Introduction to Sociology- Chapters 16, 17, 18, 21- Test 2

14. Over the past decades, the turnout of minority voters has:

a. *Steadily increased* b. Remained unchanged c. Steadily decreased d. Slowly decreased

18. Which of the following is not a widely contributing factor in social change?

a. *Disease* b. Social institutions c. The environment d. Technology

9. Casual Crowd

a. people who share close proximity without really interacting

4. Charismatic

c. Power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities

10. Expressive Crowd

d. crowds who share opportunities to express emotions

6. Which sociological perspective would consider activism such as Occupy Wall Street and Teacher's Union rallies undesirable, because they force political change?

a. Feminist b. Conflict theory c. *Functionalism* d. Symbolic interactionism

9. By 2009, America had suffered several consecutive quarters of economic decline. America was in the midst of a:

a. Capital rebuttal b. *Recession* c. Depression d. Economic sling-shot recovery

13. Neil Smelser's theory of crowd behavior is referred to as ______ theory:

a. Crowd intonation b. Immersed socialization c. Assembling d. *Value-added*

8. Davis is low on cash, but really wants an electric guitar. He offers to trade his acoustic guitar, for his friend Bill's electric guitar. Davis is engaging in:

a. Supply and demand b. Mercantilism c. Capitalism d. *Bartering*

14. Plessy v. Furguson

b. Allowed racial segregation in schools and private businesses

8. Acting Crowd

b. crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal

6. When social movements link their goals to the goals of other social movements and merge into a single group, this is referred to as:

a. Ecofeminism b. Frame diagnostics c. Motivational framing d. *Frame alignment process*

1. Tarah is attending a sold-out Counting Crows concert at Madison Square Garden, with thousands of other Counting Crows fans. Tarah is part of a:

a. Public b. *Mass* c. Norm d. Casual crowd

7. Conventional Crowd

c. people who come together for a regularly scheduled event

7. Malik grew up in an affluent household which embraced activities such as attending the opera, visiting museums, and traveling to foreign countries at least once a year. When Malik goes to college, he finds he has much to talk about with professors, and fellow students from similar backgrounds. Malik is enjoying the benefits of:

a. Grade inflation b. *Cultural capital* c. Tracking d. The education gap

4. An airplane has crashed on a deserted island off the coast of Fiji. The survivors are forced to learn new behaviors in order to adapt to the situation and each other. This is an example of which theory?

a. Immersed socialization b. Assembling c. *Emergent norm* d. Abrams

12. What was the significance of the famous case Reynolds v. Sims?

a. It gave African Americans the right to vote. b. *It reaffirmed the concept that each person's vote should be counted equally.* c. It gave women the right to vote. d. It established the precedent that felons are not allowed to vote.

2. The term formal education is defined by the text as:

a. Learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society. b. The education one receives at a private school, parochial school, or private college. c. An education that is accompanied by a tutor at all times. d. *The learning of academic facts and concepts.*

13. Which sociologist studied how cultural capital helps an individual navigate their culture?

a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Émile Durkheim d. *Pierre Bourdieu*

13. Queen Noor of Jordan is a leader of which form of government?

a. Oligarchy b. Dictatorship c. *Constitutional monarchy* d. Monarchy

9. Communist regimes, which attempt to control all aspects of citizens' lives, are examples of which form of government:

a. Oligarchy b. Dictatorship c. Constitutional monarchy d. *Totalitarian dictatorship*

11. Which of the following best defines the term patrimonialism?

a. Power that people accept because it comes from a source that is perceived as legitimate. b. A military technique which includes the spread of the conquering country's religion. c. A ruling class that is dependent upon the blood line from the father's side of the family. d. *A type of authority wherein military and administrative factions enforce the power of the master.*

5. The National Organization for Marriage is a group which travels across the country, condemning homosexuality and advocating against new laws allowing gay marriage. What type of movement are they participating in?

a. Revolutionary b. Alternative c. *Resistance* d. Reform

16. Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia

a. Set precedent for universal access to education in the United States

10. Which of the following sociological perspectives argues that the educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities arising from differences in class, gender, race and ethnicity?

a. Symbolic interactionism b. *Conflict theory* c. Functionalism d. None of the above.

17. When news of Proposition 8 broke in California in 2008, hundreds of thousands of protestors came together using Twitter, Facebook, and the media to get their message of protest out. Which stage of Blumer and Tilly's social movement outline represents this?

a. Technological response stage b. *Coalescence stage* c. Social media stage d. Institutionalization stage

1. How did Max Weber define power?

a. The authority to imprison citizens without cause. b. The legal resources to prosecute and punish. c. Politically elected influence used to control the masses. d. *The ability to exercise one's will over others*

17. What is one reason unemployment statistics are unreliable?

a. Those surveyed frequently lie about their employment status. b. *The statistics include only those who are currently looking for work.* c. The government only surveys those who have been out of work for a year or more. d. Different states define unemployment in different ways

19. Which of the following contributes lower percentage of voter turnout from those who come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds?

a. Voting sites frequently discourage participation from those of lower socioeconomic backgrounds. b. Members of lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to overestimate the voting practices of their peers. c. *Lower-paying jobs frequently have less flexible hours, making time to vote difficult.* d. Many citizens from lower socioeconomic backgrounds cannot afford to vote.

6. Which of the following is NOT a manifest function of education?

a. Socialization b. Social control c. Social placement d. *Social networks*

1. Which of the following best defines the term commodity?

a. *A physical object we find, grow, or make to meet our needs and those of others.* b. An activity that benefits people, such as health care, education, and entertainment. c. An economic system which adheres to the principles of socialism. d. A benefit given to those who participate in the capitalist market.

12. According to Neil Smelser, several conditions must be in place for _________________ to occur?

a. *Collective behavior* b. Effective interpretation c. Social revolt d. Singular protest

4. Which court case set the precedent for access to education within the United States for students with disabilities?

a. *Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia* b. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. Brown v. the Board of Education

13. Keshawn used to work for an IT company in Baltimore, but lost his job when his company decided to use workers in New Delhi instead. This is an example of:

a. *Outsourcing* b. Polarization c. Automation d. The technology gap

11. Kara has behavioral problems as a young child. As she goes through school, she is labeled "troubled," and told she will never amount to anything. Kara, though intelligent, decides to "live down" to this expectation. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying Kara's experience?

a. *Symbolic interactionism* b. Conflict theory c. Functionalism d. Feminist theory

19. When Ahmed is in 5th grade, he does poorly in math and science. His teachers recommend him for lower-level classes throughout middle school in all subjects, and he's not given the chance to excel elsewhere. This process is known as:

a. *Tracking* b. Grade inflation c. Feminism d. Manifest function

12. The term sorting can be defined as:

a. A formalized system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities. b. The process by which students are allowed to choose their own classes based on interest. c. *Classifying students based on academic merit or potential.* d. The use of education to improve one's social standing.

2. The anti-drug campaign in the 1980's encouraged students to "just say no" to put an end to drug use and drug violence. Which type of framing did this campaign use?

a. Diagnostic b. *Motivational* c. Referential d. Prognostic

19. Chip believes that individuals in crowds behave rationally, and thinks crowds are engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action. What sociological perspective is Chip referring to?

a. Emergent norm b. Immersed socialization c. *Assembling* d. Value-added

15. Assembling perspective falls under which sociological perspective?

a. Feminist b. *Interactionist* c. Conflict theorist d. Functionalist

10. In recent decades, lobbying has become a powerful force in the political world. Lobbyists frequently meet behind closed doors with senators, lawmakers, and congressmen and women to push influential legislation through the congressional process. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in examining the lobbying movement?

a. Feminist b. Exchange theory c. Functionalism d. *Symbolic interactionism*

18. Which of the following industries is not projected to experience growth within the United States within the next 10 years?

a. Financial b. Healthcare c. Community and Social Service d. *Farming, Fishing, and Forestry*

1. Which of the following does NOT account for the differences in the educational system from country to country?

a. Financial resources from the government and population b.*Geographic distribution of male and female students* c. Value placed on education d. Amount of time devoted to education

8. The concept hidden curriculum can be defined as:

a. *A type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission.* b. The course objectives teachers incorporate into their syllabi after the semester has started. c. The emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications. d. The unexpected subjects students take an interest in after being exposed to experts in the field.

7. The term xenophobia can best be defined as:

a. *An illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods.* b. A marketing campaign aimed at foreign countries selling American goods. c. A pronounced fear of globalization destroying one's job. d. A hatred of corporate America and the lobbying push.

18. Hitler was an example of what kind of authority?

a. *Charismatic* b. Rational-legal c. Traditional d. None of the above.

8. Which sociologist studied the power elite, and wrote the book entitled Who Rules America?

a. *G. William Domhoff* b. C. Wright Mills c. Karl Marx d. Émile Durkheim

20. Which of the following is an example of convergence theory in action?

a. *Germany rebuilt its economy after World War II, creating more job opportunities and prosperity for its citizens. * b. Following the decline of the automotive industry, Detroit became a bankrupt city with large unemployment. c. The suburbs of Paris became crime-infested after wealthier citizens moved into the city, pushing the lower classes out of their homes. d. Washington DC has become a city to which many young people flock because of its low unemployment rate and job opportunities.

7. What is the difference between an oligarchy and a monarchy?

a. *Members of an oligarchy do not necessarily achieve their status based on ties to noble ancestry, while members of a monarchy do.* b. There is no difference - both members achieve status based on ties to noble ancestry. c. Both are elected by a democratic process, but monarchies have the right to override the popular vote. d. Members of a monarchy do not necessarily achieve their status based on ties to noble ancestry, while members of an oligarchy do.

6. Jin is a conflict theorist sociologist. Which of the following statements about Occupy Wall Street would most align with Jin's sociological perspective?

a. *Occupy Wall Street is positive; our capitalist economy is only making social inequality grow larger.* b. Occupy Wall Street is a waste of time; our capitalistic economy is keeping our nation healthy, and is designed for maximum efficiency. c. Occupy Wall Street is a threat; with so many angry people gathered in one place, horrible violence will surely break out. d. Occupy Wall Street is dangerous; large crowds in these environments heighten the risk for sexual abuse and gender discrimination.

5. Which of the following is an example of polarization?

a. *The job market is increasing in the lowest economic levels, and is increasing in the highest economic levels.* b. A professional career is guaranteed after earning a college degree. c. Unemployment is down for those with PhDs and those without a high school education. d. The recession has encouraged many workers to earn their associate degrees.

11. Which of the following is an example of a convergence cluster?

a. A crowd watching a performance of Hairspray b. *A group of friends traveling to New York City for the weekend* c. A crowd singing the National Anthem before an Orioles game d. A boat of people screaming after Jaws is spotted beside their boat

17. Please define representative democracy:

a. A form of government in which a small percentage of the population is represented by popular election, and the rest of the population is represented by those whose office is dependent upon noble birth. b. A government of a nation that recognizes monarchs but requires these figures to abide by the laws of a greater constitution. c. A form of government in which power is held by a small, elite group. d. *A government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests.*

14. Which of the following is the best definition of social change?

a. A group of people gathered to protest or rally in favor of a bill or law. b. An act of a bill passing in the House and the Senate. c. An act of military rebellion. d. *The change in society created through social movements as well as external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations.*

2. Which of the following is an example of structural unemployment?

a. A large fire burns down an automotive plant in Detroit, forcing the employees temporarily out of work. b. Three sales associates from Target are fired after stealing merchandise from the electronics department. c. John quits his job after getting accepted into law school. d. *Though many companies are hiring in Washington D.C., unemployment is high in Tennessee.*

17. What is the Head Start Program?

a. A teaching method which equips students to regurgitate facts in order to do well on standardized tests. b. *A federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status.* c. A state mandate that determines the eligibility of students who expect to attend college. d. A curriculum which requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding.

15. Which of the following is not an example of underemployment?

a. After college graduation, Marcus could only find work part-time as a bartender. b. *After his wife gave birth to twins, Jerry quit his job to help raise them.* c. Following the recession, Ellen lost her fulltime job as a PR assistant and found part-time work as a cosmetic sales associate. d. When John's sales job is outsourced he's forced to take work as a janitor to pay off his student loans.

20. Which of the following best defines a social movement?

a. All politicians and elected officials. b. A collection of rights and laws aimed at the silent majority. c. *A purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal.* d. A group of people organized at a meeting, such as a town hall or a courtroom.

14. The term mercantilism can best be defined as:

a. An economic system in which there is private ownership (as opposed to state ownership) and where there is an impetus to produce profit, and thereby wealth. b. *When children tend to enter the same or similar occupation as their parents.* c. An economic policy based on national policies of accumulating silver and gold by controlling markets with colonies and other countries through taxes and customs charges. d. An economic system in which there is government ownership (often referred to as "state run") of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of a society.

4. Terrence and his family own a farm in a remote region of Chile. They farm only enough to produce enough food to feed the family, and pay their taxes. What are Terrence and his family engaging in?

a. Capitalism b. Mercantilism c. Capitalistic Farming d. *Subsistence Farming*

9. Which of the following is NOT a method used within the United States to produce educational equality?

a. Charter schools b. *Mandatory tutoring* c. Bussing d. Head Start

3. PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) is an animal rights group that has over 2 million members across the country and spends millions of dollars on advertising (print, broadcast and social media) in order to spread social awareness about their cause each year. Which theory attempts to explain PETA's success?

a. Collective behavior theory b. *Resource mobilization theory* c. New social movement theory d. Frame alignment process

12. Apple computers ship their computer parts to India to be made, and station their tech support in India. This is an example of a:

a. Decisive export b. *Global assembly line* c. Global commodity chain d. Xenophobia

19. Many of the world's most powerful corporations have headquarters in New York City, which hosts endless influential events, and offers an advanced transportation infrastructure. New York City is a ______ city.

a. Declining b. *Global* c. Recession-Proof d. Corrupt

16. Kendra believes the U.S. government to be corrupt, and thinks that there should be no governing force to control people's lives. Kendra believes in:

a. Democracy b. Constitutional monarchy c. *Anarchy* d. Oligarchies

2. Juan believes that battles such as the French Revolution are necessary for a country to preserve liberty, to maintain or gain land, and will ultimately lead to a more even distribution of wealth among a population. From which sociological perspective do Juan's thoughts come from?

a. Feminist b. *Conflict theory* c. Functionalism d. Symbolic interactionism

3. Jackson lives in rural Chile, and is the son of a poor farmer. The nearest school is 50 miles away, and he has no means to get there. What does the educational system in Jackson's country lack?

a. Formal education b. Informal education c. *Universal access* d. Latent functions

20. Which sociologist saw political conflict as the only means of promoting positive change for the underprivileged?

a. G. William Domhoff b. C. Wright Mills c. *Karl Marx* d. Émile Durkheim

18. To make students more competitive in the work force and for graduate school, college professors are beginning to lower the standard for student grades (i.e. what was once considered a B, is now considered an A). This is known as:

a. GPA debt b. Systematic grading c. Academic bribing d. *Grade inflation*

11. What was the significance of NAFTA?

a. It encouraged trade with North Korea, which had previously been embargoed. b. *It allowed freer trade opportunities for the United States, Canada, and Mexico.* c. It forbade trade with any country that didn't use a capitalist government. d. It restricted trade within North American countries by imposing a heavy tax and tariffs.

16. Alex's country was once communist, but now allows limited private ownership of companies, and lets market forces determine production and pricing decisions. What kinds of economy is Alex living in?

a. Market Communist b. *Market Socialist* c. Capitalist d. Democratic

15. From the functionalist perspective, which of the following is NOT a purpose of government?

a. Planning and directing society b. Meeting social needs c. Managing international relations d. *Lobbying for domestic corporate interests*

5. Which of the following is NOT a latent function of education?

a. Political and social integration b. Courtship c. Working in groups d. *Transmission of culture*

3. Traditional

a. Power legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs

20. What factors contribute to inequality within the educational system in the United States?

a. Racism b. Socioeconomic status c. *All of the above* d. None of the above

16. The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) is a non-profit organization located in Washington, D.C. which advocates for equal rights and marriage rights of gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual citizens. The HRC is a ____ group:

a. Revolutionary b. *Reform* c. Religious/Redemptive d. Alternative

3. During what time period did economies begin to develop globally?

a. The Industrial Revolution b. The Post-Industrial Revolution c. *The Agricultural Revolution* d. The Information Age

10. Which of the following best defines the term globalization?

a. The process of removing manufacturing and industrial sites from foreign countries and returning them to the United States. b. When products are assembled over the course of several international transactions. c. Long periods of recession followed by sharp economic upturn worldwide. d. *The process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market.*

5. Rational-Legal

b. Power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws

15. Brown v. the Board of Education

c. Declared that state laws that had established separate schools for black and white students were unequal and unconstitutional