Invertabrate Dauphin Island
Gastrotricha
Between the "jawed wheel bearer" and the "belly hair" which is more closely related to platyhelminthes, nemertea, annelida, nematoda, and priapulida? Use phylum name.
jet propulsion (via mantle cavity in cephalopods)
Cephalopods, medusas, and Cubozoa use this method to swim
Monoplacophora
Class that has one shell
Phylum: Nemertea (triploblasts; unsegmented soft "ribbon" worms)
Class: Anopla (no stylet) Class: Enopla (stylet)
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Calcarea Class: Demospongiae Class: Hexactinellida
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Enoplia (non-parasitic) Class: Dorylaimia (none marine)* Class: Chromadoria (some parasitic) Thread worms
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Polychaeta Class: Clitellata Subclass: Oligochaeta Subclass: Hirudinea (leeches)* Segmentation
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Polyplacophora Class: Aplacophora Class: Monoplacophora Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Prosobranchia (anterior mantle cavity; whelk, conch, drills, abalone) Subclass: Opisthobranchia (posterior mantle cavity; aplysia, nudibranchs) Subclass: Pulmonata (lung-like mantle cavity; most terrestrial) Class: Bivalvia (2-shells or valves) Class: Scaphopoda (tusked) Class: Cephalopoda (nautilus, octopus, squid, cuttlefish) All have calcareous shell
Phylum: Rotifera
Class: Seisonidea (parasitic)* Class: Bdelloidea Class: Monogononta "jawed wheel bearer"
Phylum: Ctenophora
Class: Tentaculata Class: Nuda
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Turbellaria (free-living) Class: Cestoda (parasitic)* Class: Monogenea (parasitic)* Class: Trematoda (parasitic flukes)*
Penis or cactus worm
Common name for Phylum: Priapulida
Peanut worms
Common name for Phylum: Sipunculida
Protonephridia
Composed of flame cells, used to draw bodily fluid into the protonephridial tube for filtration.
Ctene structure and function in ctenophores
Ctene are the comb rows whose function is to move around through the water column
Caveats (disadvantages) to having mouth and anus as a single cavity in cnidarians
Have to spit out old meal before ingesting new one, can expel it when scared, you have to choose what you want to eat, if something floats along you want more too bad. Also you poop out of your mouth.
Advantages of being a coelomate
Having a mesoderm gives you a travelling system for lymph, blood, food, waste, etc.
Bioluminescence and chromatophores
How ctenophores and some cepholapods communicate
Hectocotylus into the mantle cavity of female
How does the octopus deliver it's spermatophores?
Cambrian explosion
In this period amino acid sequences and DNA sequences were actually present in the fossil record about 300 mya, which is way before Cambrian explosion. Even though we don't see them, they were there. Environment may not have been hospitable to preservation, but ancestors to our modern species were not preservable or environment wouldn't let them. This is our understanding of our fossil record. Based on the fossil records you can make inferences assuming ancestral forms are common, more evolution is less similarity. Classification is artificial but allows comparison.
proper style citation
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, (Genus species) underlined
Phylum: Porifera, Hexactinellida A: Osculum B: Spicules C: Spongocel D: Mesohyl E: Archaeocytes F: Ostia G: Porocyte H: Choanocytes I: Pinacoderm
Label each part, and look under the slide. (Slide shows dissolved blob) If this slide is exposed to HCl, what Phylum and class would it belong to?
planktonic
Larval forms-, can be _______ (AKA free living), Typically ciliated to move/feed. It is thick and v important to the life stage shows up on florescent radiation. Usually ecologically distinct and could occupy a very different habitat from the adult.
Infaunal
Living in things
Epifaunal
Living on things
Biotic factors
Living things, bacteria, plankton, predators, algae, etc in an environment
Hydrostatic pressure
Mechanism that is required to work a colloblasts(expelling guts) and nematocysts(stinging)
Advantages of being an Aceolomate
Mesoderm is solid without a defined space. Respiration is gas exchange, no circulatory system. Pronephridia is a waste removal, some of these 'flame cells'. Cillia use circulation fluid will move in, the waste will stay there, and the rest of the fluid moves in, and the lil pores move the waste outside. Nervous system is a nerve net, with 1-3 neural cords, cerebral ganglion, sensory abilities. Function is locomotion, ciliar w/mucus and pedal waves that are inchworm like, they crawl or swim. Feeding is simple in layout but complex for predators. There are few or no true carnivores or herbivores.
organ grades
More complex= tissues form organs
system grade
Most complex= organs from systems
Rhynchocoel function
Nemertean's classification of "Anopla" or "Enopla" refers to this.
Abiotic factors
Nonliving things, salinity, Dissolved oxygen, particulates, soil types, geology, etc
Diploid vs. Triploid
One is endo and ecto, other is endo, ecto and meso.
Aurelia sp.
Planular to schypophystastoma to strobila to ephyra
Phylums that are triploblasts
Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Annelida, Rotifera
pedal waves
Platyhementhes, shelless gastropods
Phylums that are diploblasts
Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria, Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Annelida, Pripulida, Nematoda
Rank by Phylum name the most primitive to least primative: Flatworms, penis worms, thread worms, segmented worms, and ribbon worms.
tissue grade
Simple=cells form tissue
what is the difference between the two clades in Nemertea?
Spear for eating vs no spear (stylet)
Rhopalia
Statocysts (balance) ocelli (light) lappets (touch)
Phylum: Cnidaria
Subphylum: Medusozoa Class: Scyphozoa Class: Cubozoa Class: Hydrozoa Order: Hydroidia Order: Siphonophora Class: Myxozoa (parasitic)* Class: Anthozoa Subclass: Hexacorallia Subclass: Octocorallia
Benefits of having a coelom
These spaces can be for function, circulation, building of organs that gives the critter a bit more room for more advanced functions like secondary metabolism, immune system hormones, lymph, etc. independence space circulation and aids motion.
Classification
This needs to be updates with genetics, molecular biology, and physiology cellular and ultra microstructure. Sometimes kinks in the system due to convergence, divergence, and complexity (also homoplasy, paralogs) Life's greatest puzzle.
Gastropoda
This subclass has 180* torsion, subclasses prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia, Pulmonata
False, some sponges showed the presence of amino acids 60 MYA before Cambrian explosion
True or false, the cambrian explosion was the first exposure to amino acids, causing rapid advancements, DNA, and steroid proteins
True
True or false, there are some species that devolve or go back to an earlier way of life, meaning that some triploblasts form is similar to diploblasts based on the fossil record
Nemertea
Type of organism that uses Pilidium
Cnidaria
Type of organism that uses planular larvae
Mollusca, Polychaeta
Types of organisms that have this larvae
Spongin and calcium carbonate
What is Demospongiae composed of?
Silica
What is Hexactinellida composed of?
Class: Calcarea
Which type of sponge has calcium carbonate spicules?
osculum
a large opening in a sponge through which water flows out of the sponge (gets water out)
Prosobranchia
anterior mantle cavity; whelk, conch, drills, abalone
Advantages of being a pseudoceolomate
can have Ciliated epidermis, and the proboscis retractor acts like a hydrostatic tube sock. It works kinda like a long nematocyst. First time we see celomic space. The longitudinal muscule, circular muscle. Not sure if rhynchocoel was actually mesoderm derived as an ejectible fluid filled cavity. Prehensile, and sticky. Ganglia present, have advanced chemo and mechanio reception, have tactile pits and bristles. Ocelli "eyes" statocysts. Stylet Anopla-no stylet, enopla is stylet
Gemmules
casings of embryonic cells encased for more favorable conditions
Polyplacophora
chitons; living fossil-
emergent
emerges exactly like adults, usually with internal fertilization
Phylum: Placozoa
flat table sponge
Metamorphosis
is a big fairly dramatic/abrupt change, the more change you have the more difficult it can be. This can be delayed and triggered by cues to trigger to do so when conditions are right.
trochophore
larvae in annelids
Pulmonata
lung-like mantle cavity; most terrestrial
external fertilization
masses and is released in capsules... gastropods do this, moon snail leaves collar casing, and knobbed whelk is casing like a spiral
parsimonious
means that a hypothesis of relationships that requires the smallest number of character changes is most likely to be correct.
Portugese man of war (Siphonophora)
medusoid and polypoid forms in a formation make this
trochophore
name of larvae for
Why doesn't Aplacophora have a fossil record?
no shell, no fossil record because hard to preserve
Synapomorphies
possession by two or more organisms of a characteristic inherited exclusively from their common ancestor.
Opisthobranchia
posterior mantle cavity; aplysia, nudibranchs
Nurse eggs
some eggs are disfuncitonal or malformed, originally thought that environment harmed, but now think they purposefully produce low energy gametes to protect or viable could eat... Buccinum undatum has these. Abnormal sperm is in arthropoda, and low % viable may be done on purpose.
Dispersal
the part of life history spreading out to increase chances of metamorphosis and thriving, lowers competition. recolonizatins inbreeding competition. Natural flow is usually the main factor
Cladistics
the system now, considers shared characteristics such as a common ancestor, morphology, genetics, algorithms
Flotsam and Jetsam
things that are thrown overboard, on purpose or on accident
acontia
this structure in sea anemones are thread-like tissue containing numerous stinging cells which serve as a unique defense tissue against predators of the immobile
Ostia
this thing's function is to let the water, along with desire nutrient flows interior of the sponges (gets water in)
lecithotrophic
word meaning yolk feeding which means they may not have a gut or a living feeding appendage. Probably cannot ciliated feed. Those that are ciliated are more than likely eating bacteria, detritus etc. L. polyphemus doesn't have feeding