Intro to Psy Week 4 Chapter 4

Occasional sleepwalking happens to only about 3% of us, and sleepwalking at least once a week is even rarer (less than ________%)

0.5

About three-quarters of children have nightmares, but only ________% have sleep terrors (Ivanenko & Larson, 2013; Mindell & Owens, 2015). Another distinction: nightmares happen during REM sleep, but sleep terrors happen during non-REM sleep.

1-6

Insomnia is, unfortunately, common. About one-third of us experience at least some symptoms of insomnia, and _______% have full-blown cases.

10

Near-death experience is an altered state of consciousness caused by the belief that death is about to happen? They are reported by about _______________% of people who are declared clinically dead but survive (Greyson, 2012). It also happens to a sizable number of people who are approaching death due to illness or who fear they will soon die, even if they do not have a reason for that belief (Owens et al., 1990).

10-20

Sleep terrors are distinct from nightmares—the scary dreams that wake us up. Nightmares are quite common in the general population (Germain, 2012; Robert & Zadra, 2008). About 80% of college students in one survey experienced at least one nightmare in the previous year, and about _______% experience about one per month (Belicki, 1992a, 1992b; Belicki & Belicki, 1982). By contrast, sleep terrors have happened to only about 2% of adults (Zadra & Pilon, 2012).

15

Sometimes, the sleep attacks are triggered by certain strong emotional reactions, such as laughter or surprise. The sleep attacks are usually brief—just ________________ minutes—followed by a normal state of wakefulness

15-20

The scientific study of dreaming began in the post-Freud era with the observation in the late _______________ that dreaming usually happened during REM sleep.

1950s

This link between eye movement and dreaming led some researchers to take a more neuropsychological approach to dreaming, attempting to determine how the various parts of the brain function during REM sleep. This neuropsychological research led to the influential activation-synthesis hypothesis in the ________________, which states that dreams are initiated by the pons, a structure in the brainstem (Hobson & McCarley, 1977). The occipital lobe then becomes involved, adding random visual elements to give the dream some structure. Those random visual elements are meaningless until the sleeper wakes up and assigns some meaning to them.

1970s

Sleep terrors are distinct from nightmares—the scary dreams that wake us up. Nightmares are quite common in the general population (Germain, 2012; Robert & Zadra, 2008). About 80% of college students in one survey experienced at least one nightmare in the previous year, and about 15% experience about one per month (Belicki, 1992a, 1992b; Belicki & Belicki, 1982). By contrast, sleep terrors have happened to only about ______% of adults (Zadra & Pilon, 2012).

2

Some degree of sleep apnea happens to about _______% of adults, but only about 5% experience serious levels of breathing problems and daytime sleepiness

20

A typical 8-hour night of sleep consists of about five sleep cycles, each of which lasts about 90 minutes. As illustrated here, about half of each cycle consists of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep. About a ________ is stage 3 and stage 4 sleep, and about a quarter is REM sleep.

25%

Occasional sleepwalking happens to only about ______% of us and sleepwalking at least once a week is even rarer (less than 0.5%).

3

A déjà vu episode typically lasts about _______ seconds, although they may seem longer because time often seems to slow down (and feel somewhat surreal) during the episode.

30

Sleep deprivation is remarkably common in the United States, where about ________% of adults get too little sleep (defined as less than 7 hours per day) on a regular basis.

35

Researchers are still working on this question, but there is growing evidence that keeping caffeine intake below _________ mg per day seems to be best for your health. Studies indicate that the adverse effects of caffeine don't kick in until intake gets higher than that. Of course, that amount is based on an average-sized adult. For smaller adults, children, and pregnant women, the healthy amount of caffeine has a lower limit.

400

Some degree of sleep apnea happens to about 20% of adults, but only about ______% experience serious levels of breathing problems and daytime sleepiness

5

A typical 8-hour night of sleep consists of about five sleep cycles, each of which lasts about 90 minutes. As illustrated here, about _______% of each cycle consists of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep. About a quarter is stage 3 and stage 4 sleep, and about a quarter is REM sleep.

50

More generally, about ________% of sleepwalkers have at least one biological relative who also sleepwalks.

80

Sleep terrors are distinct from nightmares—the scary dreams that wake us up. Nightmares are quite common in the general population (Germain, 2012; Robert & Zadra, 2008). About ________% of college students in one survey experienced at least one nightmare in the previous year, and about 15% experience about one per month (Belicki, 1992a, 1992b; Belicki & Belicki, 1982). By contrast, sleep terrors have happened to only about 2% of adults (Zadra & Pilon, 2012).

80

That action in your brain during REM sleep is most likely a dream (Kramer, 2006). If sleep researchers wake up somebody during REM sleep, there is about an _______% chance of the sleeper recalling a dream, a much higher chance than if the sleeper woke up during non-REM sleep.

80

A person experiencing a sleep terror is essentially having a panic attack while sleeping. It features intense fear, screaming, sweating, rapid breathing, and a pounding heart. It typically happens within the first _______ minutes of sleep and lasts just a few minutes. When it is over, the sleeper usually returns to normal sleep rather than waking up, and often can't remember the sleep terror when they do wake up.

90

A typical 8-hour night of sleep consists of about five sleep cycles, each of which lasts about ________ minutes. As illustrated here, about half of each cycle consists of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep. About a quarter is stage 3 and stage 4 sleep, and about a quarter is REM sleep.

90

This link between eye movement and dreaming led some researchers to take a more neuropsychological approach to dreaming, attempting to determine how the various parts of the brain function during REM sleep. This neuropsychological research led to the influential __________________________________________ in the 1970s, which states that dreams are initiated by the pons, a structure in the brainstem (Hobson & McCarley, 1977). The occipital lobe then becomes involved, adding random visual elements to give the dream some structure. Those random visual elements are meaningless until the sleeper wakes up and assigns some meaning to them.

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

What is problematic drug use that persists in spite of serious negative consequences?

Addiction

Another neurological finding regarding dreams is the fact that the __________________ and hypothalamus are quite active during dreams, suggesting that emotions (especially negative emotions such as fear) are especially relevant to dreaming.

Amygdala

In one particular study, participants were shown photos designed to evoke negative emotions, including funerals, people crying, burn victims, and dead animals. The fMRI images of participants showed that those higher in mindfulness had greater activation of the prefrontal cortex and lower activation of the _______________________ as they viewed the pictures (Modinos et al., 2010). These results (and similar results from other studies) suggest that mindfulness helps the parts of the brain that interpret events to calm the part of the brain that produces anxiety (Brown et al., 2012; Creswell et al., 2007; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012; Zeidan et al., 2011). Brain differences like these can be obtained after a minimal amount of mindfulness training: just 20 minutes a day for 4 days

Amygdala

However, neuropsychological evidence shows that hypnosis does in fact affect many parts of the brain, including the regions that control __________________ and attention.

Arousal

However, neuropsychological evidence shows that hypnosis does in fact affect many parts of the brain, including the regions that control arousal and ____________________.

Attention

Another subset of depressants, ___________________________, are depressant drugs that have a calming effect. They were used for many years as prescription medications for sleep and anxiety (and often sold on the street as downers), but their popularity has decreased in recent decades because the more recent generation of sleep and anxiety medications are more effective and have fewer side effects.

Barbiturates

Depressants are drugs that slow bodily functions. One subset of depressants, ______________________________, reduce nervousness and are often prescribed for problems relating to anxiety or insomnia.

Benzodiazepines

What is it called when you sleep with both eyes shut?

Bihemispheric Sleep

What is it called when sleep happens two times per day—overnight plus a nap in the afternoon? Spain and many Spanish-speaking countries, including Mexico, are good examples of this "siesta" culture.

Biphasic

A psychoactive drug can affect neurotransmitters in one of four ways: increase the release of a neurotransmitter from the sending neuron, _______________ or activate the receptors of neurotransmitters in the receiving neuron, inhibit the reuptake of neurotransmitters that didn't complete the trip across the synapse back into the sending neuron, inhibit enzymes in or near the neuron that would break down the neurotransmitter.

Block

What emphasizes the fact that sleep allows the brain to change, grow, and reorganize itself, which makes sense when you notice how much babies sleep during those early months when the brain is growing so quickly?

Brain Plasticity Theory

Some researchers have suggested that persistently poor _________________________, in which the eating schedule mismatches the natural highs and lows in energy levels, can lead to health problems. Unfortunately, it is common to many Western lifestyles and can contribute to obesity, diabetes, sleep disturbances, and cardiovascular disease.

Chrononutrition

What is the 24-hour cycle on which your brain and body function? It is what makes you predictably sleepy at certain times of the day and predictably alert at others.

Circadian Rhythm

What is it called when lack of sleep kills your creativity? You are less likely to create an original masterpiece or even offer witty comments when talking with your friends if you haven't slept well.

Cognitive Rigidity

What is it called when your neurons and the connections between them just don't function as fast when you are sleep-deprived? You notice this when you play Tetris or any other game that involves repetitive fast responding. Poor sleep the night before rarely results in good gaming.

Cognitive Slowing

What is the most common treatment for sleep apnea?

Continuous Positive Air Pressure or CPAP machine

It is not just that you can't perform well when you're sleepy; it is also that you don't care that much about your poor performance when you're sleepy. As a result your decreased effort compounds your poor performance. What is this called?

Decreased Motivation

What are drugs that slow bodily functions. One subset of depressants, benzodiazepines, reduce nervousness and are often prescribed for problems relating to anxiety or insomnia.

Depressants

What is an experience that feels vaguely like it has already happened, even though it has not?

Déjà Vu

Opioids activate the same receptors in our brains as ___________________________. As we learned in Chapter 2, they are neurotransmitters in the brain that occur naturally when we increase pleasure or reduce pain.

Endorphins

What highlights the fact that we spend far fewer calories when asleep than when awake? This was a crucial difference for our ancestors, who didn't have a refrigerator full of food or a 24-hour grocery store down the street (Penev, 2007; Schmidt, 2014). Energy conservation theory considers sleep a type of nightly mini-hibernation.

Energy Conservation Theory

What points out that sleep is essential for consolidating memories and for resting our vision system (Diekelmann & Born, 2010; Kavanau, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008; Walker, 2012). It is noteworthy that vision is the only sense that shuts off entirely when you sleep: hearing, smell, taste, and touch stay on, at least to a limited extent. By shutting off vision when you sleep, your brain gets time to process all of the visual images you've taken in during the day. It's like taking videos on your phone nonstop from the minute you wake up, and then giving your phone a break from recording at night while those many hours of continuous video get uploaded onto a cloud-based storage system.

Evolutionary Theory

Although your SCN operates according to its own internal clock, it is also sensitive and responsive to its surroundings (Asher & Sassone-Corsi, 2015). That is, your SCN picks up ________________________ such as light that might call for changes in your pattern of sleep or wakefulness (Dijk & Lazar, 2012). If your eyes take in lots of light during nighttime [or, to a lesser extent, lots of darkness during daytime], your circadian rhythm adjusts slightly, as if pulled toward staying awake when light is available and sleeping when it's not.

External Cues

Your circadian rhythm is determined by two things: [1] internal forces and [2] _______________________.

External Cues

What folk theory holds that dreams not only predict the future but generate or determine it?

Generative Theory

What are drugs that produce unrealistic sensations? They were known as "psychedelic" drugs in past generations, when the most common examples were LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide, or "acid"), PCP, and certain psychoactive varieties of mushrooms. In recent years, "psychedelics" such as psilocybin have received renewed attention as potentially legitimate ways [if legal, taken responsibly, and supervised appropriately] to achieve a variety of psychological and medical benefits (e.g., Carroll, 2017; Holson, 2018; Pollan, 2018).

Hallucinogens

What is an altered state of consciousness in which one person, the participant, becomes very suggestible to another person, the hypnotist?

Hypnosis

Another neurological finding regarding dreams is the fact that the amygdala and ___________________________ are quite active during dreams, suggesting that emotions (especially negative emotions such as fear) are especially relevant to dreaming. Other neuropsychological researchers have pointed out that those parts of the brain are involved in memory formation, which suggests dreaming may function to create and solidify memories, especially memories that involve emotions.

Hypothalamus

Some research suggests that dreams can improve mental health (Cartwright et al., 1998b). Some people suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including many military veterans who have recurring nightmares, have benefited from ____________________________________. Imagery rehearsal therapy is a simple technique in which the nightmare sufferer retells the nightmare to a therapist or counselor—but with a better ending. The veteran goes through an exercise during waking hours in which he or she takes control of the dream. It may start the same way as the nightmare usually starts, but the veteran gives it a happy finish. The veteran then reviews or rehearses, the new and improved version of the dream several times a day, including right before bedtime.

Imagery Rehearsal Therapy

What suggests that the main advantage of sleep is simply staying still during the dark hours of night, which kept our ancestors out of danger. In the dark of night, early humans couldn't do much good in terms of hunting or gathering, but they could do a lot of harm in terms of injury, getting lost, or falling prey to animals that see well at night. However, it doesn't explain why sleep, which makes us mostly unaware of our surroundings, is better than merely resting while awake.

Inactivity Theory

A psychoactive drug can affect neurotransmitters in one of four ways: _______________________ the release of a neurotransmitter from the sending neuron, block or activate the receptors of neurotransmitters in the receiving neuron, inhibit the reuptake of neurotransmitters that didn't complete the trip across the synapse back into the sending neuron, inhibit enzymes in or near the neuron that would break down the neurotransmitter.

Increase

What is an attempt to change the consciousness of the person receiving the technique. The hypnotist typically conducts induction by reading or reciting a script that instructs the person to unwind and calm themselves to a point that approaches sleep (but does not drift into sleep)?

Induction

A psychoactive drug can affect neurotransmitters in one of four ways: increase the release of a neurotransmitter from the sending neuron, block or activate the receptors of neurotransmitters in the receiving neuron, inhibit the reuptake of neurotransmitters that didn't complete the trip across the synapse back into the sending neuron, ______________________ enzymes in or near the neuron that would break down the neurotransmitter.

Inhibit

iWhat s a sleep disorder featuring consistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or achieving high-quality sleep?

Insomnia

Your circadian rhythm is determined by two things: [1] _________________________ and [2] external cues.

Internal Forces

What is an inappropriate unfamiliarity with a situation that should be familiar (Burwell & Templer, 2017).

Jamais Vu

In Freud's terms, the ________________________ of the dream (the unconscious wish) gets translated into the manifest content of the dream, which is the actual story you see acted out in your mind.

Latent Content

The day after a sleepless night, there's a greater chance that you'll doze off—or at least daydream or space out a lot—which interferes with performance. What is this called?

Likelihood of Unintended Sleep the Next Day

What is a dreaming experience in which you have some control over the dream while you remain asleep? It happens most often during REM sleep but occasionally in stage 1 or stage 2 sleep as well (LaBerge, 1988). The key element of lucid dreaming is the awareness that you are dreaming. The decision to control it is optional.

Lucid Dreaming

Another common treatment for sleep apnea is the _______________________________________, a mouth-guard-like device that keeps the airway open. Other treatments include surgery and weight loss programs.

Mandibular Advancement Device

In Freud's terms, the latent content of the dream (the unconscious wish) gets translated into the ___________________________ of the dream, which is the actual story you see acted out in your mind.

Manifest Content

What is an activity designed to increase focused attention with the ultimate purpose of improving your mental state? Meditation often lowers stress levels and improves mental and physical health.

Meditation

A popular drugstore option is __________________________, which delivers extra amounts of the natural bodily hormone related to sleep and arousal. However, the data for it is weak. One meta-analysis covering hundreds of sleepers found that on average, it enabled people to fall asleep just 4 minutes sooner and sleep a total of just 13 minutes longer (Brzezinski et al., 2005). Other studies show similar outcomes for the use of melatonin, although it is worth mentioning that the side effects are generally less risky than for many medications.

Melatonin Tablets

What folk theory holds that dreams contain important messages, perhaps from others (family members, ancestors, etc.) or from parts of yourself that need to be heard?

Message Theory

What is an awareness of your moment-to-moment experiences fully, deliberately, and without distraction?

Mindfulness

What is it called when sleep is almost exclusively limited to a single long nighttime slumber? It's most common in the United States and other Western countries.

Monophasic Sleep

What is a disorder of "sleep attacks" characterized by immediate and unexpected shifts from wakefulness to REM sleep? (The -lepsy part of the word is the same as in epilepsy—it suggests a "seizure" of sleep.)

Narcolepsy

Men experience sleep apnea more often than females, and older adults more than younger adults, but the biggest risk factor is obesity. That is because the excessive mass around the upper airway _________________ or blocks the flow of breath in and out of the lungs.

Narrows

What is an altered state of consciousness caused by the belief that death is about to happen? They are reported by about 10-20% of people who are declared clinically dead but survive (Greyson, 2012). It also happens to a sizable number of people who are approaching death due to illness or who fear they will soon die, even if they do not have a reason for that belief (Owens et al., 1990).

Near-death experience

In more recent years, with great advances in technology, _____________________________ theories of dreaming have expanded from the activation-synthesis hypothesis. In fact, one researcher suggested that dreams during REM sleep represent a different level of consciousness from other types of sleep. His theory is that dreaming provides a virtual reality model of the world so the dreamer has an expanded library of images, concepts, and emotions with which to respond to daily life.

Neuropsychological

If we zoom in to the level of the neuron, we see that all psychoactive drugs do their work on _________________________________.

Neurotransmitters

What is any sleep other than REM sleep, when rapid eye movement, intense brain activity, and dreams are unlikely to occur.

Non-REM sleep

What is the lightest sleep, which happens right when you fall asleep and for a short time afterward? When you're in this stage, you've just drifted off. You stop responding when people call your name, but if you do wake up, you may say you hadn't even been sleeping yet.

Non-Rem Stage 1 Sleep

What stage of sleep is a bit deeper than stage 1. Your body temperature drops, your heart rate slows, and it takes more to wake you up.

Non-Rem Stage 2 Sleep

What folk theory holds that dreams are just imaginary nonsense, random images and stories to be enjoyed for what they're worth and then forgotten?

Nonsense theory

This link between eye movement and dreaming led some researchers to take a more neuropsychological approach to dreaming, attempting to determine how the various parts of the brain function during REM sleep. This neuropsychological research led to the influential activation-synthesis hypothesis in the 1970s, which states that dreams are initiated by the pons, a structure in the brainstem (Hobson & McCarley, 1977). The _________________________ then becomes involved, adding random visual elements to give the dream some structure. Those random visual elements are meaningless until the sleeper wakes up and assigns some meaning to them.

Occipital Lobe

Narcolepsy is rare, occurring in fewer than ___________________________________ of the population.

One-Fourth of One Percent

What are pain-relieving drugs naturally derived from the poppy plant? They are a category of drugs that include both naturally derived opiates and synthetically made substances that bind to the same receptors in the brain and have similar effects.

Opioids

A person experiencing a sleep terror is essentially having a ______________________ while sleeping. It features intense fear, screaming, sweating, rapid breathing, and a pounding heart. It typically happens within the first 90 minutes of sleep and lasts just a few minutes. When it is over, the sleeper usually returns to normal sleep rather than waking up, and often can't remember the sleep terror when they do wake up.

Panic Attack

What is a bodily need for a particular drug in order to function normally?

Physical Dependence

What is it called when people sleep not only at night and at siesta time but at various other times, often for brief catnaps? Cultures in where this is common to include Japan, China, and a variety of other places around the world.

Polyphasic

In one particular study, participants were shown photos designed to evoke negative emotions, including funerals, people crying, burn victims, and dead animals. The fMRI images of participants showed that those higher in mindfulness had greater activation of the ______________________________ and lower activation of the amygdala as they viewed the pictures (Modinos et al., 2010). These results (and similar results from other studies) suggest that mindfulness helps the parts of the brain that interpret events to calm the part of the brain that produces anxiety (Brown et al., 2012; Creswell et al., 2007; Vago & Silbersweig, 2012; Zeidan et al., 2011). Brain differences like these can be obtained after a minimal amount of mindfulness training: just 20 minutes a day for 4 days.

Prefrontal Cortex

What are substances that alter mental functioning. When you take psychoactive drugs, they alter not only your consciousness but other brain activities like thinking, mood, memory, and perception.

Psychoactive Drugs

What are the drugs used to treat psychological disorders are psychoactive drugs too? They include antipsychotic drugs to help with hallucinations and other bizarre experiences; antianxiety drugs to help with fear and nervousness; antidepressant drugs to help with sadness and hopelessness (and anxiety as well); and mood-stabilizing drugs to help reduce the intensity of extreme emotional highs and lows.

Psychoactive Drugs

What is a mental need for a particular drug in order to function normally?

Psychological Dependence

Following stages 3 and 4 sleep is ________ sleep. Following that, the whole cycle repeats again. In a typical night of high-quality sleep, the cycle lasts about 90 minutes and repeats about five times. The cycle differs slightly throughout the night, such that early cycles are heavier on stages 3 and 4 sleep, but later cycles are heavier on REM sleep

REM

What is rapid eye movement, or the flitting of the eyeballs behind the eyelids during sleep.

REM

REM sleep features a fascinating combination of characteristics: the brain is very active [producing EEG waves that resemble those during waking hours], but the body is completely inactive (Figure 4.4). That is due to _____________________: temporary immobility during REM sleep. This discrepancy between the high level of activity of your brain and the complete inactivity of your body is the reason early sleep researchers also called REM sleep paradoxical sleep. There is a paradox, or contradiction, between the amount of action in the brain and body.

REM Paralysis

When you don't get enough dream time one night, the next night you experience ______________________: an increase in REM sleep after a period of REM sleep deprivation.

REM Rebound

What is the stage of sleep in which intense brain activity and vivid dreams are most likely to occur?

REM sleep

What suggests that sleep allows the body to recharge and strengthen itself, an idea supported by the fact that good sleep boosts the immune system, speeds recovery from injury and illness, and activates human growth hormone (Bryant et al., 2004; Siegel, 2005)? Without good sleep, the body has less opportunity to restore itself, which helps to explain why people with abnormal sleep patterns are at greater risk for many diseases, some of which could be deadly.

Restorative Theory

A psychoactive drug can affect neurotransmitters in one of four ways: increase the release of a neurotransmitter from the sending neuron, block or activate the receptors of neurotransmitters in the receiving neuron, inhibit the ________________________ of neurotransmitters that didn't complete the trip across the synapse back into the sending neuron, inhibit enzymes in or near the neuron that would break down the neurotransmitter.

Reuptake

What is a sleep disorder caused by interruptions of breathing that cause repeated waking?

Sleep Apnea

What is the failure to get enough sleep, regardless of the reason?

Sleep Deprivation

Cognitive slowing, Cognitive rigidity, Decreased motivation, and the Likelihood of unintended sleep the next day are reasons why your brain is not as sharp when _________________________.

Sleep Deprived

The best way to deal with sleep problems is to engage in good _______________________: routine behaviors that promote healthy sleep. For good sleep hygiene, experts generally include both behaviors you should do and those you shouldn't do.

Sleep Hygiene

Stage 3 and stage 4 are the deepest stages of sleep and together are often called slow-wave sleep. In slow-wave sleep, an EEG shows that brain activity produces big, slow waves that are markedly different from any other stage of sleep or wakefulness. In slow-wave sleep, you are difficult to wake up. If you do arise from slow-wave sleep, you are likely to be confused and disoriented for a short time, a condition sleep researchers sometimes call _______________________, or being "sleep drunk."

Sleep Inertia

What are brief sudden awakenings in which the person feels frightened and confused?

Sleep Terrors

Inactivity Theory, Energy Conservation Theory, Restorative Theory, Brain Plasticity Theory, and Evolutionary Theory are examples of what?

Sleep Theories and Evolution

What is it called when the sleeper eats while staying asleep?

Sleep-Related Eating Behaviors

What is it called when the sleeper gropes another person, tries to have intercourse, masturbates, or performs other sexual behaviors while staying asleep?

Sleep-Related Sexual Behaviors or Sexsomnia

What is walking while asleep?

Sleepwalking or Somnambulism

Stage 3 and stage 4 are the deepest stages of sleep and together are often called _________________________. In it, an EEG shows that brain activity produces big, slow waves that are markedly different from any other stage of sleep or wakefulness. In it, you are difficult to wake up. If you do arise from it, you are likely to be confused and disoriented for a short time, a condition sleep researchers sometimes call sleep inertia, or being "sleep drunk."

Slow-Wave Sleep

What is a theory of hypnosis that emphasizes pressure to play the role assigned to a person being hypnotized? It suggests that a "hypnotized" person is really just a person conforming to the social pressure (from the hypnotist or others watching) to act hypnotized, but brain studies say otherwise.

Social-Cognitive Theory

What folk theory holds that dreams are the experience of your soul wandering outside of your body?

Soul Travel Theory

What are the deepest stages of sleep and together are often called slow-wave sleep? In slow-wave sleep, an EEG shows that brain activity produces big, slow waves that are markedly different from any other stage of sleep or wakefulness. In slow-wave sleep, you are difficult to wake up. If you do arise from slow-wave sleep, you are likely to be confused and disoriented for a short time, a condition sleep researchers sometimes call sleep inertia, or being "sleep drunk."

Stage 3 and Stage 4

What are drugs that speed up bodily functions? One of the best-known, and perhaps the most addictive, is cocaine, which is typically taken in powder or solid forms ("crack"). The stimulant category also includes amphetamines, which are most commonly found in prescription drugs for ADHD (like Adderall, Ritalin, Concerta, and Vyvanse), as well as in methamphetamine (or "meth"). Caffeine—found in coffee, tea, energy drinks, many sodas, and even chocolate—is also a low-grade stimulant. In low to moderate doses, stimulants make people feel more energetic. They quicken heart rate and breathing rate, as well as help to fight fatigue.

Stimulants

Once the induction is complete, the next step in the hypnosis procedure is a _______________________, in which the hypnotist tells the person to perform a certain behavior. For example, the hypnotist may tell the person to extend his arm forward and imagine it being lifted by helium-filled balloons. The hypnotist can tell that the person is hypnotized not just because his arm goes up, but because his arm goes up in a way that feels involuntary.

Suggestion

The internal forces are driven by a very particular part of your brain: The _________________________________ [SCN], is a tiny structure within the hypothalamus, is the main timekeeper within your body.

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Once the suggestions are complete, the hypnotist _________________________ the hypnosis. This often happens by simply telling the person that at the count of 1 (after counting backward from 10), they will come out of hypnosis and be fully conscious (Nash, 2008).

Terminates

About t_________________________ of children have nightmares, but only 1-6% have sleep terrors (Ivanenko & Larson, 2013; Mindell & Owens, 2015). Another distinction: nightmares happen during REM sleep, but sleep terrors happen during non-REM sleep.

Three-Quarters

What is a decreased effectiveness of a particular amount of a drug? It requires a user to seek out more and more of the drug to match the same effect that a smaller amount had earlier.

Tolerance

About __________________________ of people have experienced déjà vu, typically between once a month and once a year.

Two-Thirds

What is the practice that allows the half of the brain opposite the closed eye to rest while the half opposite the open eye remains alert? Sleeping with one eye open.

Unihemispheric Sleep

What folk theory holds that dreams are visits by supernatural spirits to the dreamer?

Visitation Theory

What is a stressful and uncomfortable symptoms caused by discontinuing a drug that had become habitual? These symptoms vary from one drug to another, but they often include jumpiness, trembling, headaches, nausea, insomnia, anxiety, irritability, and fatigue. Depending on the drug, These symptoms can last hours, days, weeks, or longer.

Withdrawal