Introduction to Psychology - Chapter 7

Which of the following statements about algorithms is "false"?

Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the language(s) in their environments?

12 months old

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as I see.

18-24

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Analytical

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.

Automatic

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

Role

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?

Severe

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

Spatial

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

Confirmation

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Creative

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is "false"?

He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate.

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't#8217;t know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

availability heuristic

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Not all aspects of cognition are ________.

consciously experienced

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

divided intelligence into two components

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

emotion; memory

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

fluid

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in "-ed" to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.

grammar

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

logical;mathematical

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

natural; artificial

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

one piece of information versus all of the information

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

Which of the following is "not " one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

processing memory

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?

sample size

A (an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Which of the following is "not" one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?

the decision to be made is important

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.

was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.

Experiences

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

Dysgraphia

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

Dyslexia

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.

Event

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is "false"?

He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence.

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

I

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film "Jurassic Park" is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

Indirect

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

Integrate

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

Interpersonal

Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language?

It was not empirical.

Which term describes a communication system

Language

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article,"How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?"

Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans.

The following sentence misuses the word "accept" take all the cupcakes accept the one with cream cheese icing. Which part of language involves knowing the proper use of the word "accept"?

Lexicon

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods"; and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, "When Harry Potter Attacks". This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

Linguistic

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can' find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

Mild

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

Musical

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

Patriotism

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Practical

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched.

What should be changed to make the following sentence "true"? Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it?

The word "Fluid" should be changed to the word "Crystallized"

What should be changed to make the following sentence "true"? A prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences.

The word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept"

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

Thoughts

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

babbling

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

bodily kinesthetic

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

learning disability

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

lexicon

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural