intro to psych final
stereotype
A _____ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.
an individual will go to any length to avoid the object of the fear..
A fear becomes a phobia when
delusion
A man who believes that he is the reincarnation of a famous preacher is exhibiting the schizophrenic symptom of
overt aggression
A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting
anxiety disorder
A person who regularly experiences motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts is likely to suffer from
electroconvulsive therapy
Ivan is very depressed, and the danger of suicide is eminent. He is not responding to the drugs normally employed to treat depression. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prove helpful in reducing Ivan's depression and suicidal behavior?
they are far removed from reality.
The disordered thoughts in schizophrenia are referred to as psychotic because
self-concept
Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?
antisocial personality disorder
A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder?
more likely to drop out of therapy.
Clients of therapists who do not monitor the quality of the therapeutic alliance are
psychological
Learned helplessness and pessimistic attributional styles are two ways of understanding the _____ factors associated with depression.
antianxiety
Tranquilizers are _____ drugs.
reciprocal determinism
According to Bandura, the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality is described as
reality
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the ego abides by the _____ principle.
major depressive disorder.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the leading cause of disability in the United States is
examining advantages and disadvantages
Adrian is a cognitive therapist. He intends to help his client Troy, who feels that he is a born loser and will continue to be a loser in the future. According to this information, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques should be implemented by Adrian?
flat affect
All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT
reduced awareness.
All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT
feeling emotionally charged
All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT
the therapist finding something positive to say to each family member.
Among the techniques used in family therapy, validation involves
motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts.
An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience
experiences fit into his or her preexisting schemas
Assimilation allows the person to enjoy a feeling of meaning because
internal attributions
Attributions that include causes inside and specific to a person, such as his or her traits and abilities, are called
an identity
According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, establishing _____ is the key challenge of adolescence
oedipus complex
In Freud's view, _____ is the boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.
openness
Your best friend Kelly is liberal and tolerant. Which trait is she likely high on?
scaffolding
Benjamin loves putting together puzzles. He has recently mastered putting together a 10-piece Sesame Street puzzle. His mother claps at his accomplishment but wants to continue challenging Benjamin just beyond his current abilities. The next time they play, she gives Benjamin a 15-piece puzzle and offers some guidance on how to sort the pieces out. According to Vygotsky, Benjamin's mother provides _____ that allows Benjamin's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.
humanistic perspectives
Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. She holds that individuals are capable of controlling their lives and achieving their goals. Brittney is most likely to agree with the _____ of personality.
stabilize moods
By influencing norepinephrine and serotonin, lithium is thought to
try to align their attitudes and behavior.
Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals
id
Cookie Monster, one of the characters on the children's TV show Sesame Street, has an intense urge to consume cookies, even when doing so is irrational and maladaptive. Eating cookies gives Cookie Monster a great source of pleasure and satisfaction. Freud would say that his behavior reflects the fact that Cookie Monster is ruled by his _____.
serotonin and norepinephrine.
Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters
more common among women/equally common in men and women
Depressive disorders are _____, whereas bipolar disorder is _____.
sociocultural approach
Derek has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario?
post-traumatic stress disorder
Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of
client-centered
Dr. Laura engages in reflective listening with Bill who suffers from depression. She waits for him to express his feelings and decide what he wants to do about his problems. According to this information, it can be inferred that Dr. Laura is practicing _____ therapy.
The psychological symptoms of a person are a function of the family relationship.
Dr. Susan is your family therapist. She believes that to adequately understand psychological problems, she must understand the role that you play in the family system. Which of these statements supports that underlying belief?
bipolar disorder.
Dr. Wren is in the process of diagnosing Lily's psychological disorder. After asking Lily a few questions about her symptoms, Lily reveals that she experiences alternating episodes of euphoria and distress. On some days, Lily claims that she feels like she is capable of doing anything in the world. During this phase, she can't sleep; feels restless, and is extremely excitable. On the other days, Lily feels utterly worthless and miserable. During this phase, Lily lies in bed all day and is troubled by morbid thoughts. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Wren is likely to diagnose Lily with
disease
Drug companies commonly fund research that focuses on a(n) _____ model of psychological disorders.
depression
Elizabeth visited a psychiatrist who, after interviewing her, recommended either Paxil or Prozac. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Elizabeth is most likely suffering from
Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.
Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?
two weeks
For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least
family therapy
Given that collectivist cultures place more importance on the group than on the individual, some psychologists have suggested that _____ is likely to be more effective with people from Asian and Latino cultures.
Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.
In 1973, Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were asked to see a psychiatrist at various hospitals. What did the results of this study demonstrate?
anxiety disorders and eating disorders.
In addition to providing treatment for depression, antidepressant drugs may also be an effective treatment for
observer
In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the
dream analysis
In the context of psychoanalysis, when a psychotherapist questions a client about the nightmares the client has had, the therapist is engaging in the method of
a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala.
Individuals with dissociative disorders have
major depressive disorder
It has been over two years since the death of her husband and Jenna still cannot cope with her loss. Since then, she feels hopeless, and has been constantly preoccupied with thoughts of death and cannot seem to find much pleasure in life. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Jenna is most likely suffering from
major depressive disorder.
It has been over two years since the death of her husband and Jenna still cannot cope with her loss. Since then, she feels hopeless, and has been constantly preoccupied with thoughts of death and cannot seem to find much pleasure in life. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Jenna is most likely suffering from
agreeableness
Maria is a generous and altruistic woman who has a strong religious faith. According to the big five model of personality, Maria would likely score high on which of the following traits?
medical model
Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by a person who adheres to the _____ of psychological disorders.
humanistic
Mary has been working with a therapist because she has felt very confused and unsure about herself for the past few years. Mary's therapist tends to be very nondirective and devotes a great deal of the session to allowing Mary to explore her identity, wants, and dreams for the future. The therapist rarely gives direct advice and instead is primarily interested in helping Mary clarify her own ideas and feelings. Mary's therapist is most likely associated with the _____ perspective of psychotherapy.
id; ego
Nelly's friends attempt to convince Nelly to try cocaine at a party. Even though Nelly is tempted, she resists because she knows that the consequences of her actions would be disastrous for her body. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, Nelly's temptation to take cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____. Her decision not to take the cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____.
recent research suggests his theory has underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults
One of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that
self-fulfilling prophecy
Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called
authoritarian
Parents who use the _____ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.
empathic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children.
Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that
clearly shows that psychotherapy works.
Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy
the quality of the client's participation
Research shows that _____ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome.
observational learning
Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior?
effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
structural change
Taylor is a family therapist who intends to resolve a mother-child coalition that has formed in the case of her client Hannah, since Hannah's husband does not spend quality time with them. According to this information, it can be inferred that Taylor is likely to implement the _____ technique.
diathesis-stress model
The _____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
The anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called
help individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems.
The main goal of psychoanalysis is to
reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.
The primary goal of behavior therapy is to
style of attachment
The strange situation test is used to assess an infants
warmth and support
The therapeutic environment of client-centered therapy is likely to be characterized by
borderline personality disorder
The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders?
hallucinations
When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing
sociocultural approach
When treating a client with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem primarily from the context in which a person lives. This therapist most likely identifies with the _____ to psychological disorders.
preoperational
Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?
psychosurgery
Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used least often?
self-help support groups
Which of the following forms of treatment relies on paraprofessionals?
psychosurgery
Which of the following forms of treatment would be used only as a last resort to help patients with severely debilitating conditions?
a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain
Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?
a person who has a phobia of closed spaces
Which of the following individuals would benefit from systematic desensitization?
defense mechanisms
Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?
altruism
Which of the following is a characteristic of group therapy?
self-efficacy
Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy?
If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.
Which of the following is true of neuroleptic drugs?
It includes new diagnoses such as binge-eating disorder and gambling addiction.
Which of the following statements about the DSM-5 is true?
They encourage self-awareness as the key to psychological health.
Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapies?
Marriage and warm supportive friends are related to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Which of the following statements is true of the psychological and sociocultural factors involved in schizophrenia?
dissociative identity disorder
Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?
anorexia nervosa
_____ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.
flat affect
_____ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion.
schizophrenia
_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.
Body dysmorphic disorder
_____ is an OCD-related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance.
bulimia nervosa
_____ is an eating disorder in which an individual, typically female, consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.
prejudice
_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group.
Borderline personality disorder
_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.
Dissociative identity disorder
_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.
lateralization
_____ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other.
social identity
_____ refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership.
Industry versus inferiority
as a young Javier gets off the school bus, he runs to his mother and proudly showed her the book he read at school today. Which of the following Erickson's childhood stages is Javier demonstrating?
resilience
refers to a persons ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times
phallic stage
According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, castration anxiety occurs during the
considers whether the id's impulses can be satisfied in acceptable moral terms.
According to Freud, the superego
exploration and commitment.
According to James Marcia, the two dimensions of identity are
equity
According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is
individual psychology
Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as
extraversion
Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait?
depression
All of the following are classified as anxiety disorders, EXCEPT
the lexical approach
Allport used _____ to conduct research on personality.
formal operational
Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. According to Piaget, Bob has most likely reach the _____ stage of cognitive development
contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process
The work of Harry Harlow established that
overvalue their physical appearance, weight, and body shape.
Unlike obese individuals who do not suffer from binge-eating disorder, binge eaters are more likely to
denial
Welma is unable to accept the fact that she has been diagnosed with lung cancer. She refuses treatment despite her family's attempts to convince her. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Welma is unconsciously engaging in
Cindy, a 20 year-old student, who imagines herself as the governor of Florida.
Which of the following is an example of a cognitive process?
Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.
Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality?
It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.
Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?
psychodynamic perspectives
Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious?
puberty
Which of the following refers to a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence?
The id and the ego are completely unconscious.
Which of the following statements is false?
In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.
Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
not every individual expose to the same event develops PTSD
Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood.
Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain?
The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.
Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model?
It states that frustration always leads to aggression.
Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Older adults gain a sense of meaning by focusing on satisfying relationships and activities in the present.
Which of the following statements is true of the socioemotional selectivity theory?
agreeableness
Which of the following traits is related to generosity and altruism to reports of religious faith and to more satisfying romantic relationships?
Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion.
Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?
maladaptive
With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered
traits/states
_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer experiences.
attitudes
_____ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.
Person perception
_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
conventional
a child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be excepted into the Hawk Club. the child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg this child is operating at the ___ level.
teratogen
a(n) ______ is any agent that causes a birth defect
"what I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do."
of the following statements best describes more reasoning at the conventional level?
testosterone
The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is
repression
The most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism is
attribution
The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as
id
Carolyn's parents were extremely religious, conservative and brought her up with strict moral codes. She was not permitted to have male friends and even her female friends were not allowed to spend time in their home. In college, Carolyn fell in love and despite her strict upbringing, engaged in premarital sex. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which personality structure was most likely responsible for Carolyn's sexual activity in college?
neglectful
Cooper's father is a corporate executive who works long hours. He travel several days throughout the month and spends very little time with Cooper. He has never been to any of Cooper's soccer games or met any of his friends. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. As such he does not get involved in Cooper's life. Psychologist would describe Cooper's father's style of parenting as
psychological approach
Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the to psychological disorders
pressure for unanimity
In the context of group decision making, which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?
conformity
In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates
conditions of worth
Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of
formal operational
Jason is working on an experiment during his science class and is following a procedure to systematically analyze the outcome. Jason is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
self-perception theory
Juanita returned home after being away for several years. When she saw her father, whom she thought she disliked, she hugged him and cried. Based on her crying when she saw him, she determined that she must like him more than she thought. This is most consistent with the of attitudes
deindividuation
June is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. During Mardi Gras, she found herself swept up in the festivities, doing the things that the other party-goers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June's behavior to
body dysmorphic disorder
Kelly experiences a great deal of anxiety over her physical appearance. She believes that her head is too big and her nose is asymmetrical. This troubling preoccupation with her physical features interferes with Kelly's occupational and social functioning. She spends hours in front of the mirror and isolates herself from her friends. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Kelly can be most likely diagnosed with
middle adulthood
Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities showed that _____ is the period when most people reach their peak for many intellectual skills.
the door-in-the-face technique
The advertising committee for a politician is going door to door and asking people to put a big, ugly election sign on their lawn. If the people refuse, they ask them if they would consider putting a smaller sign on the lawn. The staff is using
social contagion
The effects of others on our behavior can take the form of _____, imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas.
identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route.
The elaboration likelihood model
prosocial behavior
behavior that is intended to benefit other people is called
Low levels of androgens
in a female embryo, what allows for the normal development of female sex organs?
embryonic
in the course of prenatal development, by the end of the ______ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings
use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
infants who display secure attachment
concrete operational
most children successfully acquire conservation skills during the ____ stage of cognitive development
conception, zygote, embryonic period, fatal period
which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development
The symbolic thinking of children in the stage is limited
which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage
it focuses on the rights of the individual as the key to sound moral reasoning
which of the following statements is true of carol gilligan's care perspective?
the effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of exposure
which of the following statements is true of teratogens
Preoperational
you arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that s/he has the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so it is longer than the top row. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in which of Piaget's stages?