Introduction to Business

Which element in the work environment was found to be dissatisfying when not present, but when present did not serve as a motivator for workers?

Job security

In the 1960s, Peter Drucker designed a method of management that includes employees in goal setting, known as which of the following?

Management by objectives

Peter Ducker developed MBO because he recognized that?

Managers can only thwart employees motivation, not motivate an employee Employees need to motivate themselves

A Theory X manager would most likely?

Perform a time-motion study

According to Hertzberg's study, which of the following were listed by workers as among the top 5 factors that create motivation instead of being dissatisfiers on the job?

Sense of achievement Earned recognition for a job

Match the key elements of job enrichment to their meaning

Skill variety: The extent to which the job demands different skills Task Identity: The degree to which the job requires doing a task from beginning to end Task significance: The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of others in the company Autonomy: The degree of freedom or discretion in scheduling work and determining procedures Feedback: The amount of direct and clear information given about job performance

Small businesses can motivate employees by?

offering flexible schedules giving employees small equity stakes telling them their work is appreciated

The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being watched or studied is referred to as the?

Hawthorne Effect

Management by objectives means that managers?

Include employees in setting goals so the employees are self-motivated

Feeling that your work makes a contribution to the company or society is an example of a(n) _________________ reward

Intrinsic

An employee who is engaged has the following characteristics?

Is committed to the organization Works with energy and purpose

The job enrichment process involves creating ________________ variety and __________________ significance on the job in order to motivate workers

skill; task

To use self-managed teams to improve productivity, management must reinvent work by?

respecting workers, allowing autonomy, developing workers' skills

According to Hertzberg, hygiene factors would include?

- friendly co-workers - well equipped lunch rooms

Select assumptions made by Theory X managers about people

-people are motivated to avoid punishment -people prefer to avoid work -people must be controlled and forced to work

According to Ochi's research about the effect of national culture on organizations, Type _________________ management relies on individual decision making and achievement

A

Designing a more challenging job that has more motivating characteristics is job?

Enlargement

Coaching and helping employees are different in that coaching requires a manager to?

Guide Teach Recommend

The ___________________ studies were inspired by the research of Fredrick Taylor

Hawthorne

Match the generational group to their preferred communication style

World War II-Face-to-face or phone Boomers-meetings Gen. X-email Millennials-social media Gen. Z-face-to-face but not phone

According to a survey of recent college graduates, opportunities for ____________________ are important in attracting and retaining employees

advancement

Choose the most accurate list of steps involved in an organization's management by objectives system?

discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives

Choose the central idea of management by objectives

employees need to motivate themselves

The key to successfully ___________________ employees is to let them define problems as well as plan and implement solutions

empowering

Ochi's Theory Z is based on viewing the organization as a(n) _______________ that fosters cooperation and organizational values

family

Maslow believed that people are motivated by higher and lower level needs. That differs from Hertzberg who believed that people are motivated only by _______________ level needs

high

According to Hertzberg's theory, good working conditions are a(n)?

hygiene factor

The personal satisfaction you feel when you preform well and complete goals is an example of a(n) ___________________ reward

intrinsic

Combining tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment for a worker is called?

job enlargement

Moving workers from one task to the next to make more interesting and motivating is called?

job rotation

According to Hertzberg's theory, recognition would _________________ employees

motivate

According to Maslow, needs that have already been satisfied no longer provide?

motivation

Hertzberg studied the relationship between?

motivation and job-related factors

Job factors that cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction is the definition of a(n) ___________________ according to Hertzberg

motivator

Job factors that cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction is the definition of a(n) _________________ according to Hertzberg

motivators

During the Hawthorne Studies, researchers were baffled when ____________________ went up regardless of changed environmental conditions

productivity

Taylor's scientific management became the dominant strategy for improving ___________________ in the early Twentieth century

productivity

Employers can recognize a job well done by?

providing a path for advancement increasing pay increasing employee responsibilities

Mayo's findings in the Hawthorne studies encouraged researchers to study _________________ factors in the workplace

psychological

The responsibilities of a manager implementing MBO include?

rewarding employee accomplishments setting goals with the employee

The levels in Maslow's hierarchy are physiological, ________________, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs

safety

An example of United Parcel Service's use of Scientific Management principles is the use of _________________ to teach workers how to properly lift and carry a package

simulators

Increased worker productivity during the first Hawthorne studies determined that _______________ and _________________ factors affected productivity

social; psychological

The Management by Objectives system is most effective in _________________ situations that allow long-range planning

stable

Taylor's methods such as _______________-_______________ studies are still used today at United Parcel Service

time-motion

The problems associated with retaining workers who are disengaged include?

Decreased productivity Compensating workers who put in time but no energy Undermining the efforts of employees who are engaged.

Examples of characteristics of a manager with a Theory Y mentality include that the manager?

Embraces employee empowerment Encourages employees to design solutions

Job enrichment is based on the higher level motivators of which theorists?

Frederick Herzberg Abraham Maslow

Which of the following elements are included in Ochi's Type J management?

Implicit controls Consensual decision making

The motivation strategy that motivates workers through the job itself is?

Job Enrichment

Examples of job enrichment strategies are?

Job enlargement and job rotation

Hertzberg found that workers were not motivated by factors related to the?

Job factors

Management by objectives is most effective in stable situations that allow managers to make __________________-______________ plans with few changes

Long-range

Which are costs directly associated with recruiting and training a new employee?

Lowered productivity Pay for trainers Recruiting costs

Expectancy theory recognizes that individuals establish their own views of task difficulty and the value of the ____________________ to that person

Reward

The job enrichment process process involves creating __________________ variety and _______________ significance on the job in order to motivate workers

Skill; task

Taylor's method was to?

Study the most efficient ways to do a task; Determine the one "best" way, teach people the one best way to do their jobs

Henry L. Gantt was a follower of which management theorist?

Taylor

Studies about which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task are referred to as _______ studies.

Time-motion

What is the purpose of Management by Objectives?

To reward the accomplishment of organizational goals To monitor the results of implementing goals To motivate all levels of the organization through goal setting and implementation

Companies can minimize the perception of unfairness in the workplace by having clear and frequent communication?

With all employees

A type of chart used to track and plan worker activity developed by a researcher who followed Taylor's principles is called?

A Grantt chart.

Match the generation to the birth years listed

Baby boomer: 1946-1964 Generation X: 1965-1980 Generation Y (Millennials): 1980-1995 Generation Z: 1995-2009

Which of the following theories of motivation is the basis for Management by Objectives?

Drucker's Goal-setting theory

Something given to you by someone else in recognition of good work is referred to as a(n) __________________ reward

Extrinsic

The _______________ ________________ gave birth to the human-based management movement since it identified that worker's feelings and attitudes affect their work

Hawthorne Studies

Which of the following is an example of time-motion study?

Measuring the time and amount produced by different methods and tools when shoveling coal

Which of these are basic elements of Taylor's Scientific Management?

Method Time Rules of work

An assumption about people made by a Theory Y manager is that people?

Naturally like to work

More people leave their jobs for?

Opportunities to advance their careers

Which level of needs will a person be motivated to meet first?

Physiological needs

Match the following elements to Ouchi's Type A & J management

Type J: Consensual decision making Implicit controls Type A: Individual responsibility Explicit controls

Which of the following are examples of factors that contributed to increased worker productivity during the Hawthorne studies?

Worker involvement in managerial decisions, social group membership and informality, management respect and interaction

Based on Hertzberg's theory, which is a hygiene factor?

Job security

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, when a lower level need has been met?

A higher level need will emerge as a motivator

Understanding motivation in global organizations is?

A new challenge for most firms

Vroom's expectancy theory states that the?

Amount of effort an employee exerts on a specific task depends on expectations of the outcome

Match the generation to characteristics that describe it

Baby boomer-Grew up in prosperity, parents had secure jobs, optimistic about the future Generation X-Grew up with both parents working, seeks work-life balance, values career security Generation Y (Millennials)-Grew up with indulgent parents, technologically savvy, values frequent positive feedback

Group leaders who are able to motivate workers from other cultures have to?

Be culturally astute

What was the goal of Taylor's scientific management?

Benefit the worker Benefit the firm Increase worker productivity

Based on expectancy theory, before providing maximum effect to a task employees will ask themselves three questions. Which of these is the first question employees need to answer?

Can I accomplish the task?

Equity theory states that employees?

Compare their inputs and outputs to those of others in similar positions Try to maintain equity between what they put into a job and what they get out of it Perceptions of fairness affect motivation

Giving employees the authority to make decisions and the tools to implement the decisions they make is called?

Empowerment

__________________ employees accomplish more tasks effectively and thus lead a company to success

Engaged

Fredrick Taylor was nicknamed the __________________ of scientific management

Father

Gen X managers are very able to provide employees with _________________ because they want more of it themselves

Feedback

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?

Feeling that your work contributes to the company Personal satisfaction Feeling that your work contributes to society

In the world of global business it is important to develop group leaders who are?

Flexible Able to deal with ambiguity Culturally astute

Achieving increased productivity to benefit the worker and the firm was the goal of?

Frederick Taylor

The "Principles of Scientific Management" was written by?

Fredrick Taylor

The idea that every job could be broken down into a series of elementary motions and analyzed to make it more efficient was the Gilbretha'?

Theory of motion economy

Which of the following are true of Taylor's view of management?

There was little concern for the human or psychological aspects of work Workers would be motivated by higher levels of pay People were viewed as machines that could be programmed to be more productive

McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y identified assumptions managers have about workers. Select the statements below that represent a Theory X manager's beliefs

Workers are motivated by fear and money Workers prefer to avoid responsibility

Equity judgements by employees are often incorrect because?

Workers overestimate their own contributions

Lower level workers who are housekeepers in a hotel can be aided in satisfying _____________________-_______________ needs by discussing what the hotel would be like in their absence. This gives meaning to their jobs and their presence.

higher-level

Match the Maslow hierarchy level to the corresponding need

Physiological - food, shelter, clothing Safety - job security Social - group acceptance at work Esteem - recognition from the boss Self-actualization - feeling that one's full potential has been attained

Workers who perceive that they are being treated less than equitably may try to restore equity to the situation by?

Producing less Leaving the organization

List the steps a manager should take to implement Expectancy Theory according to David Nadler and Edward Lawler.

1- determine what rewards employees value 2-determine each employee's employees desired performance standard 3-ensure that performance standards are attainable 4-guarantee rewards tied to performance 5-be certain the employees consider the rewards adequate

The basis of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is that motivation and effort is affected by?

expectations of achieving a desirable outcome

A promotion at work is an example of a(n) _________________ reward

extrinsic

Something given to you by someone else in recognition of good work is referred to as a(n) _________________ reward

extrinsic

The effects on organizations of unmotivated and unhappy workers include?

high recruitment and training costs poor relationships with customers

Match the generation to characteristics that describe it

Baby boomer-Grew up in prosperity, parents had secure jobs, optimistic about the future Generation X-Grew up with both parents working, values career security, seeks work-life balance Generation Y (Millennials)-Grew up with indulgent parents, technologically savvy, values frequent positive feedback

Hertzberg's theory draws which conclusion about motivation at work?

People want to advance and achieve at work

Equity theory states that employee?

Perceptions of fairness affect motivation Try to maintain equity between what they put into a job and what they get out of it Compare their inputs and outputs to those of others in similar positions