrary and capricious. However, the death penalty was reinstated four years later in Gregg v. Georgia.

Which of the following is a difference between fusion centers and joint terrorism task forces (JTTFs)?

Fusion centers are run by state and local authorities, while JTTFs are sponsored by the FBI

A drug trafficker was arrested for transporting hundreds of pounds of marijuana throughout several western states. At his trial, the drug trafficker was sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment to make an example out of him to others to keep them from engaging in a similar crime. When considering the goals of the judge, which of the following types of punishment does this scenario illustrate?

General deterrence

Marc has been convicted of a nonviolent crime and is participating in a boot camp program. He is required to wear military-style clothing, participate in rigorous physical fitness drills, perform hard manual labor and community service work, and show immediate obedience to all orders given to him by his drill sergeants. What type of program is Marc attempting to complete?

Shock incarceration

What type of bond bases release on the defendant's signature with a promise to return for trial?

Signature bond

Which of the following was among one of the changes initiated by the Department of Homeland Security to help seal the borders from terrorists?

Smart passports

What is the percentage of parolees who do successfully complete terms of probation?

35%

What percentage of employers said they would not knowingly hire an ex-offender?

65 percent

Which of the following is a disadvantage of parole?

There is widespread opposition to parole

Which of the following is true of the Sixth Amendment right of a defendant?

It fails to specify the remedy if the right to a speedy trial is denied; Although guaranteeing the right to a speedy trial, the Sixth Amendment does not specify the remedy if this right is denied

Which of the following is true of the New York House of Refuge?

It had the authority to place those under its charge in private industry

Which of the following is true of Treatment Accountability for Safer Communities (TASC)?

It helps states adopt new comprehensive programs for drug offenders

Which of the following is a drawback of rehabilitation?

It ignores the victim of a crime, and instead focuses on the offender

Which of the following best describes an unsecured bond?

It is a bond that releases the defendant from incarceration after he or she signs a promissory note to pay the court a predetermined amount similar to a cash bail bond if he or she fails to fulfill the promise to appear at trial

Which of the following best describes NIMBY?

It is a result of a community's opposition to building prisons and correctional facilities in its neighborhoods

Which of the following best defines a bifurcated trial?

It is a two-part trial structure in which a jury first determines guilt or innocence and then considers new evidence relating to the appropriate punishment

Which of the following best describes lone wolf terrorism?

It is defined as terrorist acts committed by a single individual or a single individual assisted by a small number of other people

In Re ________ established the burden of proof as beyond a reasonable doubt in juvenile proceedings.

Winship

Who is NOT part of the courtroom work group?

Witness

A program that allows facilities to release inmates into the community to a paying job is called ________ release.

Work

An individual who served eight months in jail for drug abuse returns within three months for the same offense. This is the fourth time he is charged for the offense. The scenario best exemplifies the ________.

revolving door syndrome; The revolving door syndrome is defined as the repeated arrest and incarceration of an offender

Brody is arrested for committing a murder. The defense attorney proves that Brody committed the murder because of his mental illness. As a result, the judge orders that Brody should be moved to a community-based care center for treating his mental illness rather than incarcerating him. This is an example of ________.

deinstitutionalization; Deinstitutionalization is the movement of mentally ill offenders from long-term hospitalization to community-based care.

A teenager was found guilty of raping and murdering a girl and was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment. In this case, the teenager is most likely to be called a ________.

delinquent

Kim, a teenager, was incarcerated for burglary. A juvenile court sentenced her to one year in prison, as burglary is considered a criminal act for both adults and juveniles. In this scenario, Kim is most likely considered to be a ________.

delinquent

When a defendant is offered an alternative to a criminal trial and a possible prison sentence, it is called a __________.

diversion

Trying someone twice for the same offense is called _______.

double jeopardy

A(n) ________ program allows inmates to leave the jail to attend courses at a local technical institute.

education release

An offender is released from prison prior to the completion of his sentence and is ordered to remain confined in his living quarters for the remainder of his sentence. He is supervised remotely using GPS technology so that the probation officers can keep a track on the offender's movements and be warned if any of the probation conditions are violated. This scenario is an example of ________.

electronic monitoring

Critics argue that private prisons differ from government prisons in that private prisons ________.

have higher inmate-to-correctional officer ratios

Female offenders differ from male offenders in that female offenders________.

have less access to vocational and educational programs

During the trial of a narcotics case, the judge prohibits the media from disclosing any information about the case to the public to ensure that the defendant's life is not threatened. In spite of these instructions, an article about the proceedings of the case is published. The publication of such an article has violated the ________.

judges gag order; A gag order is a judge's order to participants and observers at a trial that the evidence and proceedings of the court may not be published, broadcasted, or discussed publicly

Chris is sentenced to lifetime imprisonment for killing five of his family members. In the prison, he picks fights with other inmates and refuses to follow prison rules. As a result, he is put in a small cell and is prohibited any contact with other people. He is also prohibited from doing any work. In this example, Chris is subjected to ________.

solitary confinement

Private prisons usually accept ________.

medium-security inmates

Clayton, who is an officer in the Navy, is convicted of smuggling drugs through high seas routes. He is sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. In this case, he will be confined to a ________.

military prison

Inmates with characteristics that may result in significant risks to themselves, other inmates, or staff are referred to as _____.

special prison populations

Kate, a teenager, threatened a kid with a loaded gun and robbed him. She was arrested and booked for robbery with dangerous weapon. As the state followed a concurrent jurisdiction, her prosecutor filed the case in a criminal court without the juvenile court's approval. In this scenario, the prosecutor's action is justified by ________.

statutory exclusion

Cesare Lombroso contended that crime is hereditary, and was a supporter of ___________ to prevent future crime.

sterilizing offenders; Lombroso felt that sterilizing offenders, so that they could not have children, would decrease crime because he felt crime was hereditary

Drug courts seek to ______________.

stop the revolving door syndrome

John Doe, a career criminal, is arrested for his involvement in three cases, namely, shoplifting, assaulting the shop owner, and violating traffic rules while trying to escape from the police. The prosecutor, who has sufficient evidence to convict Doe, negotiates and asks him to plead guilty so that his sentence can be reduced. This scenario best exemplifies ________.

plea bargaining

David is arrested for illegally possessing a firearm. The police detain him at a short-term facility until he is booked. David is currently held at a(n) ________.

police holding cell

In the juvenile justice system, a trial is referred to as a(n) ________.

Adjudication

A bail bondsman's fee is usually what percentage of the set bail?

10 percent

Roper v. Simmons (2005) set the age for one to receive the death penalty at ________ years old.

18

Patrick was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment in a juvenile correction facility by a juvenile court. When Patrick reached the age of 18, the juvenile court transferred him to an adult facility for the remainder of his sentence without a new trial. Which of the following does this scenario illustrate?

A blended sentencing option

________ is a reduction in the severity or length of an inmate's sentence issued by a state governor or the president of the United States.

A commutation of sentence

Which of the following is true of the presentence investigation?

A defendant may be required to complete interviews and life history forms as part of the presentence investigation

Which of the following scenarios is an example of eco-terrorism?

A group commits arson of construction companies that use large quantities of lumber for their construction purposes

Two months before his release, Aaron is relocated to a separate building that is maintained by a nonprofit organization. Here, he is allowed to enroll in a trade school and attend treatment programs that support his abstaining from drug abuse. In this example, which of the following types of intermediate sanctions has been offered to Aaron?

A halfway house

Which of the following statements is true about the landmark cases that have influenced the due process rights of juveniles?

A juvenile court has the right to deny bail to juveniles prior to adjudication

Which of the following is likely to be included in the presentencing investigation report?

A narrative of the offense;The defendant's criminal history;A description of the defendant's lifestyle

Who among the following is least likely to be excused from jury duty?

A person who belongs to a racial minority group

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a hate crime?

A serial killer who only kills homosexuals out of disgust

Hank opens fire in his school cafeteria. He intends to kill as many people as he can and is not interested in negotiating. In this case, which of the following strategies will be most effective in subduing Hank?

Active-shooter strategy

Which of the following is an example of the convict lease system?

Aaron, who is sentenced to eight years imprisonment, is hired by a construction company to work on a contractual basis

________ is a law enforcement strategy for responding to shootings at schools and colleges in which the first officers on the scene seek and find the shooter and neutralize him or her.

Active-shooter

Police arrest Daniel, who is suspected of having murdered his ex-girlfriend. During the first appearance at a magistrate court, Daniel and the prosecution are questioned by the judge about the crime. With the evidence gathered by the prosecutor, Daniel is officially charged with murdering his ex-girlfriend and is asked to enter a plea. Which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?

Arraignment; Arraignment is a criminal proceeding where the defendant is formally charged with a crime and is asked to enter a plea

Jacob was an inmate in the __________, where he was often moved from place to place in the prison to work, eat, and partake in recreation. He was also required to march in a lockstep formation with other prisoners, keep a short and similar haircut to other prisoners, and wear a striped uniform.

Auburn system

Which case determined that juveniles cannot be tried in both juvenile and adult courts for the same offense?

Breed v. Jones; In Breed v. Jones, the Supreme Court ruled that once a juvenile has been adjudicated by a juvenile court, he or she cannot be waived to criminal court to be tried for the same charges.

Shane violated the conditions of his parole and was returned to prison. Shane is one of only a high number of parolees in the state of _______ that account for 40 percent of all admissions to the state's prisons for a violation of their parole.

California

Gina's daughter, Brenda, has been missing for three days. Gina did not inform the police, as she had blacked out while doing drugs and did not know that Brenda was missing for quite some time. As a result, Gina has now been arrested by police officers for failing to report that Brenda was missing. In this case, the police have arrested Gina based on the provisions of the ________.

Caylee's Law

Parents wait three days before reporting that their 9-year-old son is missing from home. Which law have they violated?

Caylee's Law

________ is the legal philosophy that barred a prison inmate from bringing a lawsuit in a civil court related to his or her treatment while incarcerated or related to conditions of incarceration.

Civil death; Civil death is the legal philosophy that barred a prison inmate from bringing a lawsuit in a civil court related to his or her treatment while incarcerated or related to conditions of incarceration

Who among the following is most likely to be accepted in a private prison?

Colin, who is arrested for burglary, and has been sentenced to 5 years imprisonment; Private prisons are typically medium-security prisons that take those inmates who are the least expensive to house, leaving the state with the high-cost inmates

________ based intermediate sanctions are alternatives to incarceration in jail or prison, such as house arrest or work release programs.

Community-based-corrections

Sir Walter Crofton pioneered the practice of ________ release for inmates, prior to completion of their sentences, based on good behavior.

Conditional

Charles, a deputy sheriff, is the first to respond to the shooting in a local mall. He receives an order from the county sheriff to establish a perimeter and try to negotiate with the shooter. In this case, which of the following strategies has Charles been asked to execute?

Contain-and-wait

________ is a charge against any violator of the judge's courtroom rules, authorizing the judge to impose a fine or term of imprisonment.

Contempt of court

Which of the following principles of punishment serves to prevent people from committing future crime?

Deterrence

Steve was charged with a triple homicide and was sentenced to death before the results of his blood analysis were available. Later, it was found from Steve's blood sample that he could not have been the offender, and he was exonerated. In this case, Steve's death penalty was reconsidered as a result of ________.

DNA evidence

John has been released from prison during the last months of his sentence. Although he is living at home, he spends some time each day at a supervisory center where he is required to undergo random drug tests. John also is attending a vocational training program to help him qualify for a good job. Which type of reentry program is this?

Day reporting center

12-year-old Gregory was caught stealing money from a store's cash register. During intake, the intake officer decides that Gregory's case has to be referred to the juvenile court for formal processing. He forwards a request to the juvenile court judge to determine if Gregory should be declared delinquent. In this scenario, the juvenile intake officer has forwarded a ________.

Delinquency petition

Which of the following terms describes a juvenile accused of committing an act that is illegal for both adults and juveniles?

Delinquent

150 people were killed and 300 were injured in an international terrorist attack on three major cities in the United States. Following this attack, military personnel were ordered to stand guard in other major cities after receiving permission from the appropriate authority. They were kept on alert in order to prevent similar attacks and provide assistance to the superior federal agency. These military personnel are most likely to be members of the ________.

Department of Defense

Which American criminologist suggested that prisoners should be placed on self-contained, self-governing reservations completely isolated from society?

Earnest Hooton; Earnest Hooton (1887-1954), typical of those who believed in the inherited nature of the criminal man theory, argued that prisoners should be placed on self-contained, self-governing reservations completely isolated from society

________ release is a program in which inmates are released to attend college.

Education

Small groups of individuals with a common goal of carrying out terrorism are known as terrorist ________.

Groups

________ is a court-imposed sentence that strictly restricts offenders' mobility and requires them to remain in their living quarters.

Home confinement

David, a federal judge, was found to be biased in the sentencing of a million-dollar scam that resulted in a wrongful conviction. This caused a public uproar and David was removed from office. In this scenario, which of the following is most likely to have been used for removing David from office?

Impeachment

Which of the following statements is true of executive pardons?

In a state prison, executive pardons can be performed only by the governor of the state

Stephanie, aged 15, was arrested for soliciting the murder of her classmate. During the trial, Stephanie was denied an attorney, the person solicited did not testify, and there was no conclusive evidence against her. She was sentenced to 15 years of imprisonment. Stephanie hired an attorney and appealed her case in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Stephanie and stated that her right to due process had been denied. In this case, the Supreme Court's ruling is based on the precedent established in the ________ case.

In re Gault

________ is a case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the reasonable doubt standard, the same used in criminal trials, should be required in all delinquency adjudications.

In re Winship

What is a major difference between split sentencing and shock probation?

In split sentencing, the judge has control over the release of the offender, whereas in shock probation, the offender's fate is in the hands of the department of corrections or the parole board

Which of the following is a difference between the juvenile justice system and the adult justice system?

In the adult justice system, an offender is booked and apprehended by police, whereas an offender in the juvenile justice system is not placed in a lockup facility

________ is a punishment philosophy that criminals should be prevented from having opportunities to commit other crimes if they cannot be deterred from committing further crimes.

Incapacitation

Which sentencing model gives judges nearly complete discretion in sentencing an offender?

Indeterminate sentencing

Prior to September 11, 2001 the FBI and CIA did not share ________.

Intelligence

________ terrorism includes groups such as Al-Qaeda, Sunni Islamic extremists, and various Jihad movements.

International

Which of the following is an advantage of indeterminate sentencing?

It allows for discretion to adjust the length of a sentence to fit individual circumstances

Which of the following is true of the grand jury process?

It allows prosecutors to obtain multiple arrest warrants without disclosing this fact to the defendant; Grand jury is a method, which is confidential, to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to charge the defendant with a crime

Which of the following is true of the Lombroso-based correctional philosophy?

It classified criminals as biologically distinct from and inferior to non-criminals

In the juvenile justice system, a sentence hearing is referred to as a(n) ________ hearing.

Juvenile Adjudication

Which of the following is a role of a parole officer?

Law enforcement officer; Social worker; Community resource broker

Today, which method of execution has been used the most by states carrying out the death penalty?

Lethal injection

Prevention of catastrophic terrorism is most dependent on a unity of efforts between the federal government and ________.

Local and state-level agencies

When a prisoner has served the entire length of their maximum sentence, the requirement that they be released is called ________ release.

Mandatory

Which state passed the first probation statute?

Massachusetts

Although Harold has not committed a crime, he is still held in detention, as intelligence officials believe that he has information about a recent crime that was committed. What law allows for Harold's detention?

Material witness law

You are 16 years old and have been arrested for armed robbery. You plead not guilty and ask for a jury trial. The judge denies your request. On which of the following cases is the judge's decision based?

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania

Which of the following do federal prisons provide?

Medical services; Communication services; Rehabilitative programs

Which of the following is a secret list maintained by DHS that prohibits certain people from flying a commercial airplane?

No-Fly List

Ben was convicted of a crime and sentenced to probation. Among the conditions of probation was a requirement to pay restitution to his victim. However, several months later, Ben lost his job when his employer went out of business. Ben was unable to make the court-ordered payments. What is the most likely result of Ben's failure to comply with the condition of probation?

Nothing

Which of the following statements is true of offenders with mental illness?

Offenders must declare their insanity defense in advance of a trial in order to be found not guilty by reason of insanity

Who among the following is a bail bonds agent?

Oscar, who runs a business, makes a contract with a court guaranteeing that Cooper, a suspect, will return to court for trial; A bail bonds agent is an agent of a private commercial business that has contracted with the court to act as a guarantor of a defendant's return to court

An executive ________ is an act by a governor or the president that forgives the prisoner and rescinds the sentence.

Pardon

Who is responsible for deciding whether an inmate is to receive early release?

Parole board

_______________are convened by the parole board or by a hearing examiner who acts as the authorized representative of the parole board.

Parole hearings

The goal of incarceration at the Eastern State Penitentiary was to evoke ________ in the prisoner.

Penitence

Which of the following is true of state parole boards?

People who serve on state parole boards have little opportunity for advancement; People who serve on state parole boards receive little pay, and there is little opportunity for advancement because of the small size and specialized nature of the job

________ is referred to as a pretrial activity that involves the negotiation between defendant and prosecutor for a plea of guilty for which in return the defendant will receive some benefit, such as reduction of charges or dismissal of some charges.

Plea bargaining

In which stage of the pretrial process are you most likely to have a probable cause hearing?

Preliminary hearing; This stage is sometimes called the probable cause hearing. At this stage, the judge determines if there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed and that you committed the crime.

A federal judge sentenced a notorious street gang member for a series of kidnappings in which a firearm was used. The offender received a base sentence but the judge increased his sentence within an appropriate range, according to the guidelines provided by the Sentencing Reform Act. The judge's basis for doing so was the aggravating factors of the case, or the defendant's use of a firearm. In this scenario, which of the following sentencing models was used by the judge?

Presumptive sentencing; Presumptive sentencing is a sentencing model that attempts to balance indeterminate and determinate sentencing by giving some discretionary powers to judges, but within certain limits

Which is the most likely reason that the rate of the return of prisoners to prisons is very high?

Prison makes it difficult for prisoners to live successful lives within the law because prisons do little to prepare inmates for a successful reintegration back into society

Shawn and Alex are convicted and brought to a federal jail for their sentence. The jail official thoroughly checks them for any contraband and allocates them a prison I.D. They are later sent for physical and mental health evaluations. They are both put in a cell with inmates similar in age and risk level. Which of the following processes is being carried out in this scenario?

Prisoner classification

Harrison is convicted and sentenced to five years in a state prison. He is getting acquainted with the distinctive terms used in the prison. His fellow inmates familiarize him with a few behaviors that he should avoid inside the prison because they might lead to severe disciplinary actions. They also advise him on how to deal with violent inmates. Which of the following processes is illustrated in this scenario?

Prisonization

Socialization into distinct prison subculture with its own values, mores, norms, and sanctions is called ________.

Prisonization

_____________ is the socialization of an inmate into a distinct prison subculture with its own values, mores, norms, and sanctions.

Prisonization

State ________ are institutions containing only convicted inmates.

Prisons

You have been convicted of a felony and sentenced to a term of incarceration. You have been sent to a correctional facility operated by the GEO Group, Inc., through a contract with the state government. In what type of facility have you been placed?

Private prison; The prison is operated by a private company on behalf of the state government

Which of the following is an advantage of probation over incarceration?

Probation provides more opportunities for rehabilitation.

Ethan is arrested and booked for a robbery. After reviewing the police reports and a witness's statement, the public prosecutor finds that Ethan hit a neighbor who was trying to chase him. As such, the prosecutor decides to charge Ethan not only for the robbery but also for simple assault. Which of the following has been exemplified in this scenario?

Prosecutorial discretion; Prosecutorial discretion is the power of a prosecutor to decide whether to charge a defendant and what the charge(s) will be, as well as to gather the evidence necessary to prosecute the defendant in a court of law

The ________ is legislation that requires all state driver's licenses to conform to uniform standards set by the Department of Homeland Security.

REAL ID Act

Joan has been convicted of a crime. The judge decides to impose an intermediate sanction rather than send her to prison. What goal is the judge attempting to prioritize with this sentence?

Rehabilitation

The terrorists involved in a recent terror attack are captured and placed in a military prison in the United States. The terrorists do not cooperate with the military officers during the interrogation process and refuse to reveal any details about their other planned attacks. The officers illegally transport these terrorists to another country where they are to be interrogated using torture techniques prohibited in the U.S. Which of the following is illustrated in this scenario?

Rendition

________ is defined as the illegal transportation of a person to a foreign country for the purpose of having officials of that country interrogate the person using torture or practices not permitted in the United States.

Rendition

A federal assistance program that helps states in providing treatment instead of prison for substance abusers is called the _____________.

Residential Substance Abuse Treatment

__________ is associated with the "eye for an eye" philosophy.

Retribution

Derrick is arrested and charged with murder. A federal court orders that the case be brought to trial within a month of Derrick being charged. In this example, the order of the court is mandated by the ________.

Speedy Trial Act of 1974; The Speedy Trial Act of 1974 is the act that requires a specific deadline between arrest and trial in federal courts

Marcos was sentenced to three years of imprisonment for committing a felony. After serving three weeks of his sentence, a judge offered him the option of probation. This came as a surprise for Marcos because he had not even applied for parole. During his probation, Marcos was required to meet his probation officer once in a month to help him successfully reenter society. Which of the following types of intermediate sanctions is illustrated in this scenario?

Split sentencing

Which of the following sanctions would place a person in jail for a short time and then have him or her brought back to court to consider a probationary period?

Split sentencing

Which of the following is a difference between state prisons and local jails?

State prisons do not house pre- and post-trial detainees, while local jails have pre- and post-trial detainees; State prisons are correctional institutions containing only convicted offenders, usually felony inmates sentenced to prison as punishment for a crime. State prisons do not house pre- and post-trial detainees.

________ offenders are children who have committed an act, which if committed by an adult, would not place them under the authority of the court.

Status

Who among the following has been placed in the New York House of Refuge?

Sue, a juvenile offender, is sentenced to be placed in a group house that would provide for her care and rehabilitation rather than imprisoning her

A probationer can be returned to prison for committing a new crime or for violating a condition of probation. The latter is called a(n) ________ violation.

Technical

________ refers to the grounds for imprisonment of a probationer or parolee based on his or her violation of a condition of release.

Technical violation

Erik is a member of a group that is against the social injustice suffered by the people of his country due to the policies and dominance of the neighboring country of Zuri. He, along with other members of the group, changes his name and enters Zuri to carry out a series of attacks in its major cities. Erik makes a detailed plan for the attacks and awaits further orders from his lead. In this scenario, Erik and his group members are referred to as:

Terrorist cells; Terrorist cells are small groups of individuals with a common goal of carrying out terrorism

Jenny called 9-1-1 about her two-year-old who had been kidnapped. Local police officers used social media to broadcast photos of Jenny's daughter that led to the swift apprehension of the kidnapper. Which of the following laws enabled the officers to use social media to notify the public?

The Amber Alert system

Which of the following laws makes it a federal offense to transport kidnapped victims across state lines?

The Lindbergh Law

Who has the authority to grant a pardon or clemency?

The President

Franco is suspected by the FBI to be a serial killer. The FBI officers find out that Franco is a foreigner who had entered the U.S. for the purpose of joining a grad school that had accepted his application. They now want to gather more information on Franco and find out if he has any past criminal record in his home country. Which of the following systems would be most helpful to the FBI for this purpose?

The Student and Exchange Visitor Information System

The Department of Homeland Security is trying to gather information on a recent terror attack so that they can predict future attacks planned by the terrorist group. Which of the following agencies should the Department of Homeland Security approach for this information?

The Terrorist Threat Integration Center

Tyler was arrested at an airport after a concealed weapon was recovered from his baggage. Upon interrogation, it was also found that he was planning to hijack a passenger plane. Which of the following departments is exclusively responsible for screening of passengers like Tyler?

The Transportation Security Administration

________ is the highest security level of prison operated by the U.S. Bureau of Prisons.

The administrative-maximum prison

The calendar on which court cases are scheduled for trial is called:

The court docket

A judge relies on a presentence investigation report to make a judgement about the appropriateness of placing an offender on probation. Which of the following is most likely not included in the presentence investigation report?

The offenders highest level of education

You are a 12-year-old living in Colonial Williamsburg and are accused of committing a crime. What is the court's most likely response?

The prosecution has to prove that you are able to form mens rea and you can present evidence against it. If this defense is not successful, you will be tried in adult criminal court and sentenced to an adult institution, but you may be given a reduction in sentence because of your age

Which correctional practice prohibited inmates from talking to other inmates?

The silent system

Which of the following best describes Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts?

They are Native American drug-treatment programs that adopt traditional cultural beliefs and practices

Which of the following defines social safety nets?

They are government programs that provide for people in need

Which of the following is a characteristic of hybrid youth gangs?

They are less territory-based than traditional gangs

Which of the following is true of probation and parole officers?

They are responsible for enforcing an offender's compliance with the terms of release

Which of the following statements is true of abolitionists?

They believe that the government does not have the right to take a person's life

Which of the following is true of Native American country jails?

They consist of people who are sentenced a maximum of one year

Which of the following statements is true of the officers of child protective services?

They have the legal responsibility to conduct assessments or investigations of reports of child abuse and neglect

Which of the following is true of day reporting centers?

They maintain daily schedules of inmates' time while in the community

Which of the following is true of trials in courts of limited jurisdiction?

They mostly last only minutes and only a minimum of evidence is introduced

Which of the following is true of prisoners of early jails?

They were responsible for providing their basic necessities of life with their own funds

Which of the following is the purpose of a juvenile court?

To provide youthful offenders a comprehensive approach to justice

The DHS has assumed responsibility for the ______________.

Transportation Security Administration

Jamie, a 27-year-old Native American, is arrested for drug offenses. During his trial in one of the drug courts in his reservation, instead of being incarcerated, Jamie is treated by the use of traditional treatments to remove the drugs' harmful effects. He is given access to talking circles and sweat lodge visits with a medicine man to help him overcome his drug addiction. Which of the following programs follows the approach exemplified in this scenario?

Tribal Healing to Wellness Courts

Which federal agency is part of the Department of Homeland Security?

U.S. Department of Treasury; Department of Agriculture; Department of Energy

The Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) data indicated that a majority of people at the time of arrest were _____________.

Under the influence of one or more illicit drugs

The purpose of ________ is to outline a timeline and coordinate response by federal agencies to terrorist threats or acts.

United States Government Interagency Domestic Terrorism Concept of Operations Plan (CONPLAN)

Under what type of bond is release based on the defendant's promise to pay the court an amount similar to a cash bail bond if he fails to fulfill a promise to return for trial?

Unsecured bond

As a new inmate, which of the following best shows that you are experiencing prisonization?

You are learning the values and norms of the prison and conforming to the prison code

You have just started your new job as a federal probation officer. While supervising your first clients, what do you need to remember?

You are more likely to need skills related to social work and rehabilitation rather than police and investigative skills

To counter the threat of terrorist attacks some larger police departments have turned to ________.

a joint local-federal counterterrorism task force

The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 requires a defendant in federal court found not guilty by reason of insanity to undergo __________.

a civil commitment examination; The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 requires that in federal courts, the defendant found not guilty by reason of insanity must undergo a civil commitment examination within 40 days of the verdict. The civil commitment process determines whether the defendant should be released or confined to an institution for people with mental illness

Home confinement is ____________.

a court-imposed sentence

The prosecutor of an assault and battery case has gathered some evidence against the defendant. However, Spencer, the key witness in the case, refuses to testify against the defendant, fearing for the safety of his family. Therefore, the prosecutor chooses to dismiss the case. The prosecutor has most likely dismissed the case due to ________.

a lack of confidence in the case

Richard is arrested on suspicion of robbery and murder. The arresting officers temporarily detain him in a cell before producing him in court. In this example, Richard is now being held in ________.

a police holding cell

Jackie works in a for-profit prison which looks similar to that of government prisons. Jackie works for ___________.

a privatized prison company

Incarceration can trigger intense depression. Prison officials try to identify inmates suffering from depression so that they can place them under constant supervision in what is known as _______.

a suicide watch

Another term used to denote probation is _____________.

a suspended sentence

Judy is given early release from prison and must report to her parole officer on a weekly basis. This allows the officer to supervise her lifestyle to evaluate if Judy is a potential danger to the community. In this scenario, the parole officer's enforcement illustrates ________.

compliance with the terms of release

A(n) ________ is a written summary of the specific conditions and requirements to be placed on the child and/or parent(s) or guardian by the juvenile intake officer.

consent decree

Religious groups that provide vocational training combined with religious instruction to inmates are known as ________.

faith-based programs

Noah, a local businessman, commits perjury and is sentenced in a federal court. He is assigned to serve his sentence at a minimum-security facility that has no perimeter fencing or guard towers. At the prison, he is allowed limited unsupervised travel and community access. In this case, Noah has been assigned to a ________.

federal prison camp

Tough sentencing laws designed to punish repeat offenders more harshly are called the ______________.

habitual offender law

Shia intentionally ran over numerous people outside a shopping mall with her car. In her trial, she was determined to be deranged, but also sufficiently aware enough to be considered morally responsible for her criminal act and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Based on this information, Shia is most likely to be ________.

guilty but mentally ill

James likes to join new gangs and every gang he joins allows him the flexibility to move in and out of membership. The gangs are racially mixed and also have a large number of females. In spite of his membership in gangs, James has rarely got into trouble with police officers as these gangs are not involved in drug trafficking or any type of criminal behavior. In this scenario, James is most likely a member of a ________.

hybrid gang

A sentence in which the defendant is sentenced to a prison term with a minimum and maximum number of years to serve is called ________________.

indeterminate sentence

Roger was found guilty of committing a triple murder. During the trial, he was sentenced to be imprisoned from 15 years to life in prison. In this scenario, Roger's sentencing is an example of a(n) ________.

indeterminate sentence

A defendant charged with an aggravated DUI was found guilty during trial by a jury. During the sentencing phase, the judge sentenced the defendant to a minimum of 5 years and a maximum sentence of 12 years depending on the defendant's progress toward rehabilitation. This scenario is an example of ________.

indeterminate sentencing

Heather is briefed by her lawyer that her drug offense may be treated more leniently than it would have been in the past. He explains to her that the "get tough on crime" philosophy has proven to be both costly and ineffective in rehabilitating offenders. As such, he predicts that Heather will most likely receive a(n) _________, which will be carried out in the community rather than in prison.

intermediate sanction

Alan, a career criminal, is convicted for smuggling drugs. One of the members of the jury suggests back-to-back sentencing so that Alan is isolated from the society, rather than giving him a chance to correct his criminal behavior. In this case, the jury member is emphasizing the philosophy of ________.

lock and feed; In this case, the jury member is emphasizing the lock-and-feed philosophy, which emphasized incapacitation rather than rehabilitation

Kate, an inmate in a prison, has been cooperative and has made great progress in her behavior. This leads prison authorities to believe that she is ready to be released before serving the length of her sentence. Based on this observation, Kate was released under continued supervision. In this scenario, Kate's release is an example of ________.

parole

The origin of parole is based on the concept of releasing prisoners simply after giving their word that they would obey the law upon their release. This is called_____________.

parole d'honneur

George was caught stealing from a convenience store and was sentenced to prison. He was released prior to his maximum term of the sentence upon consideration of his good behavior and his word that he would not indulge in any criminal activities after his release. In this scenario, George's early release is an example of ________.

parole d'honneur; Parole d'honneur is the practice of releasing a prisoner for good behavior based on his word of honor that he would obey the law upon release

A convicted offender's background, attitude, and circumstances surrounding the offense are summarized for the judge by a probation officer before sentencing in a __________ report.

presentence investigation

A ________ is a person who works for the courts and has the responsibility of inspecting the background of the convicted offender and the circumstances surrounding the offense.

presentence investigator

A structured sentencing model that attempts to balance sentencing guidelines with mandatory sentencing and at the same time provide discretion to the judge is called _______.

presumptive sentencing

Jeremy, a politician, is convicted of money laundering. He wants a person who can familiarize him with prison culture and help him get a good prison placement. In this case, he should seek the assistance of a ________.

prison consultant

The prisoners of the South Zeal prison make scented candles and potpourri as part of their daily activities. These products are sold to the public, and the income from their sale goes to the prison. This is an example of ________.

prison industry; Prison industry is the sale of convict-made products and services.

Jacob is arrested for drug abuse. As he did not have any previous criminal record and is not likely to cause any harm to society, the judge suspends his sentence for a period of five months. During this period, Hawkins is asked to supervise Jacob and is also given the power to arrest Jacob if he commits any other crimes. In this case, Hawkins is most likely a ________.

probation officer

The conditional release of a convicted offender before he or she serves any prison time is called _____________.

probation; After a conviction, at sentencing, the judge can decide to suspend the sentence and put the offender on probation rather than send him or her to prison

Terrorist tactics generally include _________.

random acts of violence on noncombatants

Rohan, a habitual drug addict, is sentenced by a court to undergo counseling and medical treatment for a period of two years. Rohan's sentencing is an example of ________.

rehabilitation

Edwin is arrested for committing petty theft. He requests to be released before his trial and promises to appear in court for the trial. After considering Edwin's criminal history, his ties to the community, and his flight risk, the court grants him bail without any court-ordered terms and restrictions. In this case, Edwin has been granted ________.

release on recognizance; Release on recognizance (ROR) means to secure the pretrial release of the accused based merely on the defendant's unsecured promise that he or she will return for trial

A sentence involving a brief period of imprisonment before becoming eligible for parole is called _______________.

shock probation

Halfway houses typically encounter ___________.

significant community opposition

Ann is released on parole and must meet with her parole officer every week for a drug test. Her parole will be revoked if she tests positive for drugs. During the second week of her parole, Ann tests positive for drugs and is sent back to prison. This scenario is an example of a ________.

technical violation

Martin, aged 12, was apprehended for shoplifting. As he does not have a prior arrest record, he was tried in a court where juvenile peers decided the disposition. During his trial, adults overseeing the proceedings suggested a broad range of sentencing options. In this case, Martin has most likely been tried by the ________.

teen court

A defendant is charged with aggravated assault in a state court. During the pretrial, the defense counsel makes requests to postpone the trial based on the defendant's competency to stand trial. The defense later files an appeal stating that the defendant's Sixth Amendment right was violated. In this case, the defense counsel's appeal is most likely to be dismissed based on ________.

the Klopfer v. North Carolina ruling; In 1973, during the ruling on Klopfer v. North Carolina, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment does not apply when a defendant's actions intentionally delay a trial. In this case, the defense counsel requests for a delay in the trial. This cannot be considered as a denial of the right to a speedy trial

When prisons were first built, they were designed to hold a certain number of inmates. This was called ___________.

the design capacity

Alisha was arrested and booked on charges of conspiring to murder her boss. Before she could be tried in a court, a jury had to be selected. During the selection of the jury for this case, the prosecutor and defense attorney ask the potential jurors several questions and obtain information regarding their beliefs and biases. The questioning is an illustration of ________.

the voir dire process; The voir dire process is the questioning of potential jurors to determine whether or not they have biases that would disqualify them from jury service.

The fear of terrorism is transforming our nation's cities into ___________.

urban fortresses

Comments made by an injured party at an offender's sentencing hearing are known as the _________.

victim impact statement

An inmate who was a construction worker, has been compliant during his sentence. A recent hurricane left many houses in need of structural repairs. He is allowed to leave the jail two days a week to help repair the structural damages of these houses. He is paid for the job he does and has to return to the jail after his shift ends. This facility provided to the inmate exemplifies ________.

work release