Invertabrate Dauphin Island

Gastrotricha

Between the "jawed wheel bearer" and the "belly hair" which is more closely related to platyhelminthes, nemertea, annelida, nematoda, and priapulida? Use phylum name.

jet propulsion (via mantle cavity in cephalopods)

Cephalopods, medusas, and Cubozoa use this method to swim

Monoplacophora

Class that has one shell

Phylum: Nemertea (triploblasts; unsegmented soft "ribbon" worms)

Class: Anopla (no stylet) Class: Enopla (stylet)

Phylum: Porifera

Class: Calcarea Class: Demospongiae Class: Hexactinellida

Phylum: Nematoda

Class: Enoplia (non-parasitic) Class: Dorylaimia (none marine)* Class: Chromadoria (some parasitic) Thread worms

Phylum: Annelida

Class: Polychaeta Class: Clitellata Subclass: Oligochaeta Subclass: Hirudinea (leeches)* Segmentation

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Polyplacophora Class: Aplacophora Class: Monoplacophora Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Prosobranchia (anterior mantle cavity; whelk, conch, drills, abalone) Subclass: Opisthobranchia (posterior mantle cavity; aplysia, nudibranchs) Subclass: Pulmonata (lung-like mantle cavity; most terrestrial) Class: Bivalvia (2-shells or valves) Class: Scaphopoda (tusked) Class: Cephalopoda (nautilus, octopus, squid, cuttlefish) All have calcareous shell

Phylum: Rotifera

Class: Seisonidea (parasitic)* Class: Bdelloidea Class: Monogononta "jawed wheel bearer"

Phylum: Ctenophora

Class: Tentaculata Class: Nuda

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Turbellaria (free-living) Class: Cestoda (parasitic)* Class: Monogenea (parasitic)* Class: Trematoda (parasitic flukes)*

Penis or cactus worm

Common name for Phylum: Priapulida

Peanut worms

Common name for Phylum: Sipunculida

Protonephridia

Composed of flame cells, used to draw bodily fluid into the protonephridial tube for filtration.

Ctene structure and function in ctenophores

Ctene are the comb rows whose function is to move around through the water column

Caveats (disadvantages) to having mouth and anus as a single cavity in cnidarians

Have to spit out old meal before ingesting new one, can expel it when scared, you have to choose what you want to eat, if something floats along you want more too bad. Also you poop out of your mouth.

Advantages of being a coelomate

Having a mesoderm gives you a travelling system for lymph, blood, food, waste, etc.

Bioluminescence and chromatophores

How ctenophores and some cepholapods communicate

Hectocotylus into the mantle cavity of female

How does the octopus deliver it's spermatophores?

Cambrian explosion

In this period amino acid sequences and DNA sequences were actually present in the fossil record about 300 mya, which is way before Cambrian explosion. Even though we don't see them, they were there. Environment may not have been hospitable to preservation, but ancestors to our modern species were not preservable or environment wouldn't let them. This is our understanding of our fossil record. Based on the fossil records you can make inferences assuming ancestral forms are common, more evolution is less similarity. Classification is artificial but allows comparison.

proper style citation

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, (Genus species) underlined

Phylum: Porifera, Hexactinellida A: Osculum B: Spicules C: Spongocel D: Mesohyl E: Archaeocytes F: Ostia G: Porocyte H: Choanocytes I: Pinacoderm

Label each part, and look under the slide. (Slide shows dissolved blob) If this slide is exposed to HCl, what Phylum and class would it belong to?

planktonic

Larval forms-, can be _______ (AKA free living), Typically ciliated to move/feed. It is thick and v important to the life stage shows up on florescent radiation. Usually ecologically distinct and could occupy a very different habitat from the adult.

Infaunal

Living in things

Epifaunal

Living on things

Biotic factors

Living things, bacteria, plankton, predators, algae, etc in an environment

Hydrostatic pressure

Mechanism that is required to work a colloblasts(expelling guts) and nematocysts(stinging)

Advantages of being an Aceolomate

Mesoderm is solid without a defined space. Respiration is gas exchange, no circulatory system. Pronephridia is a waste removal, some of these 'flame cells'. Cillia use circulation fluid will move in, the waste will stay there, and the rest of the fluid moves in, and the lil pores move the waste outside. Nervous system is a nerve net, with 1-3 neural cords, cerebral ganglion, sensory abilities. Function is locomotion, ciliar w/mucus and pedal waves that are inchworm like, they crawl or swim. Feeding is simple in layout but complex for predators. There are few or no true carnivores or herbivores.

organ grades

More complex= tissues form organs

system grade

Most complex= organs from systems

Rhynchocoel function

Nemertean's classification of "Anopla" or "Enopla" refers to this.

Abiotic factors

Nonliving things, salinity, Dissolved oxygen, particulates, soil types, geology, etc

Diploid vs. Triploid

One is endo and ecto, other is endo, ecto and meso.

Aurelia sp.

Planular to schypophystastoma to strobila to ephyra

Phylums that are triploblasts

Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Annelida, Rotifera

pedal waves

Platyhementhes, shelless gastropods

Phylums that are diploblasts

Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria, Ctenophora

Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Annelida, Pripulida, Nematoda

Rank by Phylum name the most primitive to least primative: Flatworms, penis worms, thread worms, segmented worms, and ribbon worms.

tissue grade

Simple=cells form tissue

what is the difference between the two clades in Nemertea?

Spear for eating vs no spear (stylet)

Rhopalia

Statocysts (balance) ocelli (light) lappets (touch)

Phylum: Cnidaria

Subphylum: Medusozoa Class: Scyphozoa Class: Cubozoa Class: Hydrozoa Order: Hydroidia Order: Siphonophora Class: Myxozoa (parasitic)* Class: Anthozoa Subclass: Hexacorallia Subclass: Octocorallia

Benefits of having a coelom

These spaces can be for function, circulation, building of organs that gives the critter a bit more room for more advanced functions like secondary metabolism, immune system hormones, lymph, etc. independence space circulation and aids motion.

Classification

This needs to be updates with genetics, molecular biology, and physiology cellular and ultra microstructure. Sometimes kinks in the system due to convergence, divergence, and complexity (also homoplasy, paralogs) Life's greatest puzzle.

Gastropoda

This subclass has 180* torsion, subclasses prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia, Pulmonata

False, some sponges showed the presence of amino acids 60 MYA before Cambrian explosion

True or false, the cambrian explosion was the first exposure to amino acids, causing rapid advancements, DNA, and steroid proteins

True

True or false, there are some species that devolve or go back to an earlier way of life, meaning that some triploblasts form is similar to diploblasts based on the fossil record

Nemertea

Type of organism that uses Pilidium

Cnidaria

Type of organism that uses planular larvae

Mollusca, Polychaeta

Types of organisms that have this larvae

Spongin and calcium carbonate

What is Demospongiae composed of?

Silica

What is Hexactinellida composed of?

Class: Calcarea

Which type of sponge has calcium carbonate spicules?

osculum

a large opening in a sponge through which water flows out of the sponge (gets water out)

Prosobranchia

anterior mantle cavity; whelk, conch, drills, abalone

Advantages of being a pseudoceolomate

can have Ciliated epidermis, and the proboscis retractor acts like a hydrostatic tube sock. It works kinda like a long nematocyst. First time we see celomic space. The longitudinal muscule, circular muscle. Not sure if rhynchocoel was actually mesoderm derived as an ejectible fluid filled cavity. Prehensile, and sticky. Ganglia present, have advanced chemo and mechanio reception, have tactile pits and bristles. Ocelli "eyes" statocysts. Stylet Anopla-no stylet, enopla is stylet

Gemmules

casings of embryonic cells encased for more favorable conditions

Polyplacophora

chitons; living fossil-

emergent

emerges exactly like adults, usually with internal fertilization

Phylum: Placozoa

flat table sponge

Metamorphosis

is a big fairly dramatic/abrupt change, the more change you have the more difficult it can be. This can be delayed and triggered by cues to trigger to do so when conditions are right.

trochophore

larvae in annelids

Pulmonata

lung-like mantle cavity; most terrestrial

external fertilization

masses and is released in capsules... gastropods do this, moon snail leaves collar casing, and knobbed whelk is casing like a spiral

parsimonious

means that a hypothesis of relationships that requires the smallest number of character changes is most likely to be correct.

Portugese man of war (Siphonophora)

medusoid and polypoid forms in a formation make this

trochophore

name of larvae for

Why doesn't Aplacophora have a fossil record?

no shell, no fossil record because hard to preserve

Synapomorphies

possession by two or more organisms of a characteristic inherited exclusively from their common ancestor.

Opisthobranchia

posterior mantle cavity; aplysia, nudibranchs

Nurse eggs

some eggs are disfuncitonal or malformed, originally thought that environment harmed, but now think they purposefully produce low energy gametes to protect or viable could eat... Buccinum undatum has these. Abnormal sperm is in arthropoda, and low % viable may be done on purpose.

Dispersal

the part of life history spreading out to increase chances of metamorphosis and thriving, lowers competition. recolonizatins inbreeding competition. Natural flow is usually the main factor

Cladistics

the system now, considers shared characteristics such as a common ancestor, morphology, genetics, algorithms

Flotsam and Jetsam

things that are thrown overboard, on purpose or on accident

acontia

this structure in sea anemones are thread-like tissue containing numerous stinging cells which serve as a unique defense tissue against predators of the immobile

Ostia

this thing's function is to let the water, along with desire nutrient flows interior of the sponges (gets water in)

lecithotrophic

word meaning yolk feeding which means they may not have a gut or a living feeding appendage. Probably cannot ciliated feed. Those that are ciliated are more than likely eating bacteria, detritus etc. L. polyphemus doesn't have feeding