Intro to Echocardiography
What is the normal velocity for the left ventricular inflow?
-E wave- 1 m/s -A wave- 0.2-0.4 m/s
What are the echo windows?
-Parasternal -Apical -Subcoastal _Suprasternal
What are the image planes?
-Short Axis -Long Axis -4 Chamber -2 Chamber
What is the anatomy of the parasternal long axis view (PLAX)?
-left atrium -left ventricle -mitral valve -interventricular septum -left ventricular posterior wall -right ventricle -aortic valve
What is the best view for obtaining Doppler velocities of the LVOT?
-left ventricle side of the aortic valve -apical or suprasternal notch
What is laminar flow?
-normal flow -concentric layers -uniform flow velocities
What is aliasing?
-occurs at high frequencies (velocities) -nyquist limit is 60-80 cm/sec with a 2- or 3- MHz transducer -when nyquist is exceeded, the color is changed from blue to red or red to blue (regardless of direction of flow)
What technical factors are needed to ensure that flow velocities are accurate?
-parallel alignment between beam and direction flow -velocity scale -wall filters -gain settings
What is the aortic valve anatomy?
-right coronary cusp -left coronary cusp -non coronary cusp
What are the uses of m-mode?
-timing of rapid cardiac motions -precise measurements of cardiac demensions -further evaluation of structures seen on 2D imaging (e.g. suspected vegetation) to aid in their identification
What is turbulent flow?
-when the flow pattern is unpredictable -scattered (multiple directions) -velocity increases -stenosis (narrowing)
What is the normal velocity for the left ventricular outflow?
0.8 m/s - 1 m/s
What is the equation for cardiac output?
CO=SVxHR
Where is the vena contracta located?
Narrow flow stream through the orifice
What is the best views to see the mitral valve?
PLAX PSAX Apical 4 chamber Apical long axis
What is the best view to see the aortic valve?
PLAX PSAX Apical long axis Anterior angulated apical 4 chamber
What is the best view to see the coronary sinus?
PLAX to RV inflow Posterior angular ion from apical 4 chamber
What is the best view to see the pulmonic valve?
PSAX RV outflow Subcoastal short axis
What is the equation for stroke volume?
SV=CSA x VTI (SV(cm^3)=CSA(cm^3)xVTI(cm))
What side of the baseline the doppler will display if the flow is going towards the transducer?
above the baseline
What echo view do you measure the LA volume?
apical 4 chamber view
What side of the baseline of the doppler will display if the flow is going away from the transducer?
below the zero baseline
What color is the blood flow is the flow is going away from the transducer?
blue
What is the equation for Bernoulli?
change of P=4v^2
What is variance?
color image pattern seen even with normal intercardiac flow; which often is encoded as green on the color display
What is the appearance of the 4 chamber view?
from apex to base (includes both atria and ventricles)
What is the appearance of the 2 chamber view?
from apex to base (rotating the probe counterclockwise from 4 chamber)
How is the patient positioned to obtain the Apical view ?
left lateral decubitus
How is the patient positioned to obtain the PLAX view?
left lateral decubitus
How is the patient positioned to obtain the PSAX view?
left lateral decubitus
What is the appearance of the long axis view?
parallel to the long axis of the LV
What is the appearance of the short axis view?
perpendicular to long axis
What color is the blood flow if the flow is going towards the transducer?
red
Where is the Chiari network located?
right atrium
What pulmonary vein is ideal to Doppler that is parallel to flow in an apical 4 chamber view?
right superior pulmonary vein
Where is the moderator band located?
right ventricle
How is the patient positioned to obtain the Subcoastal view?
supine
How is the patient positioned to obtain the suprasternal view?
supine
What view allows for visualization of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta?
suprasternal
