Intro to Photography
Factors that affect motion control
1. how fast a moving object travels across the film 2. the distance between the moving object and the camera, 3. the lens focal length
f/4 @ 1/250 is the equivalent of f/16 @
1/15
A stop refers to a change in exposure that is equal to what?
1/2 as much or twice as much and that is regardless of how that change is acheived
Panning
1/30, 1/15, 1/8 subject no more than 10 ft away
List the full, standard f/stop settings starting from f/2 through f/22
2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22
At the same f/stop setting, which lens would provide the greatest depth of field capability? A. 300mm B. 21mm C. 50mm D. 28mm
21mm. the widest or shortest focal length lens will provide the greatest depth of field capability.
Printing time is 3 sec. with the enlarging lens set at f/4. If you stop the aperture of the enlarging lens down to f/ll, what will the new exposure time be?
24 sec. (If you stop the enlarging lens down 3 stops to f/11 - reducing the intensity of light by 1/2 each time - then you must double the exposure time for each stop. 3 doubles to 6 which doubles to 12 which doubles to 24)
Wide range of brightness
25% deep shadow/dark tone, 50% middle tone, and 25% bright highlight
Drying prints
Fiber and resin-coated prints can be laid out on a clean drying screen until they are dry. If available, resin-coated prints can be dried in a RC Print Dryer.
Depth of field: foreground object in focus
Widest lens, smallest f/stop number (large aperture)
Clearing bath
The clearing bath is a chemical agent that is used to better remove chemical traces from fiber-based papers. Processing time is 2 min with constant agitation. Using the clearing bath greatly reduces your wash time for fiber-based papers. While this bath is not required for resin-coated papers, it is often used as a holding bath previous to the final wash.
Squeegee prints
This is achieved by placing the print face down on a clean sheet of glass or stainless steel and gently pressing out any excess water. When screen drying prints this is a required step. If using an RC print dryer, this step is not required.
Final/archival wash
This is the final running water wash. Fiber-based paper requires a min of 30 min., while resin-coated paper requires 15 min. In regard to the darkroom set-up, there may be further requirements/controls that have to be considered.
What are the four variables affecting film development?
Time, temperature, agitation, and dilution
In deterring the exposure for a scene, the light-meter in your camera measures...
all the various brightnesses in the scene, mixes them together, and gives you an average
The indicated exposure setting is f/2.8 @ 1/500. What would the new f/stop - shutter speed setting be if you were to adjust the initial setting so as to increase depth of field by 3 stops while ensuring that the same amount of light enters the camera?
f/8 @ 1/60
Maximum depth of field, with any lens, is the result of a combination of
proximity, the lens opening, and the point of focus
35mm camera lenses
short/wide lens - 7.5mm to 28mm normal lens - 35mm to 55mm long/telephoto lens - 80mm to 1000mm
1/3 rule
the DoF extends 2/3 behind and 1/3 in front of the point of focus
Considerations applying to the sharpness of a print
your ability to focus the camera, the distance from which you view the final print, the size you choose to enlarge the final print (a large print will appear less sharp than a smaller print)
List the full, standard shutter speed settings starting from 1 second through 1/1000 of a second
1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500, 1/1000
Film Processing/Developing
1. LOAD FILM - in complete darkness 2. REGULATE WATER TEMPERATURE - 68, 70, or 72 degrees F 3. PREPARE CHEMISTRY - All film processing chemistry is pre-mixed. Spring chemistry standard dilution is 1:9. Paterson developing tank = 10 oz. for each 35mm roll 4. PRE-SOAK - fill tank with water (same temp. as developer solution), rap 3x and agitate for 1 minute 5. DEVELOPMENT - measure temperature, refer to posted recommendation, set timer, pour in developer, rap tank 3x, agitate constantly for 1 minute and then agitate for 5 seconds for every minute thereafter. Discard used developer 6. STOP BATH OR WATER - 30 sec., constant agitation. Discard down drain. 7. FIX - First, test for clearing time with saved film-strip: fix time is 2x the clearing time. Always apply constant agitation. Note: TMAX is always fixed for 6 minutes. Important: return used fixer to the film fixer container 8. RINSE - fill tank with water and agitate for one full minute 9. FIXER REMOVER - fill tank, agitate for two minutes. Discard down drain 10. WASH - Wash film for 5 minutes. Fill tank 5x with water, agitate the tank constantly for one minute each time 11. PHOTO-FLO - removed lid and funnel, immerse film in photo-flo solution, ensure that hands are clean, gently agitate for 30 sec. 12. DRYING - bring the tank to the cabinent, turn off fan, remove film, squeegee off excess photo-flo, hang film by clip, weight bottom of film strip, secure door, set heat setting, turn on fan 13. STORAGE - remove dry film from cabinent, cut to appropriate strip size, secure in negative file page
contact proof sheet
A contact proof sheet is a positive photographic print of those developed negative film images that were created when you exposed the film in the camera to light when making a photograph.
Pressing Prints
A fiber-based print curls upon drying and needs to be flattened. Using a dry mount press, the print is sandwiched between two smooth, acid-free board and placed between the heated metal plates of the dry mount press. The temperature of the press shouldn't go above 225 degrees. Once flattened, cool the prints under the pressure of a weighty, flat object.
Stop
A weak acidic acid solution that is used to halt the action of the developer. It guarantees that the test results are precisely reproduced. Processing time is 30 sec.-1 min. Agitation is constant in this bath.
Methods for controlling depth of field
A. Adjustment of the camera to subject distance: the closer the lens is to the subject the less the depth of field B. Lens focal length: the shorter the focal length, the greater the depth of field capability. The longer the focal length, the less the depth of field capability C. Adjustment of camera aperture: the smaller the aperture the greater the depth of field (i.e. f/16 will produce greater depth of field than f/2.8) D. Depth of field scales" with this device (usually located on the lens) the distance from the camera to the subject is moved along the f/stop number scale which subsequently indicates the resulting depth of field
What does B represent on the Shutter Speed dial and when or why should you use it?
B represents bulb, a shutter setting that keeps the lens open for as long as you depress the shutter release button. It is used when the situation requires a long exposure.
What lens is considered normal for a 35mm camera?
Any lens between 35mm to 55mm is considered normal for a 35mm camera.
Define depth of field
Depth of field is defined as that area within your picture that appears sharply focused
You have an indicated exposure setting of f/8 @ 1/500. If you were to brakcet that exposure setting one full stop - up and down - what would resulting exposure settings be?
Either f/5.6 @ 1/500 and f/11 @ 1/500 or f/8 @1/250 cmd f/8 @ 1/1000
When printing with multi-grade paper, what is the procedure you should follow so as to properly determine the correct exposure time and the correct contrast grade of paper?
First, test for the highlights or the brightest area of your print in which you want a tone of grey. You do this because the densest part of your negative determines the exposure time. Then, in regard to the same exposure time, you examine the dark tones of your print to determine the proper contrast grade of paper that will best support the desired contrast range of the print.
Define ISO/ASA and describe what it controls and the manner in which that control is exercised
ISO/ASA refers to the sensitivity (or speed) of the light-sensitive material you are using (film-paper). When you set the ISO/ASA, you are telling the light meter in your camera just how sensitive your film is to light so that it can properly determine the correct exposure.
Why has the light-meter been programmed to give you an average and when would you need to override the light-meter's recommendation?
It does this because it has been designed to expect that every light situation it meters will have an equal balance of light and dark tones. Its job is to provide an exposure setting that will place that average in the middle or center of the black and white photographic world. Equal parts of dark tones (black) and light tones (white) will produce a middle or average tone of grey. Scenes that are predominately light or dark would require that you override the meter recommendation accordingly.
Stop down/close down
Larger number and less light
White on white
N, N +1 stop, N +2 stops (sweet spot), N +3 stops Opening up=smaller number Makers lighter
Black on Black
N, N -1 stop, N -2 stops (sweet spot), N -3 stops Stopping down=larger number Makes darker
Water Rinse
Removes excess chemistry from the paper
Developer
Reveals the hidden image that was encoded in the paper by exposure to light. 2 min for fiber-based paper and 1.5 min for resin-coated paper. Agitation is constant in this bath.
The scene is a white sheet in front of a black wall in shadow. The white sheet and the black wall comprise, in general, equal areas of space. The indicated exposure setting is f/11 @ 1/250. How would you expose the film in this situation in order to get a negative that when printed normally (for black through the clear film edge) would correspond faithfully to the original scene?
Since the described scene has an equal balance of light and dark tones, you would expose the film at the indicated setting. No change is required.
Stop up/open up
Smaller number and more light
Depth of field: everything in focus
Smallest lens opening, largest f/stop number (small aperture), 1/3 into the photo so focus at the foreground usually
Define Aperture and describe what it controls and the manner in which that control is exercised
The aperture or lens opening is a light control device that determines the intensity or how much light can enter the camera over a specific period of time. It also controls depth of field. The lower the number, the larger the lens opening = more light and limits depth The larger the number, the smaller the lens opening = less light and more depth
In the processing sequence of either photographic paper of film, exactly what does fixer do?
The fixer dissolves unexposed and undeveloped silver salts thereby stabilizing and making permanent the photographic image
Correct exposure setting
The proper exposure setting is, primarily, a subjective decision, but in order for the light meter to operate properly we need to program in the proper ISO/ASA setting. Once that is done the light meter can recommend the proper amount of light needed to make the negative. This is accomplished by manipulating the f/stop and shutter speed settings (the "how long" and "how much") to balance the exposure requirement. When this has been properly realized, the light meter will provide a "green light" or "go ahead" indicator symbol pr sign informing you that the camera is now ready to correctly expose the film.
Define Shutter Speed and describe what it controls and the manner in which that control is exercised
The shutter is a light control device that determines how long or the duration of time a certain amount of light can enter the camera. It also controls motion.
The scene is a white sheet in front of a white wall in soft, bright light. A reflected light-meter reading (no grey card) indicates an exposure setting of f/16 @ 1/250. How would you adjust this exposure setting in order to get a negative that when printed normally (for black through the clear film edge) would correspond faithfully to the original scene?
With a white on white subject (no darks or middle tones) you would need to increase your exposure by approx. 2 stops
The light-meter average is always equal to what tone of grey?
middle grey tone