Intro to Funeral Services Final Questions
History of Hearses:
Transition from church graveyards to municipal cemeteries required better transportation. Funeralis: latin meaning torchlight procession. Hirpex: latin for rake or harrow *Ornateness of stationary hearse. *Mobility of bier.
Richard Harlan:
Translated Gannal's 'History of Embalming' introducing European techniques to America.
John Hunter:
Used the Femoral Triangle for injection of turpentine solution.
John Dillion:
Warehouse providing premade coffins.
Benefits of Funerals:
Websites that believe funerals are justifiable, claim they provide a place of support and comfort for the family.
Who was Isis?
Wife and sister of Osiris.
What is Cypress?
Wood Eternal. *Used by Egyptians, Greeks, and any other Ancient Cultures for Burial Receptacles.
What are the fertility symbols in ancient Egypt?
* The Sun. *The Nile River.
Cremation Statistics:
*2-2 1/2 hours is approximate length of time to cremate an adult body. *Temperature in retort during cremation is 1600-1800 degrees.
Funeral Homes in the U.S.A:
*According to the NFDA there are approximately 22,000 funeral homes in the U.S. *Service Corporation International (SCI): Founded by Robert Waltrip. *Keystone is a funeral service corporation based in Tampa Florida.
What is a Kerheb?
*Chief Embalmer/Funeral Director from priestly lines. *Only conducted funeral of the Pharaoh and the Pharaoh's family. *Oversaw all of the work in Necropolis.
Roman Burial Grounds:
*Commune Sepulchrum: Grave pit for poor Roman citizens unable to afford a tomb burial. *Columbarium: Location of burial for cremated remains. *Urns: Used for the cremated. First time in history cremated remains were saved and placed into special containers (Urns). *Sarcophagus- Large rectangular coffins for the wealthy citizen that were placed in the tombs.
Cremation in the United States:
*Cremation began in the late 1800's in the U.S. *Memorial Society: An organization, usually non-profit, aiding consumers to have cremation as their method of disposition. *Cremation Society: sells cremation in an effort to make profit. *Neptune Society: Offers cremation followed by scattering cremated remains at sea. *Telophase: First direct cremation society founded by Thomas Weber in 1971. *National Cremation Society: Established in 1973 by Charles Denning.
What is the Viking mode of disposition?
*Cremation in a Viking Ship. *Possessions placed with dead Warrior. *Boat Burial for Warriors. *Valhalla=Heaven.
Thomas Holmes:
*Father of American embalming. *Rootbeer. *Hand pump for embalming.
Funeral Service Education and Testing:
*First Mortuary schools evolved from traveling chemical company salesman. *The first permanent mortuary school was started by Dr. Auguste Renouard. *International Conference of Funeral Service Examining Boards (ICFSEB or The Conference): Currently administrators the National Board Examination (NBE). *American Board of Funeral Service Education (ABSFE): Currently accredits mortuary science and funeral services programs in the United States.
Embalming Chemicals:
*Heavy metals mid 1800's -Arsenic & Mercurical Compunds (later banned). *Formaldehyde late 1800s and 1900s -1910 U.S. Public Health Service found to be best preservative.
Burial in Woolen Act of 1666:
*Linen Had Been Preferred for Burial. * VERY needed for Paper Production. *Required Burial in a Woolen Shroud. *Supported By Paper and Wool Industry. *Benefitted Land Owners in England.
Embalming Ice Age:
*Mid 1800's undertakers realized refrigeration retarded decomposition. *Undertakers placed ice on or near body. *Special tables & equipment developed to promote cooling process. Most noted pieces of equipment the Frederick and -Trump "Refrigerator for Corpses" aka "Corpse Cooler". -Cooling board similar to embalming table which has an area for ice.
(1.) Late 19th Century Funerals:
*Most funerals held at home of deceased. *Door badge: crepe or floral arrangement placed over the knocker on the door of the home of the deceased to symbolize mourning of household. *Appearance of funeral parlors in urban areas -Apartments too small or didn't have parlors for laying the body in state.
Who was in the Egyptian cult of Osiris Trinity?
*Osiris *Isis *Horus Osiris and Iris were brother and sister then got married and had their son, Horus.
Renaissance Barber-Surgeons?
*Owned surgical instruments. *Known for treating illnesses by blood-letting. *Primarily cared for the poor. *AKA Surgeons of the Short Robe.
What is the Middle Ages, Dark Ages, Medieval Period?
*Period in Western Europe before the Renaissance but after the fall of the Roman Empire. *Development of Purgatory Doctrine and the cleansing of the soul before ascension into heaven. *Steward of the Guild represented Church and made funeral arrangements. *Sexton in charge of the cemetery and the burials. *Soul Shot mortuary fee. *Death Mask Cast of deceased's face.
Roman Funeral Customs:
*Required Funeral Director to hold licensing with the state. *Torch Bearer with Evening Procession for Plebians. *Preaco Summoned Funeral Participants. *Animistic Death Belief. *Conclamatio Mortis: Calling out the Deceased. *First to Utilize Urns & Columbariums.
Who was Horus? What did he do?
*Son of Isis and Osiris *King of the Living. *Avenged his father's death.
What were Slaves?
*They performed most of the embalmings unless deceased were of high estate.
What are the most expensive methods of Egyptian embalming?
1. Body placed in sunlight. 2. Brains removed.
What did Constantine the Great promised for every deceased person?
1. Burial Receptacle. 2. Commital Service with a Religious Leader. 3. Procession.
Christian Burial Customs:
1. Daylight Processions. 2. Wake emphasized finality and the reality of death. 3. First Committal Service-Eulogy, Prayer, and Benediction. 4. Washed body with Holy Water. 5. Kiss of Peace (Final Farewell). 6. First to Believe that they were all Equal in Death.
Factors that influenced the cost of Egyptian embalming?
1. Embalming procedure techniques. 2. Ruling Dynasty. 3. Wealth of the family.
Egyptain Embalming:
1. Expensive method using canopic jars. 2. Secondary Sanitation (primarily done for religious purposes). 3. Written Hieroglyphics that provide present day knowledge. 4. Natron used to remove moisture from the dead body.
What are the earliest Egyptian Burial Receptacles?
1. Mats 2. Skins 3. Pottery
Occupations of Early American Funeral Directors:
1. Midwife 2. Furniture maker 3. Cabinet maker
Emperor Constantine enacted sumptuary laws:
1. Required Libitinarians to hold a license with the state. 2. Required bodies to be buried 6 ft under. 3. Regulated funeral costs.
Medieval Death Practices:
1. Sin-eater: Consumed bread & beer over deceased to prevent spirit from wandering. 2. Crusaders: Remains returned via Independent Bone Burial. 3. Martyrs & Saints: Independent Heart Burial Bodies buried feet towards east. 4. Embalming: rare and primarily used for royalty.
Hebrew Burial Customs:
1. Soil from Israel, Symbol of Holy Land Buried with Deceased. 2. Trench grave: a shallow grave for the poor. 3.Sunken grave: Earth grave with a stone over the top
What are the Greek Funeral Practices?
1. They used wood (Cypress) for the coffins. 2. They were the first to use and practice Cremation as a Primary Disposition Method. 3. First to Utilize Professional Mourners (Temple of Prostitutes.) 4. Grand feasts at Funerals. 5. Sutee Practiced.
What are the Greek Burial Receptacles?
1. Trapazae: square-cut flat top monument that resembles a ground level individual mausoleum. 2. Kiones: Deceased Placed in a Column. 3. Stelae: Upright stone slab. 4. Naidia: temple-like structures that may house gardens.
What is the Circle of Necessity?
A religious circuit the soul was required to do by taking a 3000 year journey to the sun and back.
Adaptive Funeral Rite:
A rite adjusted to the needs of the family or the trends of the time
What is River Styx?
A river that is the boundary between Earth and the underworld.
What are the Egyptian death beliefs? (There are 6)
Ba- a bird with a human head that resides in the stomach, which represents the person's personality and their soul. Ka-Guardian angel of soul remained by dead and demanded attention from living. Heart- Seat of intellect and emotions. Yahku a.k.a Ahk-Immortality, the shining one. Name- usually held a special meaning. Shadow-if you worship the sun, a shadow will result.
What is Flesh in Hebrew?
Basaat or Basar.
Casket Companies:
Batesville Casket Company: Advertises the Living Memorial Program where they plant a tree seedling in a national forest for each casket purchased.
Funeral Practices in Early America:
Casket: European word meaning jewel box. *More ornate than earlier coffins & included interior lining. *Rectangular container with ogee rim. Family & Friends cared for deceased. Layer-out-of-the-dead: Female undertaker who was usually a nurse or midwife who prepared remains for burial.
What is Necropolis? What does it mean?
City of the Dead. The name for a walled suburb that was used for embalming in ancient Egypt.
Internet & Funeral Service:
Consumers use the internet as a method of shopping for funerals.
What is Obol?
Currency, a gold coin that's required to pay Charon to cross River Styx.
Fred Hulberg:
Developed first gas funeral buggy.
Almond Fisk:
Developed first metal casket.
James Cunningham:
Developed the Square deck horse-drawn hearse.
Marcello Malpighi:
Discovered capillary circulation. Father of Histology.
What are the Elysian Fields?
Elysian Fields (Heaven): is the name of the place where good souls would reunite with their bodies.
Who was Set?
Evil brother of Osiris.
True or False: Metal was used in coffins.
FALSE! Only wood was permitted in coffins. NO METALS.
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
Father of Bacteriology. Invented the Microscope.
Frederick Ruysch
Father of Embalming.
Who is Herodotus? What is he known as?
Father of History. Greek historian providing information about the Egyptians.
What is Charron?
Ferryman that transported the dead across the River Styx.
Development of Coffins & Caskets in the United States:
First Metallic Coffin: *First Metallic Burial Case *Anthropoid Shape. *Airtight. Crane & Breed: First Company to distribute premade caskets. Barstow: designed Ogee rim for use on wooden caskets.
(2.) Late 19th Century Funerals:
Flowers replace crepes as funeral decor due to their aesthetic beauty.
August von Hofman:
Formaldehyde.
Jean Gannal:
Frenchman who first offered chemical embalming to the general public.
The American Civil War:
General Order #33 Issued by President Abraham Lincoln. *Commanding officer's duty to set aside place for burial near the battle. General Order #39 *Prevented embalmers from passing out advertisements to soldiers.
Gabriel Clauderus:
German who immersed bodies in balsomic spirits for weeks to embalm.
Who was Anubis?
God of embalming.
Who was RA?
God of the sun.
Who is Dionysus?
God of wine and fertility.
Early American Embalming:
J. Anthony Gaussardia granted first chemical embalming patent. Rural area often performed on the kitchen table.
Who was Osiris?
Judge of the dead.
What are the Egyptian Receptacles that resembles humans?
Sarcophagus: A massive rectangular coffin that held remains. Anthropoidal: man-shaped coffins that are covered with hieroglyphics.
Edwin Chadwick:
Social Reformer who fought for decent burials for the poor. Investigated conditions of English workers. Report on Intra-Mural Interments: *Wanted all cemeteries municipalized. *Trading cemeteries abolished. *Religious rites simplified and standardized. *Medical officials to certify deaths of children.
True or False: Embalming and Injection of Fluids were forbidden.
TRUE! Embalming and Injection of Fluids (Arterial Injection) were forbidden.
True or False: A tear or rent to a person's clothing meant that they were in mourning?
TRUE! A rent or tear in clothing was used to express mourning.
What did the Hebrews believe about blood?
That blood contained the soul.
Who is the Surgeon?
The Embalmer. *Supervise the embalming. *Embalmed Royalty.
Hudson Samson:
Oval deck horse-drawn hearse.
Leonardo da Vinci:
Painter who used the venous system.
What is a Cerebus?
3 headed dog commonly paid with honey cake to allow passage.
What is a Scribe?
A Lawyer. *Made mark on the body to guide the Dissector where to make the incision.
What is a Designer?
A Painter. *Constructed the Pharaoh's coffin and other burial receptacles.
What is a Physician?
A Priest. *they are coordinated with the family. *In charge of the Funeralization. *Offer opinions of correctness in regards to the embalming process. *In charge of procession & conducted removals. *Trained in religious activities and is the only person allowed to leave Necropolis. *Instructs all others in ceremonies.
Memorial Service:
A ceremony commemorating the deceased without the body present.
Humanistic Funeral Rite:
A funeral rite that is devoid of any religious connotation.
What is a Dissector?
An Anatomist. *They made an initial decision into the left flank of the deceased to begin the embalming process.
Funeral Rite:
An all-inclusive term used to encompass all funeral and/or memorial services.
What is Apothecary?
Another name for pharmacy. *Often made Spices, anointments, and natron to the body.
Ritual:
Any action(s) performed during a rite which has symbolic meaning to the participants or the observers.
Funeral:
Any funeral rite with a dead human body present.
What is Hades?
Hades (Hell): which is a location where souls dwell eternally if they were unsuccessful with reuniting with their body.
Who is William Harvey:
He discovered the circulation of blood and the role of the heart in propelling it. Harvey developed an accurate theory of how the heart and circulatory system operated. He speculated that humans and animals reproduced through the joining of an egg.
Worship & Penberthy:
Hydroaspirator for cavity treatment.
Roman Funeral Functionaries:
Libitanarius: Head Embalmer. Designator: Master of Ceremonies for Procession. Praeco: Town Crier.
Caskets in Late 19th Century:
Life Signals: devices placed in coffins or caskets with a string or spring attached to hands of the deceased to notify the living if buried alive. Cloth covered top of the line *Ulysses Grant buried in Stein Company cloth covered Style E. State Casket increased popularity.
Types of Burial:
Memorial Parks: contain plots with only ground level markers.
What is Soul in Hebrew?
Nefesh.
What are the Egyptian Canopic Jars? What did they have inside them?
Organs of the deceased. They were named after the four sons of Horus. -Mestha a.k.a. Imset, human headed guardian of the liver. -Quebsennuf, falcon headed guardian of the intestines. -Hapi, baboon headed guardian of the lungs. -Tuammutef, jackal or dog headed guardian of the stomach.
What is the Rosetta Stone?
The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it in two languages (Egyptian and Greek), using three scripts (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek).
Prince Greer:
The first black embalmer.
Epicureans belief on death?
The soul disintegrated at the time of death.
