Introduction to Philosophy

What fallacy is committed if the meaning of a term or phrase changes in the course of an argument? (A) Equivocation, (B) Amphiboly, (C) Misplaced accent, (D) None of the above.

(A) Equivocation

"Every player on the football team is good, therefore the team as a whole is good" commits which fallacy? (A) False cause, (B) Composition, (C) Straw man, (D) No fallacy.

(A) False cause

Discussions of God's existence and nature would belong primarily to which standard branch of philosophy? (A) Metaphysics, (B) Axiology, (C) Epistemology, (D) None of the above.

(A) Metaphysics

What fallacy is committed if one places one's opponent in a position where the opponent cannot reply? (A) Poisoning the well, (B) Straw man, (C) Appeal to force, (D) None of the above.

(A) Poisoning the well

Fallacies that incorrectly assesses the strength of the evidence are fallacies of (A) generalization, (B) causation, (C) relevance, (D) none of the above.

(A) generalization

The conclusion of a sound argument is (A) necessary, (B) impossible, (C) contingent, (D) none of the above.

(A) necessary

"Clinton is a loser with pasty white thighs—don't believe anything he says!" commits which fallacy? (A) Tu quoque, (B) Ad hominem abusive, (C) Ad hominem circumstantial, (D) None of the above.

(B) Ad hominem abusive

"Since there is no evidence against God's existence He must exist" commits which fallacy? (A) Appeal to tradition, (B) Appeal to ignorance, (C) False dilemma, (D) No fallacy.

(B) Appeal to ignorance

"I'm using this Lean Mean Fat Grilling Machine because George Foreman says it's the best there is" commits which fallacy? (A) Appeal to tradition, (B) Appeal to unqualified authority, (C) Appeal to ignorance, (D) None of the above.

(B) Appeal to unqualified authority

Aesthetics belongs to which standard branch of philosophy? (A) Metaphysics, (B) Axiology, (C) Epistemology, (D) None of the above.

(B) Axiology

"Either you side with the Republicans or you side with the Democrats" commits which fallacy? (A) Red herring, (B) False dilemma, (C) Appeal to pity, (D) No fallacy.

(B) False dilemma

Which of the following is not a subfield of axiology? (A) Ethics, (B) Second-order studies, (C) Aesthetics, (D) All of the above.

(B) Second-order studies,

What fallacy is committed if one attacks the supposed hypocrisy of one's opponent rather than their position? (A) Amphiboly, (B) Tu quoque, (C) Equivocation, (D) No fallacy.

(B) Tu quoque

"If you love me then you'll marry me" is an example of (A) cogency, (B) a proposition, (C) validity, (D) none of the above.

(B) a proposition

"The beard does not the philosopher make" implies (A) women cannot be philosophers (except possibly those in circus freak shows), (B) philosophers are not determined by looks, credentials, or education—all are philosophers to some degree, (C) philosophy is often irrelevant or trivial, (D) none of the above

(B) philosophers are not determined by looks, credentials, or education—all are philosophers to some degree,

"Euthanasia is moral because the majority of Americans support it" commits which fallacy? (A) Equivocation, (B) Appeal to tradition, (C) Appeal to the crowd, (D) No fallacy.

(C) Appeal to the crowd

"Homosexuality is immoral because it's always been considered immoral" commits which fallacy? (A) Appeal to force, (B) Stacking the deck, (C) Appeal to tradition, (D) No fallacy.

(C) Appeal to tradition

"Are you still cheating off of your neighbor's exam?" commits which fallacy? (A) Faulty analogy, (B) Slippery slope, (C) Complex question, (D) None of the above.

(C) Complex question

"You'll either receive an 'A' or a 'B' in this course" commits which fallacy? (A) Appeal to ignorance, (B) Appeal to force, (C) False dilemma, (D) None of the above.

(C) False dilemma

"Uncle Jimmy says that I should quit drinking beer because it's not good for me but he drinks beer all the time!" commits which fallacy? (A) Straw man, (B) Appeal to force, (C) Faulty analogy, (D) None of the above.

(C) Faulty analogy

"I spoke with three people in Chattanooga and they all owned Hondas, everyone in Chattanooga must own Hondas" commits which fallacy? (A) Slippery slope, (B) Begging the question, (C) Hasty induction, (D) None of the above.

(C) Hasty induction

Which of the following is not one of the Three Laws of Thought? (A) Law of Non-Contradiction, (B) Law of Identity, (C) Law of Equivocation, (D) None of the above.

(C) Law of Equivocation

"Every time I wear this red cap before playing a home game we win—I'm going to keep wearing it so we won't lose" commits which causal fallacy? (A) Post hoc ergo propter hoc, (B) Non causa pro causa, (C) Oversimplified cause, (D) None of the above.

(C) Oversimplified cause

"We should not legalize marijuana because if we do we'll have to legalize all drugs" commits which fallacy? (A) Hasty induction, (B) Appeal to pity, (C) Slippery slope, (D) No fallacy.

(C) Slippery slope

Inductive arguments (A) generally move from universal to particular claims, (B) have necessary conclusions, (C) are often used by scientists, (D) none of the above.

(C) are often used by scientists

The modern period in philosophy (A) is also known as the classical period, (B) runs from the 19th century to the present, (C) dealt largely with issues in epistemology, (D) all of the above.

(C) dealt largely with issues in epistemology

Epistemology (A) is the study of beauty and art, (B) is the study of reality, (C) is the study of knowledge, (D) none of the above.

(C) is the study of knowledge

Misconstruing the importance of a term or phrase is the (A) appeal to tradition, (B) slippery slope fallacy, (C) misplaced accent fallacy, (D) none of the above.

(C) misplaced accent fallacy

Deductive arguments (A) are made up of premises, a conclusion, and inference, (B) are either valid or invalid, (C) often begin with universal claims and conclude with a specific claim, (D) all of the above.

(D) all of the above.

What fallacy is committed if one assumes the conclusion that is to be proven? (A) Complex question, (B) Oversimplified cause, (C) Slippery slope, (D) None of the above.

(D) None of the above

"Every straw in the haystack is light, therefore the haystack is light" commits which fallacy? (A) Gambler's fallacy, (B) Poisoning the well, (C) Genetic fallacy, (D) None of the above.

(D) None of the above.

"My wife has had nine girls in a row—the next one has to be a boy!" commits which fallacy? (A) Red herring, (B) Straw man, (C) Appeal to unqualified authority, (D) None of the above.

(D) None of the above.

"Since the majority of Americans believe in aliens they must exist" commits which fallacy? (A) Faulty analogy, (B) Appeal to force, (C) Appeal to tradition, (D) None of the above.

(D) None of the above.

Fallacies that unfairly favor one's own position belong to which category of fallacies? (A) Relevance, (B) Ambiguity, (C) Causation, (D) None of the above.

(D) None of the above.

What fallacy is committed if one draws a conclusion before it's warranted by the evidence? (A) Red herring, (B) Straw man, (C) Oversimplified cause, (D) None of the above.

(D) None of the above.

What fallacy is committed when one incorrectly concludes that something is the sole cause of an effect when in reality it is a collection of causes? (A) Gambler's fallacy, (B) Non causa pro causa, (C) Slippery slope, (D) None of the above.

(D) None of the above.

Second-order studies (A) are studies about studies, (B) involve meta questions, (C) would include examples like "philosophy of science," (D) all of the above.

(D) all of the above

Cogent arguments (A) are all strong arguments, (B) are associated with inductive reasoning, (C) have true premises, (D) all of the above.

(D) all of the above.

Metaphysics discusses the existence and nature of (A) God, (B) the universe, (C) humanity, (D) all of the above.

(D) all of the above.

A valid argument (A) always has a true conclusion, (B) is true, (C) always has at least one true premise, (D) none of the above.

(D) none of the above

Ascribing characteristics of the parts to the whole they make up is the (A) fallacy of division, (B) red herring fallacy, (C) hasty induction fallacy, (D) none of the above

(D) none of the above

The four standard branches of philosophy are (A) metaphysics, ontology, epistemology, and axiology, (B) metaphysics, ontology, epistemology, and ethics, (C) metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and ethics, (D) none of the above

(D) none of the above

"A bachelor is an unmarried male" is (A) an irrational claim, (B) a nonrational claim, (C) an uncertain claim, (D) none of the above.

(D) none of the above.

A proposition which runs contrary to either reason itself or general experience is (A) irrational, (B) rational, (C) nonrational, (D) none of the above.

(D) none of the above.

Metaphysics (A) is the study of knowledge, (B) has ethics, aesthetics, and social/political philosophy as subfields, (C) is the study of right reasoning, (D) none of the above.

(D) none of the above.

The claim "This is a four-sided triangle" is (A) a tautology, (B) a contingent proposition, (C) necessarily true, (D) none of the above.

(D) none of the above.

The name for a group of propositions where one is said to follow from others.

Arguments

The founder of logic; pupil of Plato. (person)

Aristotle

The study of value.

Axiology

The name for a proposition which may or may not be true

Contingent

Which historical period is distinguished by emphasizing issues in epistemology? (A) Ancient, (B) Classical, (C) Medieval, (D) None of the above.

D) None of the above.

The study of knowledge

Epistemology

The name for a mistake in reasoning.

Fallacies

A tautology may or may not be true. True / False

False

An argument is any statement that can be either true or false. True / False

False

An informal fallacy is a mistake in reasoning due to the form of an argument True / False

False

Aristotle was the first to claim that "the unexamined life is not worth living." True / False

False

Inductive arguments typically progress from universal to particular propositions. True / False

False

Plato was the founder of logic. True / False

False

Sometimes sound arguments have false conclusions. True / False

False

The Law of the Excluded Middle claims that "a thing cannot both be and not be at the same time and from the same perspective." True / False

False

The command "shut the door" is a proposition. True / False

False

The term philosophy literally means "love of brother." True / False

False

The study of reasoning.

Logic

The study of reality.

Metaphysics

Term often used synonymously with the word metaphysics.

Ontology

The name for a necessarily false proposition.

Self-contradictory

Philosopher famous for the phrase "the unexamined life is not worth living"; the teacher of Plato. (person)

Socrates

The name for a necessarily true proposition.

Tautology

Ancient philosophers would include thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. True / False

True

Axiology is the study of value. True / False

True

Detectives, doctors, and meteorologists all reason abductively True / False

True

Oftentimes a metaphysical issue will have consequences for issues in epistemology. True / False

True

Philosophy can be defined as "the study of fundamental issues." True / False

True

The Socratic Method is one of dialogue and questioning. True / False

True

The link between the premises and conclusion is inference or entailment. True / False

True

The three elements in an argument are deductive, inductive, and abductive. True / False

True

The name for any statement that can be evaluated as true or false

propositons