INTS Exam I
Separate Electorates
- In India, this electoral law created separate voter rolls for people belonging to different religions of Islam and Hinduism - Recognition of Hindu and Muslim political goals as separate
Hindutva
A modern term that encompasses the ideology of Hindu nationalism; including the current PM's party- the BJP
Why did India and Pakistan divide?
Religion
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
- 1882: Published a memorandum that became the basis for Muslim political consciousness by establishing the 2 nation theory - 1883: Opposed the implementation of the Western electoral system in India- claimed that it would disadvantage the Indian Muslim population
Two Nation Theory
- 1916 - Proposed that India's population could be divided into sets of Hindu and Muslim populations, and each group could have their own nation - Ideology fueled by the Lucknow Pact
Hindutva and Babri Masjid
- 1992: Before the case was settled by the Supreme Court, a movement to construct a temple to Ram in the place of the mosque began within the Hindu community. - Some Hindus participated in a procession to the Babri Masjid, and mob mentality began to promote the procession to vandalize and destroy the mosque. - Hindutva ideology began at the opening of the Babri Masjid gates, but this event allowed the ideology to gain prominence
Godhra Incident
- 2002: A procession began from Gujrat to Ayodhya, the birthplace of Ram and the site of the Babri Masjid. - The Hindus were traveling by train to pray at the location, but as the procession grew, mob mentality began to take root and they started incite violence through anti-Muslim rhetoric. - On the way back from Ayodhya, the train carrying the pilgrims was set on fire in Godhra. This was blamed on the Muslims, and riots broke out between Hindu and Muslim communities - Although there is no evidence to suggest this was done by members of the Muslim community, the police did not protect Muslims during the riot - Current PM Modi was the Chief Minister at the time, and he was charged with failing to protect Muslims from violence, but was found not guilty - Produced the continued rise in Hindu nationalism/Hinduvta
Uniform Civil Code
- A code of civil law that would apply to all citizens no matter religion, caste, class or gender - Secular code of law that would replace the multiple different religious laws within India in which each religious community has their own sets of civil laws - Called for within the Constitution, but has yet to be enacted - Rise in discussion of its implementation since the Shah Bano case - Would create a uniform law regarding marriage, divorce, inheritance, succession, adoption, women's and minority rights, etc.
Imagined Communities
- Developed by Anderson - Based on principles of: +Limited: There are only a finite number of group members, some people are outsiders +Sovereign: The community governs themselves and makes their own rules, laws and regulations +Community: A sense of togetherness and belonging to the group
Babri Masjid
- During Mughal rule of India that lasted until 1857, a mosque was built in the place of a Hindu shrine dedicated to Lord Ram at his birthplace in Ayodhya - Debates over which group was entitled to the began, and the case went to the Supreme Court in the 1980s
Indian National Congress
- Founded 1885 - Advocated for India's independence from Britain - Majority Hindu membership and support
Hindu Mahasabha
- Founded 1915, dominate through the 1920s - Powerful organization of Hindus that disliked the Lucknow Pact - Began a rise in Hindu nationalism and extremism
Government of India Act, 1935
- Gave the central government increased power and limited the autonomy of the provinces - What Nehru and Hindus wanted, what Jinnah and Muslims did not want
Lahore Resolution, 1940
- In response to the Government of India Act of 1935 and growing tensions with failed negotiations between the Congress and Muslim League, the Muslim League demanded a separate homeland for Muslims
Lucknow Pact, 1916
- India would be self-governed - There should be separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims - Agreement between INC and ML re proportion of seats Muslims would have in an Indian Parliament. - India National Congress officially recognizes the Muslim League
Jinnah's 14 Points, 1928
- Mohammad Ali Jinnah: Prominent figure in the Muslim League, considered the "father of Pakistan" - Advocated for a weak central government with strong autonomous provinces - Claimed that a strong central government would disadvantage Muslim political opinions - Passed as a resolution by the League
Muslim Nationalism and how it developed from 1800-1947
- Muslim nationalism emerged as a result of rising fear of becoming the political minority in India with a Hindu majority as the British ceased their colonial rule. - Muslim nationalism grew and spread as a result of increased differences between Hindus and Muslims, the Muslim League establishing a political consciousness within the Muslim population, and as a response to the rising Hindu nationalism, eventually culminating in the need for a separate Hindu and Muslim state. 1) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 2) Indian National Congress 3) Simla Deputation 4) Nation within a Nation 5) All India Muslim League 6) Government of India Act, 1909 7) Separate Electorates 8) Lucknow Pact, 1916 9) Two Nation Theory 10) Hindu Mahasabha 11) Government of India Act, 1919 12) Nehru Report, 1928 13) Jinnah's 14 Point Program, 1928 14) Government of India Act, 1935 15) Lahore Resolution, 1940 16) Partition, 1947
Sha Bano Case
- Muslim woman who was divorced by her husband in 1978 on the basis of the Triple Talaq in Islamic law - She went to the Supreme Court to demand higher maintenance from her ex-husband and she won her case - This resulted in mass protests by the Muslim population in India since the Indian government was intervening in their sacred religious law - Prime Minister Gandhi intervened in the court's decision by passing the "Muslim Women's Protection Act" which barred the government from interfering in Muslim law + This appeased Muslim protestors but angered Hindus since they felt as though Gandhi was protecting Muslim interests over Hindu - Talk of the UCC begins
Nehru Report, 1928
- Nehru: Prominent figure in the Indian National Congress, became the first PM of India after partition - Report advocated for a strong central government with weak provinces
Simla Deputation, 1906
- Petition to the British government for a separate electorate for the Muslim population - Indian Muslims met with the governor-general Lord Minto in Simla
What is the Women's Reservation Bill?
- Proposed in 1996, not currently law - Calls for a quota of 33% of legislative seats reserved for women in India's government - Men do not want to give up their seats within government
Relation of the UCC to the Shah Bano Case
- Shah Bano Case: Intervention by the government into religious law - UCC: Secular civil law that would apply to all groups equally - Relation: The Supreme Court recommended that the government look into the UCC after protests started in relation to the government intervention in the Shah Bano case, talk about the UCC has been within India ever since the court's decision in 1986, but no law has been implemented yet
Nation within a Nation
- The recognition that two nations existed within India, one of which existed as a minority within the majority nation. Hindus and Muslims were separate nations living together within the single state of India, with Muslims as the minority population
All-India Muslim League
-Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. - Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. - Formed in response to rising Hindu nationalism
Why did the negotiations between India National Congress and the Muslim League fail?
1) Congress wanted a strong central government with weak provinces 2) Muslim League wanted a weak central government with strong autonomous provinces 3) General tensions between Hindus and Muslims already existed after being escalated under the British colonial policy of divide and rule 4) Muslims were afraid of losing political power to a Hindu majority
How did the Hindutva movement start and discuss the relationship with the Shah Bano case, Babri Masjid, and the Godhra incident. How do these relate to the rise in Hindu nationalism?
1) Shah Bano 2) Babri Masjid 3) Hindutva at Babri Masjid 4) Godhra incident
What year did India and Pakistan separate?
1947
What year did Bangladesh separate from Pakistan?
1971
Ethnic Group
A community of people with a common language, territory, history, religion, etc., with a shared sense of belonging and community
Multi-Ethnic State
A state that contains more than one ethnicity
Relation of Shah Bano and Babri Masjid
After the Shah Bano case, PM Gandhi was looking for a way to appease the Hindu population. He opened the gates to the mosque for the public and made it a law for the mosque to allow Hindus to pray there. This appealed to the Hindu voters as the Muslim Women's Protection Act appealed to the Muslim voters
Government of India Act, 1919
Expanded voter rights and the participation of the population in government
What is 2 Nations Theory?
In India before partition, it was decided that two nations existed in the state of India based off of religious identity- Hindus and Muslims. Allowed for the basis of the creation of the nations states of India and Pakistan based off of religious identity
Why did Bangladesh separate from Pakistan?
Language
Partition, 1947
The Indian independence from Britain and division of its land into India and East and West Pakistan as a homeland for Muslims separate from the Hindu majority in India. Led to many border riots and mass killings between religious groups as communities began to move and resettle
Government of India Act, 1909
The official recognition of separate electorates by the British government, major win for the Muslim League
Civic Nationalism
What a state wants within it's citizens, a love and support for one's country among citizens
Nation
a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity; a ethnic group with political aspirations
Nation State
a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent; when cultural boundaries match up with political territory
Ethnic Nationalism
nationalism based on common ancestry along with the cultural traditions and language associated with a particular ethnic group; rise in ethnic nationalism as nation states develop and communities strive for a nation state
