Intro to Nursing APA

Rules for creating a good byline

The preferred form of an author's name is first name, middle initial(s), and last name; this form reduces the likelihood of mistaken identity. (ex. Jason L. Maradiaga)

General formatting rules

- 1" margins - .5" header - 2 spaces after punctuation which ends a sentence - Spell and grammar check turned on - Double space entire document except tables - New Times Roman 12-point font

Rules for creating a good running head

- A short version of the full title (needs to make sense) - Typed in the header - flush left - The words "Running head" appear only on the cover page - The running head itself (the part after the :) appears on the subsequent pages - The running head itself (the part after the : in all CAPS) max of 50 characters (letters, punctuation, spaces) - Usually the first 2-3 words of your full title so chose your title so that it translates well to a running head that makes sense - PERRLA automatically uses the first 50 characters for the running head - may need to change by hand

Rules for creating a good title

- Summarizes the main idea of the paper - Fully explanatory when standing alone - Easily shortened to the running head - Avoid abbreviations - No more than 12 words - Centered on the upper half of the page - Upper and lower cases

General rules for numbers in the text of the paper

-10 and above use numeral Ex. 10, 11, 12, 13......ect -Numbers below 10 express as words -Any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading express as word -Common fractions -Universally accepted usage. Ex. nine, eight, seven, six......ect Ex. one fifth of the class Ex. the Twelve Apostles

Rules for creating a good affiliation

-The affiliation identifies the location where the author or authors were where the research was conducted, which is usually institution. -Then an author has no institutional affiliation, list the city and state of residence below the author's name Ex. No affiliation Mary S. Haggerty Rochester, New York Ex. Affiliation John Q. Foster II Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey

Rules for crediting someone else's work or idea in the text

Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories or research have directly influenced your work

Rules for the use of abbreviations in the text of the paper

Consider whether the space saved by the abbreviation justifies the time necessary to master the meaning -Usually not if used fewer than 3 times after first introduction of the term -Abbreviations accepted as words (not labeled as abbreviations in Webster) do not require explanation Ex. IQ, REM, ESP, AIDS, HIV, NADP, ACTH -Latin abbreviations e.g., (for example) cf. (compare) , etc. (, and so forth) i,e., (that is,) viz., (namely) vs. (versus, against) -Only in parenthetical material otherwise write out

One work by four authors

First citation - Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, and Walsh (2006) Subsequent citation - Bradley et al. (2006) Parenthetical format - (Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, & Walsh, 2006) Parenthetical format subsequent - (Bradley et al., 2006)

One work by three authors

First citation - Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1999) Subsequent citation - Bradley et al. (1999) Parenthetical format - (Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 1999) Parenthetical format subsequent - (Bradley et al., 1999)

Groups (readily identified through abbreviation) as authors

First citation - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) Subsequent citation - NIMH (2003) Parenthetical format - (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 200) Parenthetical format subsequent - (NIMH, 2003)

Groups (no abbreviations) as authors

First citation - University of Pittsburgh (2005) Subsequent citation - University of Pittsburgh (2005) Parenthetical format - (University of Pittsburgh, 2005) Parenthetical format subsequent - (University of Pittsburgh, 2005)

One work by two authors

First citation - Walker and Allen (2004) Subsequent Citation - Walker and Allen (2004) Parenthetical format - (Walker & Allen, 2004) Parenthetical format subsequent - (Walker & Allen, 2004)

One work by five authors

First citation - Walker, Allen, Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (2008) Subsequent citation - Walker et al. (2008) Parenthetical format - (Walker, Allen, Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 2008) Parenthetical format subsequent - (Walker et al., 2008)

One work by six or more authors

First citation - Wasserstein et al. (2005) Subsequent citation - Wasserstein et al. (2005) Parenthetical format - (Wassesrtein et al., 2005) Parenthetical format subsequent - (Wasserstein et al., 2008)

One work by one author

Most often, an author's last name appears in the text with the date of publication immediately following in parentheses In text citation - Bolles (2000) provides a practical, detailed approach to job hunting. When the author's name does not appear in the text itself, it appears in the parenthetical citation followed by a comma and the date of publication: Parenthetical citation - Interactive fiction permits readers to move freely through a text and to participate in its authorship (Bolter, 2001) First citation - Walker (2007) Subsequent Citation - Walker (2007) Parenthetical format - (Walker, 2007) Parenthetical format subsequent - (Walker, 2007)

Rules for clear communication

Person - Use 1st person when talking about self/co-authors. Do not use the royal "we" - Use 3rd person for everything else Voice - Active voice -Strongly encouraged Precision and clarity - Use of language/grammer - Avoid colloquial expressions/slang/jargon - Avoid metaphors and analogies - Use simple, descriptive adjectives and plain language Non biased language - When describing racial and ethnic groups, be appropriately specific and sensitive to issues of labeling. Ex. Instead of describing, participants as Asian American, or Hispanic American, it may be helpful to describe them by their nation or region of origin. Chinese American, Mexican American. If you are discussing sexual orientation, realize that some people interpret gay as referring to men and women, whereas others interpret the term as referring only to men (the term gay men and lesbians currently are preferred).

Rules for formatting quotations

Quoting vs. paraphrasing -changing a few words of someone else's work is not paraphrasing. Quotations -Introductory phase A quote cannot stand alone, must be toed to paper with your own works -when quoting, always provide the author, year, and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material in the text and include a complete reference in the reference list. -If the quotation comprises fewer than 40 words, incorporate it into text and enclose the quotation with double quotation marks. If the quotation appears in mid sentence, end the passage with quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses immediately after the quotation marks, and continue the sentence. Use no other punctuation unless the meaning of the sentence requires such punctuation. -If the quotation comprises 40 or more words, display it in a freestanding block of text and omit the quotation marks. start such block quotation on a new line and indent the block about a half inch from the left margin. If there are additional paragraphs within the quotation indent the first line of each an additional half inch. Double space the entire quotation. At the end of a block quotation, cite the quoted course and the page or paragraph number in parentheses after the final punctuation mark.

Rules of congruence of citations in text and reference list

Reference list and items cited in text of paper must match in number, spelling, ect -Author name -Date of publication -Title of work -Publication data