Introduction Social Media 2113
propinquity
(n.) nearness in place or time; kinship
What does anonymity online lead to?
-Antisocial behavior -people can get nasty when they are completely anonymous
Digital Literacy requires how many types of skills?
-Information Literacy -Multi-media Literacy -CMC Literacy _Computer Literacy -Alpha-numeric Literacy
How many revenues models do social media platforms adopt?
-Subscription -Per-per-use -Open access Freedium Models
What motivates people to co-create?
-intrinsic value/realize an artistic goal -esteem and respect from others -peer-to-peer networking -status
Uses and Gratifications are
-play -information - communication -professionalism
Purchase Funnel
Awareness Consideration Purchase Loyalty Advocacy
Communicating on your own time
asynchronous
Crowdsourcing
using consumers to develop and market products
Habitus (Bourdieu)
"The way society becomes deposited in persons in the form of lasting dispositions, or trained capacities and structured propensities to think, feel and act in determinant ways, which then guide them" (Wacquant 2005). Includes behaviors and bodily comportments that are associated with racial and cultural differences.
emergence
"any order, structure, or pattern appearing in complex random events that cannot be attributed to some specific pre-pensive purposeful activity or decision by some identifiable official or unof-ficial component or entity" (McKelvey 1997, p. 359, quoted in Monge & Contractor, 2003, p. 11).
parasocial relationships
"relationships" established with media characters and personalities
True of False: Communication is reciprocal and nonreciprocal
(i.e., if you are friends on Facebook, the link is reciprocal), whereas Twitter is based on one-direction links (i.e., if you "follow" Kim Kardashian, this does not mean that she will follow you)
True or False: Racially based communities abound online as people share their interests and experiences.
*For example, some Asian American bloggers write online diaries to provide a way to maintain connections with friends and loved ones far from home
Attention
*Visits, Page Views
Dissociative Imagination
1. someone being able to split or dissociate online fiction from offline fact 2. SIM'S game 3. whatever character someone has created in this dream world 4. "It's just a game"
Surveillance studies
A branch of sociology that examines the appropriate boundaries and techniques of surveillance in society
identity tourism
A concept that refers to people taking on the identities of other races, genders, classes, or sexual orientations for recreational purposes.
What are "goals" of social media?
A goal is a desired end state, something people want to accomplish or something they want to avoid *Goals can be conscious, such as when you sign in online to post pictures of a recent vacation, or they can be non-conscious * For example, routines of checking Facebook or Instagram to see who has communicated with you might be the pursuit of a non-conscious goal to socialize or experience positive feelings of self-enhancement.
Solipsistic Introjection
A notion that it's only in their heads or minds. Reading someone else's words in your own voice (in your head)
Why are weak ties important?
All of your friends likely have the same information you do. They know the best Mexican, Italian, and sushi places where you live. There is nothing new there. However, consulting someone outside your close circle of friends might yield some new and helpful information.
edge
An edge represents some connection of interest. Here, it represents the transmission of information from one person to the next. *Dan C. from Yelp! tells Mark about the hair salon, Mark tells Megan, and Megan tells Jenn.
social construction
An idea or practice that a group of people agree exists. It is maintained over time by people taking its existence for granted. coined by Berger and Luckmannn.
subscription
An order for, or a pledge to pay for, regular copies of a publication, a group of plays or concerts, and so on. *Netflix/HBO
Does social media need digital platform?
As illustrated by radio call-in shows, letters to the editor, citizen journal-ism, and the like, social media does not inherently need a digitally based platform.
invisibility
Can't physically see the person can hide how you or others look/sound Don't know if someone is in the same online space as you
Strong ties are important why?
Close relationships provide us help and support as we face hardships, raise kids, and do homework
Why are connectors or hubs important?
Connectors are important because they bring together people who would otherwise be unrelated.
What is the first trait of a community?
Consciousness of kind (Gusfield, 1975). Con-sciousness of kind is a sense of belonging, of mutual recognition between group members that they are part of a collectivity. *Language is one critical way that people signify belonging online. Online groups will develop specialized vernaculars, intentional misspellings, and abbreviations for commonly used words ( Androutsopoulos, 2006; Crystal, 2001).
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)
Created by the U.S. defense system not for public use
Symmetry/Asymmetry
Exchange of information One party sends more information than received.
Use value vs. exchange value
Exchange value- with the formation of the industrial working class- urbanization and separation of home and work during industrial revolution- property gained exchange value. The owner could exchange their property to someone else for something else of the same value. (income value) Use value- property valued based on what it could produce (how valuable it is).
True or False: the communication model for social media does not lies somewhere between the mass media and interpersonal approaches.
False Correct Answer: the communication model for social media lies somewhere between the mass media and interpersonal approaches.
What is the frontstage and backstage?
Frontstage: where we do our formal impression management to others Backstage:where we are less self-conscious and may disclose our "real" selves. For example, celebrities will often use Twitter to present a backstage self
GULP vs SIP
FtF v. CMC
purchase funnel opinion
In this stage, you are likely gathering information and weighing it against what you need, want, or like. What do you think of jeans, either as a category or as a particular brand like Levi's?
self-fufilling prophecy (pygmalion effect)
Is a phenomenon by which people's expectations of themselves or others lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true
What is the downside of deindividuation?
Just as this feeling of unity can create risky behaviors in offline crowds, it can also cause people to say and do things they otherwise would not. *This phenomenon occurs because of diffusion of responsibility; when people do things in groups, each individual feels less responsible for the outcome. For example, an email request for help sent to one person garners more responses than when it is sent to multiple people (Barron & Yechiam, 2002).
Social influence model of technology
Media choice is not based on rationality but rather influenced by one's surroundings/network. How social information affects media use in orgs. -experience -media features -task features -situational factors *richness of media is socially constructed would not use Microsoft teams to video chat with a friend
Chronemics
Physical time to reply/ between interactions
Sandra Petronio
Professor of Communication Studies at Indiana University Director of the Center for Privacy Management Communication Privacy Management Theory: Describes how people make decisions about revealing and concealing private information
Media Multiplexity Theory
Relationships that are strong are those in which the people involved communicate with each other in multiple ways
Dissociative Anonymity
Separation of online and offline identity "Compartmentalization" of the self They are there but no identifying features
Benign Disinhibition
Sharing very personal things about yourself; showing unusual kindness or generosity, going out of your way to help others
Media Multiplexity Theory
Strong ties are likely to communicate in more ways, while weak ties are likely to communicate in fewer ways
Structuration
Structuration says that the larger normative patterns we see in mass communication are created and structured by the interactions of individuals.
Social shopping sites
Swap shopping ideas with friends (Ex. Pinterest)
computer literacy
The ability to use computers for basic tasks, such as developing documents, sending emails and searching the internet for information.
Flaming
The act of posting or sending offensive messages over the internet. *many attribute flaming to anonymity
Mobility
The degree to which an articulation is allowed to move before being restricted by surrounding tissues.
Cultural Capital (Bourdieu)
The knowledge, attitudes, values, language and tastes and abilities that the middle class transmit to their children. Bourdieu argues that educational success is largely down to cultural capital - middle class children have an advantage
Methodological Individualism
The principle that the individual human being is the basic unit of research in the social sciences
Interpellation
The process by which ideological systems call out or 'hail' social subjects and tell them their place in the system. The ways in which cultural products address their consumers and recruit them into a particular ideology.
What is the 80/20 rule?
The understanding that 80% of your business comes from 20% of your customers
Deindividuation
This sense of a mass of people acting as one entity is a concept *For example, through instantaneous sharing of news information, Twitter may create a collec-tive sense of experiencing historical events (Thorson et al., 2013).
cool media
Those media that can be used without active engagement and attention *Telephone
pay-per-use platforms
Those services that expect users to pay for each piece of content discretely. *Amazon movies to rent
Gatekeeper
Those with high status or admin status might play a gatekeeper role, people charged with regulating spam and curating the content of a community. Others synthesize information, provoke discussion, or quell dissent as the peacemaker.
True of False: Social media campaigns can include offline elements as well. For example, the Korean chain Megabox held a series of special movie events for singles. Using Facebook, people could nominate their single friends to receive tickets to a movie with a randomly selected stranger of the opposite sex.
True
True or False: Because online communities tend to group around lifestyles and interests, there are as many different communities as there are hobbies, television shows, subcultures, interests, and orientations.
True
True or False: Further, it turns out that people are more likely to form social ties with those who are like them on some dimension (gender, race, educational background), which is called homophily.
True
True or False: In early childhood, media consumption is limited primarily to television, DVD watching, and books
True
True or False: In middle adulthood, people experience the highest self-esteem, feelings of security, and control of any age group
True
True or False: In the traditional mass communication model, the source produces a message that is encoded in media, which is received by the receiver, who produces some feedback. This is called two-step flow
True
True or False: People are more influenced by negative reviews than they are by positive reviews, primarily because people tend to be risk averse and trust negative information more than positive information. Just one negative eBay review can decrease sales by 13 percent
True
True or False: Teens engage primarily in two genres of participation—friendship-driven genres that are built primarily on existing relationships and interest-driven genres, which can exist more independently online as teens discover and pursue interests and fando
True
True or False: The concept of community was created to understand the social bonds between people who live or work together, but mass and social media have changed the way we think about how people form connections over long distances (Rainie & Wellman, 2012).
True
True or False: Understanding the digital divide ultimately depends on capital.
True
True or false: Centrality is a term for describing how important a node is in a particular network. There are several different ways of describing centrality, based, of course, on what you think is important. For instance, one of the most basic types of centrality is degree centrality, or how many connections a node has.
True
True or false: Generally, members in a virtual community build status through length of time spent being active in the community (Mathwick et al., 2008), and even those who come in with a good deal of knowledge are suspect until proven trustworthy. *For instance, in the Survivor spoiler community—the group dedicated to learning the winner of the show Survivor before the show aired—a newcomer to the group with a great deal of information was vetted extensively, a process that took almost the entire season (when, after all, his knowledge was proven roughly accurate by the airing of show itself) (Jenkins, 2006).
True
True or False: age, race, gender and social class are performed in certain ways.
True For example, gender performances online can range from super feminine performances in YouTube makeup tutorials (and video creators give notes on how to make such performances) to hyper masculine performances such as playing a massive multiplayer game like World of Warcraft, where one's avatar can be bigger and stronger relative to others than one might be in real life.
True or False: Structurally, racial divisions are coded into technology in ways both large and small.
True or False: Structurally, racial divisions are coded into technology in ways both large and small. *For example, most "hand" pointers are white (White, 2006), and until recently emojis lacked representation of races other than white (although Apple released a more "diverse" set of emojis in 2015 in conjunction with the Unicode Consortium3).
True or False: As a form of representation, social media is in many ways a mirror of culture and society, a media that reflects the prejudice and social boundaries of the offline world.
True: We can see this in part by looking at representation online. For example, studies find that white men are overrepresented in video games, whereas African American men are slightly, and Latinos largely, underrepresented compared to the population
Overattribution of Similarity (Receiver)
We assume we have more in common with another person. create an idealized/unrealistic image
Online Disinhibition Effect
When individuals do/say things online that they wouldn't in face-to-face settings
Groups have a tendency to reflect homophily in the offline world?
Yes, In a study of friendship thatlooked at the social ties represented by pictures posted on Facebook, all racial groups were likely to form homophilous ties, with African Americans being the most homophilous and white being the least (Wimmer & Lewis, 2010).
Participatory culture
a culture in which media consumers are able to annotate, comment on, remix, and otherwise respond to culture.
Participatory Culture
a culture with relatively low barriers to artistic expression and civic engagement, strong support for creating and sharing one's creations, and some type of informal mentorship whereby what is known by the most experienced is passed along to novices
structural hole
a gap between network clusters, or even two individuals, if those individuals (or clusters) have complementary resources
Decision Journey
a model of consumer decision making in which purchases are not always rational, and a purchase may be triggered without much thought or planning *For example, say you are in a store to buy those jeans and you see a great sweater to go with them. You may not ask a friend, build awareness, or any-thing of the type.
Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
a process through which companies design webpages and other online infrastructure to be as search-friendly as possible and to reach the highest position in the results.
Communitas
a sense of camaraderie, a common vision of what constitutes a good life, and a commitment to take social action to move toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites of passage
Seeding
a technique of giving products to lead users or opinion leaders. By seeding new products with key influencers, companies hope to generate positive word-of-mouth marketing, authentic product reviews, and heightened exposure.
looking-glass self
a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us *positive and negative comments *Facetime and Skype make this explicit
balance theory
a theory holding that people try to maintain balance among their beliefs, cognitions, and sentiments
Communication Privacy Management
a theory that offers a map of the way people manage private matters that are shared with others 1.People believe they own and have the right to control their private information 2.People control their private information through use of personal privacy rules 3.When others are told or given access to a person's private information, they become co-owners of that information 4.Co-owners of private information need to negotiate mutually agreeable privacy rules about telling others 5.When co-owners of private information don't effectively negotiate and follow mutually held privacy rules, boundary turbulence is the likely result
collective reasoning
a type of collective intelligence and co-creation
Anticipated future interaction
a way of extending psychological time; the likelihood of future interaction motivates CMC users to develop a relationship
age cohort
age cohort describes a group of people who are about the same age
sock puppets
alias identities may be created for a number of reasons. In one high-profile case, the chief executive officer of Whole Foods was discovered to have created a sock puppet to bash a rival grocery chain and defend himself against people who criticized his hair (Kesmodel & Wilke, 2007).
General Public License (GPL)
an agreement that the work can be shared freely, used by anyone, and modified.
Graph Theory
an area of research from mathematics that studies the properties of nodes, their connections, and their relationships.
Directionality
an arrow to represent the flow of the relationships. In this example, we marked the edge between *Dan C. and Mark with an arrow to indicate that information went from Dan C. to Mark.
purchase funnel preference
an intention to buy.
Selective self-presentation
an online positive portrayal without fear of contradiction, which enables people to create an overwhelmingly favorable impression Sender: can edit
Advertising
any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor *as persuasive and informative communication
cult texts
are "vast, elaborate and densely populated fictional world[s] that [are] constructed episode-by-episode, extended and embellished by official secondary-level texts (episode guides, novelizations, comics, magazines) and fan-produced tertiary texts (fan fiction, cultural criticism essays, art, scratch videos)" (Gwenllian-Jones & Pearson, 2004). For example, the television show Lost contains allusions to philos-ophy, literature, and myth, which spurred extensive investigation and discussion among fans in online forums
newbies
are new members to the community. Sometimes ignored or flamed (Jacobson, 1999), newbies generally have the lowest status in an online commu-nity. R
Trolls
are users who attempt to disrupt the community in some way. These users are usually anonymous or have masked identities that cannot be tied to offline identities. Trolling entails "luring others into pointless and time-consuming discussions," (Herring, 2004), often involves identity de-ception (Donath, 1999), and is constituted by repetitive, argumentative behavior (Backstrom, 2011; Phillips, 2012; Shachaf & Hara, 2010).
signaling theory
argues that we are always "giving" and "giving off" social signals. Either we purposefully perform these cues or, often, we "give off' signals unintentionally.
purchase funnel purchase
buy the good or service. Purchase can be as straightforward as buying a pair of jeans, but it can also stand for any decision that costs time or money. *For example, you might decide to spend your weekend volunteer-ing at Habitat for Humanity instead of going to the beach with your friends.
Online advertisers use two other measures for advertising effectiveness online:
click-through rate, which measures whether a user clicked on a link; or pay-per-click, which measures whether a user purchased something as a result of the online advertisement. *Use cookies
word of mouth
communication is when product or service information is transmitted from one person to another
social capital
connections with other people that serve as a resource. For example, if you are friends with someone whose brother works at JP Morgan and you would like to get an internship in investment banking, con-necting either in real life or on LinkedIn will give you a better chance of securing that position.
pull marketing
consumers seek out information about a company *when you look up the lowest calorie soft drink on Google
minimization of status and authority
cyberspace is an even playing field for everyone to interact *Lack of titles/cues/ others' real identities
networks effects
describe the gains in a system when more and more people use the network. *For example, consider text messaging. If just one other person in the world had the capability to receive a text message, it would be a useless technology. If your parents but not your friends had the ability to receive a text message, it would be a little more useful, but still not great.
imagined community
describe the way in which media such as newspapers create a sense of belonging to one nation or one community (Anderson, 1991). By reading the same headlines, discussing the same issues, and feeling affected by the same occurrences, all conveyed through media, a group of people can come to identify as part of the same group although they may be hundreds or thousands of miles apart and live in different circumstances. *For example, although Twitter is designed for one-to-many communication and asymmetric linking (i.e., I can follow you, but you do not need to follow me), imagined communities nevertheless form through the use of shared linguistic conventions, consciousness of having simultaneous experience, and a collective recognition of those with "high" status (Gruzd, Wellman, & Takhteyev., 2011).
Degree
describes how far re-moved one person or node is from another person or node. *For instance, Christine has a second-degree relationship with Megan (they are connected by Jenn), but a first-degree relationship with Mark. *Degrees are often displayed on social net-working sites like LinkedIn and can even determine access to other users and privacy settings
Conversion
describes some action taken on the part of the user that the sender of that message desires *Votes, Downloads, Purchases, Donations
circulation
describes the movement of an object or sign in and out of different cultural, economic, and social contexts (Appadurai, 1988; Kopytoff, 1988). For example, the K-pop group Super Junior became hugely popular in Indonesia, partly because of an Indonesian parody video of one of their songs (Jung, 2011).
conversion attribution
describes the process of linking, or attributing, exposure to conversion
social exchange theory
explains that the exchange of goods or services over time will lead to the development of social ties (Emerson, 1976).
Pseudonymity
in which a person's actions may be linked to a particular name, but not traced to an offline person *For example, some posters on reddit develop very rich identities in the community, but these identities remain untied to their offline lives
Networked Individualism
individuals are a node in many different networks (Rainie & Wellman, 2012). Through these networks, we operate as individuals, but draw from latent connections in the network when we need help or want to share information.
relational norms
informal rules that govern communicative behavior between people *the norm of reciprocity suggests that there should be a give and take in a conversation
Digital Literacy
involves having a current knowledge and understanding of computers, mobile devices, the Internet, and related technologies
co-creation
involving consumers in the process of developing advertising and other marketing actions *10% of Wikipedia's contributors produce 90% of the site's content by creating, writing, and correcting entries, with results that rival a traditional encyclopedia
Microcelebrity
is "a state of being famous to a niche group of people, but it is also a behavior: the presentation of oneself as a celebrity regardless of who is paying attention"
spreadibility
is "the potential—both technical and cultural—for audiences to share content for their own purposes" (Jenkins et al., 2013, p. 3).
Transmedia
is a "story [that] unfolds across multiple media platforms, with each new text making a distinctive and valuable contribution to the whole" (Jenkins, 2006, p. 97). For example, the Matrix fran-chise expanded well beyond movies to tell the story through video games and graphic novels (Jenkins, 2006).
community of practice
is a group that is "informally bound together by shared expertise and passion for a joint enterprise" (Wenger, 2000). *For instance, after Apple discontinued production of an early personal digital assistant, the Newton, a community of users gathered together to produce software and bug fixes and provide technical support for a product disowned by the company that produced it (Muniz & Schau, 2005).
Frequency
is a measure of the number of times a person has seen the online content, be it an ad, a newspaper article, or simply a status update.
Subculture
is a smaller grouping within a culture that shares particular norms, values, and practices that may run counter to the dominant culture. *For example, the straight-edge punk subcul-ture, which initially existed through close face-to-face interactions at concerts as well as through DIY (or "do it yourself") publications like zines grew to have rich virtual communities as well.
audience community
is a social group that forms around a particular media product such as a movie (e.g. Star Wars), television show (e.g. Mad Men), or book (e.g. Harry Potter). As an interpretive community, the group may discuss the text, developing its own unique interpretations that are informed by their particular backgrounds and identities (Fish, 1980). S
attention economy
is a system where people's attention comes to have economic value *coined by the scholar Herbert Simon,
social roles
is a systemic pattern of behavior in interaction with others (Merton, 1968). *For example, the social role of mothering might include caring for a child and purchasing things like food, clothing, and personal care items.
Interpersonal communication
is an approach to studying communication that is primarily based on the face-to-face dynamics of two people (or what we call dyadic communications). *founder of this approach Erving Goffman,
phatic communication
is language used for social purposes, not necessarily to communicate informa-tion (Miller, 2008). For example, when someone Tweets "OMG I can't believe the new album is out!!" he or she is likely trying to express affiliation and loyalty to a particular artist rather than convey information about an album release.
social capital
is relatively straightforward—it is simply the number and strength of social connectivity. *The network of social relationships that surrounds us has value and can some-times even be converted to financial capital (Cartoon 9.1), as when a business deal goes through because of mutual friendships. But social capital is a resource in many other ways. Our friends can comfort us when we lose our job or befriend us on a Saturday night
social class
is the combi-nation of education, income, and prestige of occupation that places one in a hier-archy relative to others
Valence
is the positivity or negativity of reviews
Convergence
is the process through which certain institutional, functional, and user practices have merged into one platform and/or sphere. *the user domain and the producer domain.
purchase funnel consideration
is the stage in which you weigh different options against one another or consider other alternatives like not buying. Here, customer ratings on social shopping sites like Amazon or Zappos can have an impact on your consideration process, particularly for items you feel lukewarm about or where you do not have much information.
Volume
is the total number of online reviews. *If there are a lot of reviews, you will probably feel more confident about their validity because it seems you have enough information from others to make a decision.
Remix
is when elements of a cultural object are reconfigured into a new cultural object, often also by adding musical or visual elements or changing the pacing.
Clustering
is when nodes tend to be closely related by one-degree connections
generalized reciprocity
is when people contribute to the group without any particular expectation of immediate payback (Giesler, 2006; Mathwick, Wiertz, & De Ruyter, 2008). Rather, they contribute something to the community with the expectation that they will use the group's resources in the future or the consciousness that they have used them in the past.
paid media
is when the company buys time or space on an existing channel. *For example, a banner ad on IMDB (internet movie database) or a Google Adwords ad would be paid media.
Mashup
is when two or more cultural products are combined into one (Kendall & Schmidt, 2007). For example, DJ Dangermouse combined the Beatle's White Album with Jay-Z's the Black Album to create the Grey Album.
purchase funnel awareness
knowledge that the product or product category exists. *For example, as a person likely living in the United States, you have probably heard of these things called jeans.
Creative Commons
license similarly protects images and art-works. Flickr, for example, distributes images that photographers mark as Creative Commons, which has both commercial and noncommercial options
filter bubble
means that people are exposed to different information, and this may have political and cultural consequences. *two different people with similar demographics (both educated, lib-eral women) received different search results following the BP oil spill.
earned media
media cover-age created by someone else *such as coverage in a newspaper like the Style section of The New York Times, or it can be social media, such as coverage by a fashion blogger or a mention on Twitter
What is the third trait of a community?
moral responsibility, or duty to other members of the community. The social bonds created by a community in-still not just a sense of collectiveness, but also a sense of responsibility to other members. *In online games like World of Warcraft, for example, users defend one another's honor, and clan members will seek revenge for an attack on another clan member (Nardi & Harris, 2006).
Open-Access or Freemium Models
offer content for free, hoping to build an audience that will support the production of content through advertising.
confromation bias
people may seek out particular sources like a blog or news website and often attend to information that is congruent with what they already know.
market mavens
people who search, accumulate, and share product knowledge with others. *). Some bloggers as well as YouTube reviewers who post "haul" videos show-ing off their new purchases are two examples of market mavens online. As journalists like Malcolm Gladwell have popularized, connectors, people who serve as hubs of human relationships, can be key conduits for the spread of trends
meme
s "an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture" (Dawkins, 1976, p. 192). First proposed by the evolutionary bi-ologist Richard Dawkins, a meme is a carrier of cultural content, like a gene, but filled with cultural meaning
cognitive behavioral
self-knowledge Focus-thoughts are behaviors that can change self monitoring
What is the second trait of a community?
shared rituals and traditions. A ritual is an action or series of actions, usually performed collectively, that has meaning for the actor or the group. *For instance, watching television while using Twitter, or "livetweeting" an event, can create a sense of collective effervescence with other fans of a show.
Variance
similarity or dissimilarity to each other
Forms and genres of social media:
technology, Remediation, Social Network, Blogs, Message, Chatrooms, Feeds, Content Sharing & Hybrid form
Demotic Turn
term used to understand how communication has become democratized
social identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships *For example, if born female, our parents might receive pink clothes and blankets to meet our arrival and call us "beautiful" or "sweet" rather than "bold" or "daring."
imformation literacy
the ability to effectively search for, access, understand, and archive digital information
Alpha-numeric Literacy
the ability to read and write a language
CMC Literacy
the ability to read, write, and interpret communication from others online
self-disclosure
the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
media synchronicity theory
the choice of communication media should depend on the extent to which a medium supports a shared pattern of coordinated behavior among coworkers
Digital Inequality
the difference in access to social, cultural and material resources necessary to access, use, and interpret digital information and technologies.
Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)
the exchange of messages carried through an intervening system of digital electronic storage and transmitted between two or more people takes longer tHAN FTF CAN BE EDITED
Reciprocity
the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us. This is felt in online communities
word of mouth marketing
the practice of encouraging the transmission of positive product information, or "buzz." Campaigns aimed at creating this kind of buzz represent a hybrid between naturally existing word of mouth and advertising campaigns. *For example, Proctor and Gamble maintains a platform called Vocalpoint, a panel of customers who receive early trials of products with the hope that they will share their experiences with others
loyalty loop
the process by which consumers repurchase and deepen their love for a product *For example, devoted fans of Jessica Alba's Honest Company post glowing word-of-mouth endorsements on mommy blogging sites, and this feedback prompts others to try the products as well.
Toxic Disinhibition
the revealing of less flattering tendencies, such as being rude, overly critical, angry, or threatening.
Virtual Self
the self that is presented in representations, particularly in representations online.
Value Chain
the series of internal departments that carry out value-creating activities to design, produce, market, deliver, and support a firm's products
firestorm
the sudden discharge of large quantities of messages containing negative WOM [word of mouth] and complaint behavior against a person, company, or group in social media networks"
Homophily
the tendency for people to affiliate with others who are like them. As they say, birds of a feather flock together.
Online Disinhibition Effect
the tendency to experience disinhibition because of the effects of computer mediated communication *there can be multiple factors leading to disinhibition in addition to anonymity, including invisibility, asychronicity, lack of eye contact, and textuality
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent *We may seek to justify perceived wrongs or find others who like (or hate) the same things we do by posting or reading reviews on Yelp! or Amazon.
Means of Production (Marx)
the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth
social marketing
the use of commercial marketing concepts and tools in programs designed to influence individuals' behavior to improve their well-being and that of society
bonding social capital
the value a relationship might have to provide lasting and meaningful social support.
bridging social capital
the value that friendship has to unite two different groups of people.
Channel Expansion Theory
the ways in which perceptions of technological richness will depend on an individual's personal experience with a specific medium
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
theory suggesting that people find uncertainty to be unpleasant, so they are motivated to reduce their uncertainty by getting to know others
What is the problem with seeding?
they want people to communicate about their products because it seems more authentic, but prompting people to communicate about certain products undermines their authenticity (Friestad & Wright, 1994). Seeding products with bloggers
opinion leaders
those with a lot of social capital, are more influential, albeit more selective with their opinions
subcultural capital
to describe the knowledge, tastes, and practices that are valued within a particular subculture or group *if you participate in a fan group online like Survivor Maps, knowledge about the show serves to distinguish you from others
tie strength
usually represents the closeness between nodes. If two people communicate often and communicate through more than one medium, they are said to have strong, or close ties
owned media
when the company advertises on a channel that it owns. *For example, a company website, direct mail or email, and promotional flyers are all types of owned media.
push marketing
when the company conveys a message to the consumer *Coke spends a million dollars on a televi-sion ad to tell you about a new product.
information gatherers
who bring new specialized knowledge to the group. *For example, answer people are "individuals whose dominant behavior is to respond to questions posed by others" (Welser, Gleave, Fisher, & Smith, 2007). W
lurkers
who rarely contribute content in an online community (Bagozzi & Dholakia, 2002; Mathwick et al., 2008). The percentage of lurkers in a community varies greatly by community type.
hate speech
words that attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities
What are the origins of co-creation?
buy coffee beans, you have to grind and brew them; if you buy an IKEA desk, you have to assemble it;
social media
social media is not dependent on digital communication. It describes a set of practices for communicating, usually col-laboratively, and usually so that it is visible to more than one person.
What six attributes are crucial for understanding how social communication differs?
social presence, temporal structure, media richness, permanence, replicability, and mobility
Digital Anthropology and Netnographic Analysis
studies the cultural and social structures that frame the human interaction that occurs through digital technology
Multi-media Literacy
the ability to create digital object such as text, image, audio and video
Media richness
the amount of sensory information transferred between the sender and the receiver Matching channel with complexity of tasks
Replicability
the degree to which a message can be consistently reproduced
Permanence
the degree to which previous messages are available to users
self-regulation
the exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards
extended self
the external objects we consider a part of our self-identity *The phone extends our ability see traffic ahead, know the weather, and find the best restaurant in a strange neighborhood. As an extension of the brain
digital divide
the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet, and those who do not. *popularized by the U.S. Department of Com-merce's National Telecommunications and Information Administration
remediation
the idea that stylistic elements from previous genres are carried forward into new styles and genres of communication.
temporal structure
the level of co-presence with conversation partners in a communication context *synchronous v. asynchronuos
technological determinism
the notion that developments in technology provide the primary driving force behind social change or human communication
reach
the number of target consumers exposed to a commercial at least once during a specific period, usually four weeks
Media ecology
the perspective that the mode of communication shapes human activity in both interactional and historical domains *shapes politics, social organizations, and ways of thinking
Narrowcasting
the practice of disseminating a message to a specific audience, has implications for civic and commercial life.
social presence
the quality and amount of social information conveyed in a message. Matching tasks and media, but with the relationship *how present do you feel
user-generated content
the various forms of online media content that are publicly available and created by end users
dyadic communication
two-person communication *Social media goes beyond this communication
social information processing (SIP) model
we find a way to translate socially meaningful information into text-based formats Why and how relationships develop online social information---> information formation--->relationship develpoment
social comparison theory
we form evaluations of ourselves through comparison with others *For instance, one study finds that passive Facebook use (looking at pictures versus posting them) prompts social comparison, which leads to reduced self-esteem after visiting the site
Prosumption
when consumers become increasingly adept at fulfilling their own needs, primarily with technology *a bank uses the ATM to "outsource" the labor of making a deposit to the consumer
citizen journalism
when nonprofessional journalists produce and disseminate journalistic knowledge, has been vastly enabled by social media platforms
anonymity
when someone's speech, writing, or actions do not contain personally identifiable information and thus cannot be linked to personal identity
context collapse
when two or more social worlds collide
Affordances of Social Media
1. Persistence 2. Visibility 3. Spreadability 4. Searchability *Affordances for humans are tied to norms and conventions for use that are learned. They are relevant to users *Chair to sit, lay clothes, as a stool
What three differences between traditional and social media model?
1. the audience is not necessarily passive, but often active (Jenkins, 2004), curating information, providing shared interpretations of texts, and rating the products of others. 2. the audience is not only potentially more active, but also potentially much narrower. *revealing status on Facebook is not for the world but for friends. 3. with online communication it may be possible for the audience to have more ownership or control over messages and channels because the costs for producing and sharing them are lower. *
What are three of media ecology?
1. the medium can shape the message 2. the consideration of how newly invented media cast light onto older forms of media. *the internet encompasses radio, print, t.v. 3. the overarching goal of understanding different forms of media in relation to each other and within social context.
collaborative filtering
A classification of software that monitors trends among customers and uses this data to personalize an individual customer's experience. *Sites like Amazon, Netflix, and Facebook all produce rec-ommendations through collaborative
contextual integrity
A concept developed by Helen Nissenbaum, contextual integrity is a way to think about and quantify potential privacy risks in software systems and products. Contextual Integrity focuses on what consumer expectations are in a given situation and how the product or system differs from that expectation. The more a product or system deviates from those expectations, the more likely a consumer will perceive a privacy harm.
Algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Hot Media
One that engages one sense completely and demands little interaction because the user is spoon-fed its content. *film, radio.
What is the flow of market chain?
Recognition--->Design and innovation(Cosumers bring ideas)--->Production(curate content)--->Distribution(co-create)--->Service
True or False: So although individuals or groups of media users have the ability to control messages, the institutions that produce news, movies, and music have consolidated, wielding more institutional power than in previous decades.
True
Web 2.0
a new way of using the internet for collaboration and sharing of data among individual users
Uses and Gratifications Theory
an approach to understanding why and how people actively seek out specific media to satisfy specific needs *argues that people consume media for some purpose and to receive some reward, or gratification
self-preservation theory
argues that we are always presenting ourselves for a perceived audience. *we may emphasize some (usually positive or culturally meaningful) aspects of the self and deemphasize other less desirable attributes, creating an ideal self.
dramaturgical theory of self
argues that we are always putting on a mask, performing different roles or selves on a "stage" with "props" for an intended audience *For example, we tend to perform a professional self on LinkedIn, but perhaps a friendly, casual self on Facebook and a flirtatious self on Tinder.
engagement
attempt to represent how involved or responsive the audience is to a particular message. *retweets, shares, likes Measurements are vague
What is the timeline of information regimes?
-Originally measured by asking people to keep a diary of what they watched -1987, Neilson company developed a set-up box to track television programming coming into a household -Now, eye tracking can be used to measure ad viewership online
social identity deindividuation (SIDE) model
A model of interpersonal communication that argues that we use social categories rather than interpersonal cues when we communicate online to interpret and understand identity, behavior, and intentions. *For example, if someone disagrees with you in the comments section and seemingly supports gun control, you might imagine them as a stereotypical Rambo type from Texas, whereas they may actually be a peaceful hunter from Minnesota.
