introduction to funeral services final

Life signals

(1) ______________ (2) _____________ were created due to the fear of premature burial; many early American coffins were designed and patented with a method to alert the living if someone were buried alive.

Barber Surgens

(1) ______________ - (2) _____________, also known as Surgeons of the Short Robe, had their origins in the monastic medicine practiced by early barbers who were also monks. They eventually became secularized and organized into a powerful guild.

Furnishing Undertaker

(1) _______________ (2) _______________ were those who provided supplies and merchandise to funeral undertakers who were dealing directly with the public. They filled the role of the middle man.

Friendly Societies

(1) ________________ (2) ________________ arranged for the burial of the lower class and helped carry some of the burden of the cost of expensive funerals.

Ogee Design

(1) ________________ (2) _________________ was an innovation introduced to square sided caskets in order to reduce the excess space and weight, particularly of metal caskets; characterized by an "S" shaped curvature.

Burial Case

A (1) _______________ (2) _____________ is a generic term used in America to designate all burial receptacles as new variations of the coffin were being offered.

Cooling Board

A (1) _______________ (2) ______________ was a portable table on which the body was placed while the corpse cooler was in use; later became the embalming table when embalming was done in the home of the deceased.

pagan

A __________________ is any person who is not a Christian, Moslem or Jew; one who has little or no religion and who delights in sensual pleasures and material goods.

catafalque

A _______________________ was a raised platform, with or without a canopy, on which the body was placed to lie in state.

hard work and good deeds

According to Protestantism and Calvinism, what is the avenue to salvation?

heart

According to ancient Egyptian death beliefs, the element of the body which was the seat of the intellect and emotions was the:

decent burial

Americans today are of a common mind with regard to many matters. They take it for granted that every person has a right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." Although less popularly expressed, but nonetheless firmly taken for granted, is the assumption that every individual, no matter what the circumstance has the right to a

conclamatio, mortis

As the Roman funeral ceremony drew to a close, the frenzy of the simulated sorrow mounted, and was climaxed with a triple ceremonial farewell, the _____________________ ___________________, or calling out of the dead.

first call, removal, preparation of the body, wake/visitation, funeral service, procession, committal

Choose the proper order of steps in the progression of the modern funeral:

commune, sepulchrum

Corpses of Roman slaves and aliens were laid in the _________________ _________________ , the common burial pit, outside the city walls.

disposition of the dead mating or pairing off rituals coming of age ceremonies

Customs and traditions common to most cultures include:

Any person who is not a Christian, Moslem, or Jew; one who has little or no religion and/or who delights in sensual pleasures and material goods.

Define a "pagan

as opposed to traditional funerals, funeral rites that are adjusted to the needs and wants of those directly involved; altered to suit the trends of the times

Define the term "adaptive funeral."

a couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit

Define the term "nuclear family."

(1) widow/widower dressed in black (2) home had wreath, small marquee, black drape on door (3) black worn at least 30 days; mourning behavior known to last 12 months (4) pallbearers may have worn white gloves and/or a flower on lapel (5) funeral music was sad

Discuss IN DETAIL each of the following 19th century mourning symbols: (1) dress of the widow or widower (2) appearance of the home (3) timetable for mourning (4) mourning attire for pallbearers (5) funeral music

Leonardo da Vinci

Dissected over 50 cadavers and produced 750 very detailed anatomical plates or drawings.

at home

During the late 19th century, most deaths occurred where? ___________________.

Fredrick Ruysch

Dutch professor who devised a technique for arterial embalming.

church yard

Early American burial usually took place where?

Chemical manufacturing companies and their salesmen

Early embalming training was provided mostly by?

sarcophagus

Egyptian burial receptacles which were large, massive and rectangular in shape, describe the _________ casket:

William Harvey

English physician who used colored dyes to trace the circulation of blood.

Under-bearers actually carried the casket Pall-bearers, men of distinction, carried the pall

Explain what the "under-bearer's'" task was AND what the "pall-bearer's" task was.

Jean Nicholas Gannal

French chemist who wrote The History of Embalming.

Gabriel Clauderus

German physician who described arterial embalming followed by evisceration.

"Refrigerator for Corpses"

In 1846, Robert Frederick and C. A. Trump patented the_____________________.

life, liberty, burial

In American society today it is taken for granted that every person has certain rights, especially "___________________, ________________ and the pursuit of happiness." When it comes to the question of death and how we care for our dead, it is taken for granted that every person, no matter what the circumstance, has a right to a decent ______________.

Necropolis

In Egyptian history, the walled suburb of a major city where embalming was performed was referred to as the:

Kher-heb

In ancient Egypt, the superintendent of the embalming operation was also referred to as the:

Pollinctor or Apothecary

In discussing the undertaking specialists of ancient Egypt, which one of the following was referred to as the one who mixed the embalming solution of aromatic powders, oils, balsams, etc.?

1. embalming 2. preparing the body for viewing 3. a waiting period between death and disposition 4. use of an attractive, protective casket 5. a dignified ceremony

List in detail five (5) personal funeral services that Americans believe the dead deserve from a lay occupational group.

distance and transportation

List the two (2) problems with casket deliveries during the late 19th century.

sanitation and religious or social belief system

List two basic reasons for disposal of the dead.

cremation

Many historians credit the Greeks as the first to use:

Nurses, Midwives and Specific Layers Out of the Dead

Name 3 groups who were the prior performers of personal service?

preservation of the body protection against water seepage and vermin safeguarding against spread of infection and contagious diseases easy removal of the body for re-burial

Name the four (4) claims made by the manufacturers of metallic burial cases.

small and medium-sized family funeral homes large multi-unit conglomerates contract or trade embalmers and funeral directors cemetery-funeral home combinations

Name the four (4) various forms of funeral operation discussed in our notes.

Provides a set of tasks for the care and disposal of the dead Takes the form of a personal service Which operates as a business enterprise

Name the three (3) aspects of early American funeral directing.

the costs of the goods and services selected

Name the two (2) factors that help to determine the price of a funeral.

1. free the soul from the prison of the body 2. protect the living from the spirits of the dead

Name the two reasons for the use of cremation by the ancient Germans and Scandinavians.

mobility of Americans, hospice movement, improved mortuary science education, cultural diversity, prearrangement of final disposition, changing attitudes about death, possible decline in religious aspect of the funeral, aftercare, personalization

Name three (3) elements affecting the future of funeral service in America.

physical plant design, location, organizational structure, business policies/ethical standards, staffing (responsibilities), preparation room, caskets, vaults and other merchandise, rolling stock (vehicles)

Name three (3) elements of the modern funeral establishment.

true

Part of being successful in funeral service is to make yourself aware of the culture, customs, and traditions of the communities you serve.

to the Sun and back

Regarding the Circle of Necessity, according to the Egyptians, where did this journey lead?

catacombs

Roman cemeteries excavated out of soft rock for the tombs of wealthy early Christians were called _______________.

William Hunter

Scottish anatomist who used cavity and arterial embalming.

Ancient Greeks

The "Elysian Fields" death belief is associated with which of the following cultures?

Ambrose Pare

The "Father of Modern Surgery."

wake

The Christian __________ allowed relatives and friends to accept the reality of the death of the person, and to be certain that the person was really dead and would not be buried alive.

Anubis

The Egyptian God of Embalming, also known as the God of Death was:

an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy

The Industrial Revolution moved America from:

women

The ___________ of the early Christian family closed the eyes of the deceased, washed, dressed and laid out the body.

Valkyries

The ______________ were supernatural female warriors who aided ancient Scandinavian heroes in life and after death.

barbe

The _____________________ was a long pleated arrangement of fine linen, so called because it resembled a beard. It was worn by the widow.

Sheol

The ancient Hebrew netherworld was called:

horus

The canopic jars which housed the organs of deceased Egyptians were named after the four sons of:

sexton

The church under officer responsible for the care of church property and frequently for digging graves was called a(n):

true

The difference between monotheism and polytheism is that monotheism holds that there is only one god, whereas polytheism holds that there are several.

humanitarianism

The doctrine that man's obligations are limited to and dependent alone on mankind itself and human relations is known as:

decani

The early Christian funeral functionaries who were the general supervisors of the burial party were called ______________.

the kiss of peace

The early Christian tradition of touching the dead body before closing the casket developed into a rite called?

Egyptians

The evisceration of body organs and their placement in four canopic jars was associated with the embalming practices of which ancient civilization?

funeral service

The first documented ceremony in history was a:

entombment

The most desirable mode of disposition for the Egyptians was:

the sunken grave

The name of the ancient Hebrew grave that was covered with a stone slab is:

Osiris

The one in Egypt known as God of the Underworld and Judge of the Dead was?

Valhalla

The pleasant after-world for Scandinavians was called?

a coffin

The term "sarcophagus" refers to which of the following?

sleeping peace

The term cemetery originally meant (1) ___________ (2) ___________

Basar

The term used by the ancient Hebrew people to represent the flesh was:

Shloshim

The thirty day period of mourning of the ancient Hebrew faith is called?

sanitation and religious/social

The two basic reasons why man disposes of his dead are:

Protestant Reformation

Toward the end of the Middle Ages, the _____________________________________ altered some of the strict burial practices and doctrines of the church, lessening church control on what was done.

all cemeteries should be municipalized; trading cemeteries abolished, and all deaths should be medically certified

What did Edwin Chadwick recommend in his 1839 report?

Rending their garments

When the people of the ancient Hebrew faith tear their clothing to show their grief this is called?

the sun

Which of the following did the Egyptians believe to be the center of the universe?

God's Little Acre

Which of the following does not have any significance in the Greek burial practices and customs?

false

While the roots of common funeral practices come from many different societies, modern funeral services don't vary from locality to locality.

weeds

____________ were ceremonial robes large enough for anyone, which were distributed as mourning clothes to those attending funeral services.

Humanitarianism

___________________ is the doctrine that man's obligations are limited to and dependent alone on mankind itelf and human relations.

Yahweh

______________________ is the ancient Hebrew name for God.

animism

______________________ is the doctrine which holds that the soul is the vital principle - held that the soul of man, although separated at death from the body, hovered around the place of burial for its continued peace and happiness, and required constant attention from the descendents in the form of offerings of food and drink.

Leagues of prayer

________________________________ were formed in the Middle Ages by lay persons to bury the dead and to pray for the souls of the faithful departed.

funeral service

he first documented ceremony in history was a ___________ ___________.

A common issue addressed by all early cultures has been, "How do we bury or dispose of the dead?"

true