Islamic Empires, Byzantine Empire, and Middle Ages in Europe

Abu Bakr

---Abu Bakr and successor caliphs claimed their right to rule by virtue of their adherence to the Koran and oral traditions about Muhammad's words and habitual behavior (sunna) not because they were descended from Muhammad. ****In time, Abu Bakr's followers became known as Sunnis.

People added stories later to The One Thousand and One Nights. Why do you think this is important?

By adding stories from different societies, it created cultural diffusion between India, Persia, and Muslim Empires, which gave them a common literary background. It also teaches that relationships take a lot of work and time to be great.

Do you think the Qur'an is more reliable as a religious text OR as a historical document? Explain.

I think the Qur'an is more reliable as a religious text. Since it is supposed to tell the events and what was said at a time much before it written, it is not the most reliable source. However, it does tell Islamic religion's guidelines reliably because the third caliph (leader of Islam working in the place of Mohammed after his death), Uthman, wrote it.

Who was Al Khwarizmi? What is important about his work? (What type of math?)

Mathematician in late 700s born in Baghdad, studied indian sources not just greeks, wrote textbook his studies lead to the invention of algebra and produced advancements in astronomy

Muslims are required to fast during daylight hours during the month of __________________.

Ramadan

What is the connection between the use of calligraphy and a basic Islamic belief?

Since Islam prohibited pictures of people, it was an creative form of expression to show their values and words through art.

What was done at hospitals in the Islamic world? Identify and describe at least 3.

They cared for the sick, sent physicians and midwives to poor/rural areas, and provided places for medical research.

Golden Age of Islam

"The ink of the scholar is holier than the blood of the martyr" 1. What does he mean? EDUCATION IS HIGHLY VALUED AND MOST IMPORTANT TO CONTINUE TO EDUCATE YOURSELF SO YOU BECOME HOLIER. STUDY THE SCRIPTURE/HOLY WORKS. 2. How might this idea have contributed to the development of Muslim civilization? Value in education increased created an educated society that leads to more advancements/developments. 3. What is a Golden Age? PEACE AND STABILITY A period in time full of perseverance, wealth, and flourishing. New developments and advancements. Economic, political, social advancements. Amazing accomplishments in all parts of life. __________________________________________________________ The Abbasid Caliphate| The Golden Age of Islam (790 CE-1258 CE) -The Abbasid Caliphate ruled over a large empire that included the Middle East, western Asia, and northeast Africa (including Egypt). *The early part of the Abbasid rule was a time of peace and prosperity *Great advances were made in many areas of science, mathematics, and medicine. *Schools of higher education and libraries were built throughout the empire. *The culture flourished as Arabic art and architecture reached new heights The Golden Age took place in Baghdad, the heart of Islam, from 790 CE to 1258 CE. Scholars would travel to Baghdad to solve their linguistic questions. Scholars wanted to search for the truth behind humanity. Paper lead to the golden age because it allowed for scholars to spread their knowledge with other people and continents.

Authoritarianism in Russia

****Czar Ivan the Great (III), 1440-1505 ++expanded Russian territory in the North ++limited power to great landowning nobles called boyars ++married niece of last Byzantine emperor and adopted Byzantine practices ++took the title of "czar" (Russian word for Caesar) Czar Ivan the Terrible (IV), 1530-1584 _______________________________________________________________________________ ****Czar Ivan the Terrible (IV), 1530-1584 --Grandson of Ivan the Great --Centralized power of czar even further --Strengthened Russian feudalism, a system that had basically disappeared elsewhere in Europe --Prone to instability, mistrust and violence --Married 7 times --Beat his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing and then when his son tried to come to her defense he accidentally killed him ^^^After Ivan the Terrible died, Russia fell into a "Time of Troubles" which finally ended with the rise of a new family, the Romanovs, which would rule until the Communist revolution of 1917.^^^ _______________________________________________________________________________ Why do you think that Russia had a series of authoritarian rulers after they defeated the Mongols? Because Russia was such a large area to cover that people who were strict and controlling had to rule over Russia to keep things in order.

Russia - geography, religion, language

**Cold Weather, permafrost- makes for less fertile soil- difficult to plant, deters invasions/makes it difficult to invade. **Vast size makes it difficult to manage far distances. **Many people with different religions, ethnicities, and languages. -Different customs and religions -They find ways to communicate. -Sub cultures were created -Develop their own belief characteristics RISE OF CHURCH IMPACT: ***Set a foundation for their languages, education, art, architecture, church, politics, and law. **Cyrillic alphabet **Class of educated priests- Have power in church- Middle Ages Europe **Byzantine art and architecture **Divine right to rule- Middle ages Europe Missionaries from the Orthodox Church, for example, took their form of Christianity north to the Slavs of Russia (Slavs are people originally from Southern and Eastern Europe). Two of the most successful eastern missionaries, Saint Methodius and Saint Cyril, worked among the Slavs in the ninth century. Cyril and Methodius invented an alphabet for the Slavic languages. With an alphabet, Slavs would be able to read the Bible on their own. Many Slavic languages, including Russian, are now written in what is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The Orthodox missionaries opened up highways for Byzantine influence in Slavic lands. As these missionaries were carrying out their work among the Slavs, an important new Slavic nation was forming--Russia.

Islam after Muhammad's Death

**Muhammad did not DID NOT NAME A SUCCESSOR, nor did he instruct his followers on how to choose one **Tribal customs led to the election of ABU-BAKR, a loyal friend of Muhammad to be the successor **Abu-Bakr became the first caliph or "SUCCESSOR" or "DEPUTY".

Byzantine Empire- Impact of geography

**They are strategically located in between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea and gives them access to giving people taxes and access to the three continents.** They have control of the Mediterranean Sea, The Black Sea, and the Aegean Sea. Constantinople is in the middle of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea the so its easy through the waters. Can stop people when going from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea and make them pay a tax/toll. This would help them make money and charge people anytime they want to, they control who can travel and cant. Constantinople also connects and controls who can go into Asia, Africa, and Europe. Connecting to the silk road. BOSBEROUS STRAIT.

Ali ibn Abi Talib

---But divisions developed within Islam after the deaths of Abu Bakr and the two caliphs who followed him. When Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, became caliph, a civil war broke out. Ali was assassinated. Those who were shiat Ali, "followers of Ali," believed that only direct descendants of Muhammad, like Ali, had the authority to correctly interpret the Koran and the sunna of Muhammad. ********They became known as the Shiites or Shia.

Mohammed

--Muhammad (Mohammed), the most important and last prophet (a person who communicates the will of God), was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia around 570 C.E. --After receiving Allah's words, Muhammad began to recite the received words in public. He spoke of the one god, Allah, and the importance of charity. These teachings and many others became known as Islam and were recorded in the Quran (the Muslim holy book, also spelled Koran). The body of law that interprets the Quran is called Sharia (which means "way" or "path"). 570-632. Born in Mecca, died in Medina. FOUNDER OF ISLAM. Regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God. Teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book. ---He is kind of the founder of Islam. Muhammed is so important because he is the last prophet who communicates the will of God. Muhammed is the only source of communication with God for the people.

Decline of Feudalism

--peasants moved to cities and looked to the monarch, not their lord, for protection - Occurred at the end of the Middle Ages as kings increased their power Black Plague led to the decline of Feudalism the people's circumstances are very different than they were in the Dark Ages - no more wars and invasions because the nobles have no more land and cant fight with each other for land anymore, kings don't really fight each other that much so decline of feudalism and war (because of crusades) causes peaceful time

Black Plague

-A disease that engulfed Europe during the Middle Ages. It killed about one-third of Europe's population and was carried by fleas. Because of this, the feudal system died out. * Killed 1/3 of Europe's population * Ended the Middle Ages

Sikhism Teachings

-No distinction of caste or color (equality) -Unity of thought and society comes from a belief in the "unity of God" (monotheistic) -Belief in reincarnation -Don't believe that God is in human form; no idol worship -Primary obligation is to fellow man and to service to community (belief in karma) -Respect all religions—we are all children of God and are thus brothers The Sikh house of worship is called the gurdwara ___________________________________________________________ How does the Golden Temple demonstrate the Sikh focus on equality? The complex is built on a level lower than the surrounding streets so that the poor and high-born worshippers alike are forced to humble themselves by climbing down into it. The gateways on all four sides are meant to welcome people of all castes and creeds.

List 3 ways the Byzantine empire influenced later civilizations, including Russia.

1. Byzantine missionaries spread culture to Europe. They spread the eastern orthodox Christianity and byzantine culture throughout the Balkans. 2. Byzantine artists made unique contributions, especially in religious art and architecture, that influenced western styles from the Middle Ages to the present. Mosaics and icons were made which gave contact to the sacred. In architecture, Byzantine palaces and churches blended different styles. 3. In the world of learning, Byzantine scholars preserved the classic works of ancient Greece. In addition, they produced their own great books, especially in the field of history. The work of these scholars contributed to the development of Europe. 4. Byzantines also influenced other cultures with byzantine laws (Code of Civil Law).

What else did Suleiman do to consolidate and maintain power?

1. Created schools for Muslim boys to learn grammar, philosophy, the sciences, etc. 2. Built strong fortresses to defect the places he conquered and adorned the cities with mosques, bridges, aqueducts, and other public works. 3. Transformed the previously Christian Byzantine city of Constantinople into Istanbul, the Islamic center of the Ottoman Empire.

List 3 ways Justinian tried to restore the glory of Rome to the Byzantine empire.

1. He launched programs to beautify Constantinople. His great triumph was the church of Hagia Sophia. Its immense, arching dome improved on earlier Roman buildings. 2. He set up a commission to collect, revise, and organize all the laws of Ancient Rome. The result was the "Corpus Juris Civilis," or "Body of Civil Law," popularly known as Justinian's Code. This massive collection included laws passed by Roman assemblies or decreed by Roman emperors, as well as the legal writings of Roman judges and a handbook for students. 3. He recovered Roman provinces that have been overrun by invaders.

The spread of Islam into India

1. How did Muslim Leaders justify their conquests in Northern India? -Muslim leaders justified their conquests by calling the Northern Indians idolaters, which goes against their beliefs, and infidels. They used the excuse that the people did not follow God's words which gave them the liberty to conquer them. 2. What factors contributed to Muslim victory over the Hindus when they won over Delhi? --The Muslims won on the battlefield part because Muslim mounted archers had far greater mobility than Hindu forces, who rode slow-moving war elephants. Also, Hindu princes wasted resources battling one another instead of uniting against a common enemy. 3. What impacts did Muslim rule have over Indian government and society? --Many Turks, Persians, and Arabs migrated to India to serve as soldiers or officials. Trade between India and the Muslim world increased. During the Mongol raids of the 1200s, many scholars and adventurers fled from Baghdad to India, bringing Persian and Greek learning. The newcomers helped create a brilliant civilization at Delhi, where Persian art and architecture flourished.

Significance of Hajj

A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims led by Mohammed The journey of Muhammad and 70 families leaving Mecca for Medina is called the Hijra. The Hijra is significant because it marks the spread of Islam and Muhammed's role as a prophet, a leader, and a law giver.

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Pope Urban II called for the first crusade because the Muslims conquered Jerusalem (the holy land to both Muslims and Christians) and he wanted to reclaim the land and kill the Muslims to get them out of the way. 1) Telling them it was better to fight against a common enemy (the Muslims) rather than fighting each other. 2) Telling knights that Muslims were robbing Christian pilgrims journeying to the holy land. 3) Offering knights a chance for glory, wealth and a remission of sins. 4) Telling knights that the Crusades would make the Catholic Church more powerful. So many people decided to follow along on the crusades because most of the people of England were Christian, and the Pope was giving them a "divine message". If they were truly Christians, they would listen to the person on Earth they revere the most, the Pope, and do whatever he says. Since the Pope said it was a "divine message from God" telling the people they needed to go reclaim Jerusalem, the Christian people would follow that message. The crusades were such an important turning point because it began making Europe interested in other cultures, which led to the flourishing of trade, technological advances, and a golden age.

What happened to Muslim rule in India after Tamerlane's invasion?

After Tamerlane's invasion, thousands of artisans were enslaved to build Tamerlane's capital at Samarkand. Delhi, an empty shell, slowly recovered. But the sultans no longer controlled a large empire, and northern India again fragmented, this time into rival Hindu and Muslim states.

Rise of the Ottoman Empire

After the fall of the Mongol Empire, the Muslim Ottoman Empire, founded by Osman Bay, rose in Anatolia to unify Turkey and challenge the Byzantine Empire. In 1453, the Turks invaded Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire. -the empire fell to the Ottomans, ending the Byzantine Empire and transforming the Ottomans into a transcontinental empire.

What did Akbar the Great do as leader of the Mughal Empire to maintain power?

Akbar the Great created a strong central government as leader of the Mughal Empire that helped him to maintain power. Although a Muslim, he won the support of Hindu subjects through his policy of toleration. He opened jobs to Hindus of all castes and treated Hindu princes as his partners in ruling the vast empire. He ended the tax on non-Muslims and himself married a Hindu princess. He hoped to promote religious harmony through toleration. By recognizing India's diversity, Akbar placed Mughal on a firm footing. To improve government, he used paid officials in place of hereditary officeholders. He modernized the army, encouraged international trade, standardized weights and measures, and introduced land reforms. To maintain power, Akbar the Great tolerated other religions and improved the government and other reforms. Akbar opened government jobs to Hindus of all castes and worked with Hindu princes in ruling the empire along with marrying a Hindu princess, all despite him being a Muslim. He consulted with leaders of all faiths - Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists - and hoped to promote religious harmony through toleration. Also, rather than using hereditary officeholders, he made it so that paid officials had to get their own jobs. He also modernized the army, encouraged international trade, standardized weights and measures, and introduced reforms in land.

The Muslim God is called _________________.

Allah

What is calligraphy? Why is calligraphy important to Muslims?

An ornate form of writing that is important to Muslims because it is a way to reflect holy writings. It makes the words of God look beautiful.

Define Arabesque. What is included in Arabesque designs?

Arabesque is ornate designs with flowers, leaves, geometric patterns that is often found in mosaics, textiles, and sculptures.

Millets

Areas of town where individual religious groups could live and practice their religions. *Self-governing religious communities

Why do you think Ibn Battuta traveled east from Morocco to the Middle East and Asia, instead of traveling north through Europe?

Because they were tolerant of his religion, Islam. Some places like Europe weren't very tolerant. They already had established trade routes that made travel easier. Mosques and people who have copies of the Quran or similar teaching in the areas, not so odd to pray. ***Religious- want them to have the foods they could eat and religious institutions where he can pray.

Sharia

Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life --Islamic law; a combination of the Quran and the Hadith. The body of law that interprets the Quran is called Sharia (which means "way" or "path"). **What Muslims most expect from their religion is guidance for all the specific situations of life so that they may know how to please God in this world and achieve blessedness hereafter. **Islamic Law helped people interpret the Quran and apply it to everyday life, therefore, regulating moral behavior, family life, business, government, and other areas of community life. **The common word for the law, Sharia, originally meant a pathway; it may roughly be translated as "the path in which God wishes men to walk." The prescriptions of the Sharia are ordained by God as his eternal will. It is thus the standard of right and wrong in human affairs, and it provides an all-inclusive scale of religious valuation for conduct. ****** Actions are classified as obligatory (must do); meritorious or recommended; indifferent, that is, bringing neither reward nor punishment; reprehensible, that is, not punishable but disapproved; and forbidden. ---- The assumption underlying the Sharia is that humans are incapable of telling right from wrong by their own unaided powers. It was for this reason that guidance was sent to them through various prophets, e.g. Abraham, Jesus, and Muhammad. God, who is all-powerful and perfectly free, has clearly laid out a pathway for humans. His decrees, or pronouncements, are based on nothing but his sovereign (supreme & absolute) will; they are not subordinated to rational considerations, nor are they to be judged by the standard of human reason. ************************************************************* Sharia is to be obeyed as a slave obeys the master. The Sharia is both a divine and an eternal law and hence completely trustworthy. As the basic institution of Islamic civilization, it explains the certainty and assurance Muslims have felt in the rightness of their way of life. ************************************************************* In its content the Sharia is much more than law in the modern sense. Not only does it deal with matters of religious ritual, but it regulates EVERY aspect of political, social, and private life. Religious belief, or creed, is part of Sharia in the broadest sense. At the other extreme the Sharia prescribes permissible and forbidden types of food, the manner of a Muslim's dress, and acceptable manners. Traditionally Muslims divide the Sharia into two parts: the duties that are owed to God by way of worship; and the duties of a practical kind toward fellow humans and society. ---It is binding primarily on individuals, who stand in face-to-face responsibility with God. ************************************************************* -Everything is included, it covers all details of daily life. Everything is carried in equal wage. -A system of religious laws guides the lives of the people. A system of religious laws allows for people to apply the laws to everyday life, therefore, regulating moral behavior, family life, business, government, and other areas of community life. They believe that religion is important and it is important to follow the words of their God that they can do every day. --Our modern US federal/state law is associated with the state, enforced by the police power, and applies to all within the territorial boundaries of our state. Unlike the Sharia Law that is binding primarily on individuals, who stand in face-to-face responsibility with God. SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE IN US

Crusades and fall of Constantinople

Byzantine capital of Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks (a majority-Muslim empire founded in Asia Minor/Anatolia during the late 1200s). -transformed the Ottomans into a transcontinental empire and ended the Byzantine Empire. *The Ottomans had an army of 140,000 men and more than 60 cannons. By contrast, the Byzantines numbered just 8,000 or 9,000 and were armed with a few catapults and a few cannons. -the "great chain," a barrier protecting the Byzantine harbor in the inlet known as the Golden Horn. As a result, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II daringly dragged 70 ships over land into the Golden Horn, which allowed his engineers to build a bridge across the harbor. ---The tide turned in favor of the Turks when a Byzantine general was wounded and his men, fearing defeat, started to flee. This gave the Turks their advantage and 40 of their best men scaled the wall, killed the Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI and officially captured the city.

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca journey from Mecca to Medina led by Muhammad, called the Hijra, marks the spread of Islam and Muhammed's role as a prophet, a leader and a law giver.

Delhi Sultanate

Delhi Sultanate: The establishment of the city of Delhi as the capital of the new Muslim kingdom in India created by a sultan, which ruled from 1206-1526. ____________________________________________________________ Describe two changes that occurred in India as a result of the Delhi Sultanate and explain why each is significant. 1. Immigrants were welcomed which allowed for an increase in trade. Leads to cultural diffusion. 2. Scholars came from Baghdad which caused Greeks and Persians to bring their learning and artisans created beautiful art and architecture. _____________________________________________________________ During the Delhi Sultanate, a new religion, called Sikhism, began.

The study of astronomy helped with which three pillars?

Fasting in Ramadan, praying towards Mecca, and Hajj - helped to identify directions, create lunar calendar to know when these events took place

Mongols impact on Russia

From 1200-1440 AD the Mongols, a nomadic group that lived north of China, were led by Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. Batu Khan and the Mongols conquered much of Russia. The Mongols had both a positive and a negative impact on Russia: NEGATIVE: ~Peasants had to pay heavy taxes—as a result, some fled ~Women were seen as second class citizens (could be sold into slavery to pay off debt) ~Cut Russia off from rest of Western Europe (didn't benefit from High Middle Ages) POSITIVE: ~Centralized power and allowed Russian princes to rule without much interference ~Mongols were not Christian, but they tolerated the Church ~Created peace in Asia (between China, which they had also conquered, and Eastern Europe) ~Created new trade routes IMPACT OF MONGOL CONQUEST ON THE CHURCH: -People were able to practice their religion peacefully -There was somewhat religious tolerance

Allah

God of Islam --The main teachings of Islam is believing in one God, Allah, and the importance of charity. They are written in the Quaran (the Muslim holy book).

The Muslims translated and studied Greek texts. Why is this important?

Greek thinkers used logical reasoning over uncovering facts through observation (different from Muslims) Their translation was important because it made ancient Greek studies and literature accessible to the people - they innovated on past ideas.

Economic and Social changes during the High Middle Ages

Growth of towns and cities allowed people economic freedom and can buy what they want (buy things rather than making things at home) Commercial revolution which allows for increased goods and trades People have more money and time on their hands now, we see the rise of the middle class Guilds form to protect merchants and traders from competition

The Spread of Islam- factors that contributed to the spread

HELPED THE SPREAD OF ISLAM: *Warfare- winning battle gives power to change the religion of the places they conquered +Help to spread Islam through conquests- put their main religion into the place they conquered *If they wanted to live freely they had to pay a tax or convert to Islam +Consequence comes with not obeying +Taxing and killing their loved ones +No forced conversion +People of other religions could be taxed or convert and they could live freely in Islamic lands *Military campaigns- helped to spread Islam throughout the Middle East +Acquire more land- Religion of the dynasties is Islam +As they acquire the land they spread Islam +Spreads all the way to Spain *Trade routes- Traveling allows for it to spread through different people +Communication through trade- Common practice of Islam- Praying 5 times a day makes people question the religion +Talk about what the religion is and what it is about and it spreads +People stay for long periods of time- traveling long periods *Promises a reward to people who are Jewish, Christian, and Islam +No harm will be done to them because they believe in God and the Last Day +They are treated well because they believe in one God- same belief +RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE +Treating someone fairly makes people want to encourage conversions *They can treat others poorly but if they repent, convert, and pay they can leave freely. +They hope people will pay the tribute and then convert- THEIR GOAL +Tolerance will eventually lead to them converting

The Spread of Islam- Factors that detracted from the spread of Islam

HINDERED THE SPREAD OF ISLAM: *Warfare- people don't willingly want to convert --If they lose it would stop them- even if they lose they still have influence --it won't spread to Europe when they are defeated in France- LOST *"Living on your own terms" does not spread the religion *Charles Martel defeat of the Muslim army --They lost- Charles is trying to spread Christianity --Stops them from spreading it in a large area of Spain *People who do not believe in Allah are considered an adversary --If you don't follow Islam they are an adversary --Though they can still follow the tribute --Christians and Jews could live in the Islamic lands as long as they pay the tribute- receive tolerance if they pay the tribute.

Religious diversity in India- Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism

HINDUISM: -Polytheistic -The Vedas -Karma and reincarnation -Caste system ISLAM: -Monotheistic -The Kuran -Single life, a judgement day, and an eternity in either paradise or h*ll -Equality ___________________________________________________________ Why did some Hindus in India convert to Islam? Islam rejected the caste system. Others wanted to serve in the Muslim government. Some others because they wanted the trade contracts of the Muslims. Even though there are similarities between Sikhism, Islam and Hinduism, Sikhism was not derived from another faith. It is wholly independent and respectfully disagrees with the philosophy, ritual and some methods of worship followed by Hindus and Muslims. Some Sikh men do not cut their hair as a symbol of respect for the perfection of God's creation. Those with long hair typically wear a turban.

The migration from Makkah (Mecca) to Madinah (Medina) is called the ____________.

Hajj

Why was al-Razi one of the most important people alive between 500 and 1500 AD?

He was a great Muslim doctor who wrote an encyclopedia based on the knowledge of the Syrians, Arabs, Indians, and Greeks. He also came up with ideas on how to treat illnesses other than prayer (like by breathing clean air to help your lungs).

Ibn Al Haytham was an important mathematician. What are some of the developments he made? What is important about this?

He wrote a book about optics that explains visuals and how eyes work this knowledge was used to create early cameras, microscopes, and telescopes

Why do you think Muslims were initially less tolerant of Hinduism than they were of Judaism and Christianity?

Hindus recognized many sacred texts and prayed before statues representing many gods and goddesses. Islam, by contrast, was a newer faith with a single sacred text. Muslims were devout monotheists who saw the statues and carvings in Hindu temples as an offense to the one true god. Hindus accepted differences in caste status and honored Brahmans as a priestly caste. Muslims taught equality of all believers before God and had no religious hierarchy. Hindus also celebrated religious occasions with dance and music, a practice that many strict Muslims condemned.

What is one significant reason why there is conflict between Hindus and Muslims in India?

Hindus were Polytheistic and believed in idol worship, which Muslims condemned since Islam is Monotheistic

Women's rights in Islam

Honor crimes ( acts of violence, usually murder, committed by male family members against female family members who are perceived to have brought dishonor upon the family) are still very prevalent throughout the Muslim world, and in most Islamic countries women aren't allowed to travel, either internationally or locally, without the permission or escort of a husband or male relative. Evening curfews for women are not uncommon. "Moral policing" is a frightfully common occurrence, in which women are persecuted for not adhering to norms --Women face struggles within the legal system. In Pakistan, the testimony of one man is equal to that of two women. Also, women's evidence is not permissible in cases of adultery. Therefore, it is very easy to convict a woman of adultery, and it is common for a woman to be convicted of adultery in a rape case. ----Women have minority status, and so are under the guardianship of their father or brother prior to marriage, when they remain under the guardianship of their husband. Guardianship rights of men over women may take on a broader dimension and give all men a degree of control over women. -----Marriage practices in some Muslim countries also marginalize and subordinate women. Women are allowed to have one husband, though some countries permit men to have more than one wife. Husbands can physically beat their wives, and so the legal system gives men the means to ensure a wife's obedience and assert his own control, though women have no way to enforce their husband's obligations of support. ***A man can quickly divorce his wife out of court, but if a woman seeks a divorce she must present a case, with legitimate and legal grounds, to a court. ---Marriage is tied to procreation, which is, of course, the main component of reproductive rights. It seems that the subordination of women and their rights in marital law would parallel the access and opportunities of reproductive choices, but in fact the two issues do not coincide as much as one would assume.

Significance of trade and travel in the Islamic world

How does trade help create the Golden Age of Islam? -They can discover new things and how to make them. -They are going to learn from outside of Islamic lands. It's throughout Northern Africa and parts of Asia- learn different things. -Learn paper from China. Papermaking. -Also, learn block printing from China. ************************************************************* How might going on Hajj have also contributed to the development of a Golden Age? -Hajj allows people to travel and communicate with lots of people. --Merchants provide for travelers because they use it as a marketplace. --People traveling who are willing to spend money. They spread trade and ideas. _______________________________________________________________________________ -Islam spread through West Africa peacefully by trade, and violently by conquest. People in ruling courts converted, some in the countryside kept their beliefs --Trade networks connected many regions which helped the spread of Islam _______________________________________________________________________________ *The geography of Middle East will help Islam spread across Asia and into Africa and Europe because there are lots of waterways that encourage travel and trade. *Also the land itself connects the three continents- the crossroads of the world. *No fertile land so people have to trade and travel to get resources- desert, mountains.

Travels of Ibn Battuta and the Muslim World in the 1300s

Ibn Battuta: From: Tangier, North Africa First traveled to, and why?: Mecca to go on Hajj Continents he traveled to: North Africa and Asia Religion practiced in most of the places he traveled to: Islam POLITICAL: -Horsemen and Archers protect travelers from bandits on journey to Tripoli -Pharaoh in charge in Europe- Tyrant -Sultan is a leader of Morocco -Leaders communicate when meeting in one city -The Sultan has many boats and merchandise -Pharaoh is most powerful -Leaders are wealthy -Nobody is allowed to travel between Syria and Egypt without a passport - in protection of spies from Iraq ECONOMIC: -A chain of markets/shops [Bazzars] on the route to Egypt- Egypt is a large market place -Water carriers- transport water (very significant resource) -Hirers of mules and donkeys -station at Qatya collects taxes and fees from travelers and merchants -Pharaoh negotiates with Sultan for merchandise and boats SOCIAL/CULTURAL/RELIGIOUS: -Education is highly valued- there are so many madrasas they can not be counted -Malikite college in Damascus -Maristan (hospital) is beautiful -Cathedral Mosque in Damascus (Umayyad Mosque) known as the most magnificent mosque in the world ENVIRONMENTAL: -Tripoli- Incessant rains -"Damascus surpasses all other cities in beautiful" -cautious about desert and water, rain is crucial _______________________________________________________________________________ Summary: Based on Ibn Battuta's accounts, write 4-5 sentences to answer the question: What was the Muslim world like in the 1320s? Make sure to include information from each of the 4 categories. +++++ The leaders were tyrannical and protective of their people, they also had a military to protect people from bandits. The Sultan has a relationship with the Pharaoh, in which they had a good trading relationship. Although no one was allowed to pass into Syria without a passport from Egypt and vice versa. In Egypt, there were water carriers where they would put water on camels. Water carriers was a major profession because water was necessary. Lots of trades and markets on the trade routes. Mosques and architecture is devoted to religion. Eductation and religious education is highly valued. They are cautious of the desert and water is crucial.

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. --30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Empire of Faith, what inventions propelled the spread of learning throughout the Islamic world? Why did these inventions have that effect?(10:42)

Innovations in medicine. Physicians created the theory that disease was spread through tiny air droplets in the sky. Patients should be quarantined and then treated. The hospital had separate wards suffering from different diseases. Studies of anatomy were used for 600 years.

Islam- definition, origins

Islam is a religion (not a place) and people who practice Islam are called Muslims. Islam means "to submit" to God and is derived from the root words aslama which mean "to surrender to a greater force" and salaam which means "peace." It is related to the Hebrew word shalom. Islam means "to submit" to God and is derived from the root words aslama which means "to surrender to a greater force" and salaam which means "peace." This tells us that they believe that if they submit themselves to God it will lead to peace.

How did Muslim civilizations create links among the continents?

Islam was not a regional culture like Christian Europe, but an international culture reaching across three continents. An extraordinary diversity of peoples—Arabs, Berbers, Turks, Persians, Slays, Mongols, Indians, and many others—answered the muezzin's call to prayer each day. This vast world was not politically united, but the Quran, the Sharia, and a network of cultural and economic ties linked Muslims across the Dar al-Islam.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. Ottomans ruled a mixture of Muslims (Sunni) and Christians mostly- The Ottomans ruled diverse peoples who had many religions. The men of the sword and men of the pen were almost all Muslims, while the other classes included non-Muslims as well. Non-Muslims were organized into millets, or religious communities. These included Greek Christians, Armenian Christians, and Jews. Each millet had its own religious leaders who were responsible for education and some legal matters.

Why might an astrolabe be useful during Ramadan?

It allowed people to know what time of year it was and when people should start fasting

Comparison of the three major monotheistic religions- (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam)

JUDAISM: Name of/for God- YHWH Founders and important figures- Abraham Major religious texts (books)- The Torah Sabbath Day: begins Friday night and ends at sundown on Saturday Places of Worship: Synagogue Most important holy day(s)- *Shabbat (one day of prayer every week) *Rosh Hashanah *Yom Kippur Special rules of behavior or fundamental laws- *10 commandments *Food is consumed according to halakha (kosher) Number of followers worldwide- 15 million CHRISTIANITY: Name of/for God- God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit Founders and important figures- Jesus, 12 Apostles Major religious texts (books)- the Bible Sabbath Day and places of worship- Sunday, Church Most important holy day(s)- Easter, Christmas, Lent, Good Friday, Holy Thursday, Palm Sunday Special rules of behavior or fundamental laws- The 10 Commandments give a basic way to act and live. Number of followers worldwide- 2.1 billion followers worldwide ISLAM: Name of/for God- Allah Founders and important figures- Muhammad Major religious texts (books)- *Quran *Hadith *Shari'a Sabbath Day and places of worship- *Friday at noon: communal prayer *Mosques *Minaret *muezzin Most important holy day(s)- *Ramadan *Eid al Iftar Special rules of behavior or fundamental laws- *Ḥalāl *5 Pillars/shariah *Sharia Number of followers worldwide- *1.8 billion followers *The world's second-largest religion *Roughly 3.45 million Muslims in the US _______________________________________________________________________________ What are some similarities and differences between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity? *All have a holy book *They have a specific set of laws *the majority of the laws are rooted from the Ten Commandments *Different days that are important to them *All descended from Abraham _______________________________________________________________________________ What factors might lead to conflict? How do we see this conflict in the world today? *They all have the same holy land *All claim the same land as being important to them

Justinian and Theodora

Justinian and Theodora developed a centralized government where all power and decision-making was concentrated in one unit instead of having power in the hands of many different people in different locations. --The Emperor crowns the church in Byzantine Empire instead of the Church crowning the Emperor. The Emperor has more power over the church. *They conquer land through war. They were able to gain control over the Mediterranean Sea which allowed them to connect North Africa, Europe, and the Middle East.

The ____________ is the sacred text that was revealed to the prophet fourteen centuries ago.

Koran

Decrease in education and literacy

Latin, the language of the Church, was the only common language in Europe. Church officials were often the only people who could read. As a result, they kept records for monarchs and became trusted scribes and advisers. If you wanted to read or learn information at all, you would have to know the language of the church. This means that any person trying to become an intellectual would have to at least be introduced to the church. They are the only ones who can read and write and they also are the ones in charge of educating kids.

Hagia Sophia

Means "Holy Wisdom"" in Greek. A church of the same name had been destroyed in riots that swept Constantinople in 532. When Justinian rebuilt Hagia Sophia, he resolved to make it the most splendid church in the Christian world. -the beauty of Hagia Sophia helped convince visiting Russian nobles that their country should adopt Byzantine Christianity. -Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. --the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

What are some of our misconceptions about sharia and Islamic law? Why do you think we have these misconceptions?

Misinterpretation of the Quran There is no law that states women need to cover their heads or that they are subordinate to men. Catholic Church worried people would misinterpret what was actually written in the bible

_____________________ is the Muslim prophet and a messenger of God.

Mohammad

Mughal Empire

Mughals ruled mostly non-Muslims (Hindus in India). Akbar recognized India's diversity, which allowed him to place Mughal power on a firm footing. He won the support of Hindu subjects through his policy of toleration. He ended the tax on non-Muslims and gave government jobs to Hindus of all castes.

Gunpowder Empires- Mughal, Ottoman, Safavid

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes. Ruled by absolute monarchs

Why does Muslim art not contain images of living beings? How is this different from other cultures?

Muslim leaders feared that people would worship the individuals rather than God (idol worship) so to prevent this they did not allow it. This is different from other empires (except orthodox byzantine).

Legacy of Byzantine Empire

POLITICAL ACHIEVEMENTS: The Great Schism- Pope is no longer in charge of all Christians. Orthodox Church- made it so people could use their local language to understand and interpret the Bible. Justinian's Code- Roman Law was codified SOCIAL ACHIEVEMENTS: The preservation of Greek and Roman Culture- allowed us to learn about Greek and Roman culture. Invented the alphabet for the Slavic Languages- Early Russia Hagia Sophia- Beautified Constantinople ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENTS: Bosporus Strait- connected Asia and Europe through land and water. The Currency of the Byzantine Empire were coins with Justinian's face on them **************** The Byzantine Empire's influence is continued by Russia. It was because of the Byzantine Empire that Russia has a language. They invented the alphabet for the Slavic languages. With an alphabet put in place for the Slavs, they were able to read the bible on their own. The Byzantine Empire has had a large influence on Russia and how they live today.

Middle East Geography

PROMINENT PHYSICAL FEATURES IN THE MIDDLE EAST: *Deserts *Water ways that surround the Middle East --The Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Caspian Sea *Mountains How do you think these geographic features affected development in the Middle East? *Not a lot of agriculture in the desert search for areas with fresh water and search for oasis. -Hard to grow food *Mountains protect them from invasions. *Can't grow food on mountains How might the geography of the Middle East explain why it becomes a center for trade? *Trade becomes significant because lots of the empires are developed in desert areas with few resources and mountains that prevent them from growing things. _________________________________________________________ **Region of the world that includes parts of southwestern Asia and Egypt, in North Africa **Hot and arid (desert-like) climate, but there are fertile river valleys near the Nile in Egypt and Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq **Location between Europe, Africa, and Asia made it a center of trade and cultural diffusion **Home of two ancient civilizations: Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia **Birthplace of monotheism and home of the world's largest religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam +++Many religions practiced in the region, but majority of the Middle Easterners practice Islam

How did availability of books in the Abbasid Caliphate compare to the the availability of books in Western Europe from the 700s to the 1300s? How do you think this different affected the two regions?

Paper allowed for the availability of spreading knowledge. They spread it everywhere. Europe learned to make paper from the Arabs. Paper maker. Widespread industry. The wide use of books and paper allowed for scribes including women to write new sacred writings. The knowledge from the scholars was used by scholars and the knowledge would be spread In western Europe monasteries would be lucky to have five books. The paper linked the three continents. Enabled human beings to think of the globe as a single unit of humanity.

How does sharia law both help and hinder individuals in society?

People interpret religion to hinder women's rights. It depends on how it is employed. There is no law that states women need to cover their heads or that they are subordinate to men. How the laws are interpreted by the government Travel restrictions- needs written permission from a man Different levels of rights Can't drive- hinders education and work Rape and adultery- women will be blamed for the rape and is called an adulteress The Sharia Law causes people to live good morally and helps civil relationships between people Encourages good behavior

How were physicians trained? What were they required to learn?

People traveled between cities to follow other well known physicians to learn from the best. They learned from past practices and other doctors.

The Great Schism between Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church - differences in practices

ROMAN CATHOLIC: -Services are conducted in Latin -The pope has authority over all other bishops. -The pope claims authority over all kinds and emperors. -Priests may not marry. -Divorce is not permitted. EASTERN ORTHODOX: -Services are conducted in Greek or local languages -The patriarch and other bishops head the Church as a group -The emperor claims authority over the patriarch and other bishops of the empire -Priests may be married -Divorce is allowed under certain conditions SIMILARITIES: -They base their faith on the gospel of Jesus and the Bible -They use sacraments such as baptism. -Their religious leaders are priests and bishops. -They seek to convert people.

Why did the Muslims need to be able to have a correct lunar calendar? Identify at least two reasons.

Reasons were that so they could know what time of the year rituals take place (like when is Ramadan) and predict weather patterns and conditions along the route for Hajj also helped to know what times the 5 times a day prayer should take place in the day

Why do empires often use religion as a way of securing power and providing stability?

Religion creates a common agreement amongst the many people. The use of the peoples beliefs connects the people together because they all believe the same thing. They can use it negatively- manipulate the people and say doing this will make the gods angry- punish people- Coercive. **During the Crusades the Byzantine empire motivated the people to attack the Holy land because they said that the Muslims were Heathens. **Asoka- Buddhists Stupas and Rock pillar edicts

Safavid Empire

Safavids ruled mostly Muslims (Shi'a).- Religion played a major role in the conflict. The Safavids were Shiite Muslims who enforced their beliefs throughout Iran and found sympathizers within the Ottoman empire. The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims who despised the Shiites as heretics. While earlier Safavids had imposed their faith on the empire, Abbas tolerated non-Muslims and valued their economic contributions. He wanted to make his new capital at Isfahan a center of the international silk trade. Because the trade was controlled by Armenians, Abbas had thousands of Armenians brought to Isfahan. Even though they were Christians, he had a settlement built for them just outside the capital, where they could govern themselves.

What is Sikhism? How does it represent the cultural diffusion taking place in India at the time of its founding?

Sikhism is the religion created by the holy man, Nanak, that taught that they needed to unite under god and as humans, reject castes, and reject idol worship. Sikhism represents the cultural diffusion taking place in India at the time of its founding because it blends the ideas of both Islam and Hinduism into one religion.

How are Suleiman's methods similar to or different from other empires and civilizations you have studied?

Similar to the Romans, he built roads. This connected their empires to other empires and civilizations, which allowed them to gain much wealth and information through trade and cultural diffusion.

Increase in power and influence of the Church

Since every person was required to live by the church's laws and pay heavy taxes to support the Church, it was able to grow and have more and more influence. Due to this large amount of money and support from everyone, the head of the church (the pope) had tons of influence over the king and kingdom. They're also the only ones who can read and write at this point, making it very easy for them to take money easily from others.

What factors helped Muslims and Hindus achieve more positive interactions under the Delhi Sultanate?

Some Muslim scholars argued that behind the many Hindu gods and goddesses was a single god. Hinduism was thus accepted as a monotheistic religion. Although Hindus remained second-class citizens, as long as they paid the non-Muslim tax, they could practice their religion. Some sultans even left rajahs, or local Hindu rulers, in place. During the Delhi sultanate, a growing number of Hindus converted to Islam. -----In India, Islam was well received by members of the lower Caste system. Islam taught that all people were equal - not relegated to lowest social class by birth.

What factors led to the Abbasid golden age?

Some factors that led to the golden age were trade and religion. In trade, routes to places like China allowed people to travel and gain information and materials like paper. This was what allowed the spread of knowledge in the Abbasid Caliphate and thus the cause of the educated people there. Religion caused the golden age because of Islamic Hajj, or the journey to Mecca. Thousands of people would come from all over to congregate together and share ideas after the religious obligations were done, then they'd go back home and spread the knowledge there. This also led to golden age development and an educated people. What were two

What did Suleiman do to gain, consolidate, and maintain power?

Suleiman gained power through military conquest. To consolidate and maintain this power, he not only had a law code, but also practiced religious tolerance and protected and educated his people.He also created a law code and made many architectural things like roads and bridges, which allows for travel and trade. This made the people happy with living in Suleiman's empire. Suleiman created laws to create order and stability amongst the people. He gained power through conquests but maintained it by creating a law code to govern over the people in his empire. He also created public works that encouraged trade, helps to make things (the system) run smoothly.

Shia vs. Sunni Islam

Sunnis believe that the caliphate should be a faithful Muslim the Shia's believe that the caliphate has to be a direct descendant of Muhammed SHIA (SHIITE): Muslims who believe that the caliph (leader) needed to be a descendant of Muhammad in order to lead SUNNI: Muslims who acknowledge the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad even though they weren't of same blood as Muhammad.

Suleiman "the Lawgiver" "the Magnificent"

THE MAGNIFICENT: -Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam from 1520 to 1566 -Ottoman power reached its height and became a world power under his rule. -Ruled over one of the most orderly periods of Ottoman history. -Known as "the MAGNIFICENT" in the West, and "The LAWGIVER" to his own Ottoman subjects. THE LAWGIVER: -Enforced SHARI'AH (Sacred Islamic Law) -Created another legal code called KANUNS which covered criminal law, land tenure and taxation that lasted for over three hundred years -Punished corrupt officials, especially those who OVERTAXED the population -Protected Jewish subjects from persecution -Ottoman leader, constantinople—> Instanbul, culture flourishes, reaches peak --The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

What was The One Thousand and One Nights? What was it about?

The One Thousand and One Nights was a collection of fairy tales, parables, and legends all based off of the frame story about King Shahryar. It told the story of how every day he married a new wife then killed her at the end of the day. When Sheherazade marries the king, she tells him fascinating stories for a thousand and one nights until the king realizes he loves her and decides to stay with her and not kill her.

Middle Ages- Impact of the fall of the Roman Empire on Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire

The Roman empire split in 2 halves: the eastern and western parts. After the western part of the Roman empire was invaded by many invaders, the eastern part of the empire became the new Byzantine empire when the western part completely fell and was turned into the invaders' land.

Justinian's Code

The code included laws on marriage, slavery, property ownership, women's rights, and criminal justice. Also included was an outline of the law and a collection of Justinian's own new laws. Justinian used the law to unify his empire under his control and provide a sense of stability for his people. Justinian's Code not only had an effect on the Byzantine Empire, but also became the basis of legal systems in Europe many centuries later.

Mecca

The holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace -After receiving Allah's words, Muhammad began to recite the received words in public. He spoke of the one god, Allah, and the importance of charity. These teachings and many others became known as Islam and were recorded in the Quran (the Muslim holy book, also spelled Koran). The body of law that interprets the Quran is called Sharia (which means "way" or "path"). When Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630 C.E. Islam spread quickly, first through Arabia and then through the world. When Muhammad died he was replaced by a caliph (successor to Muhammad).

Koran (Qur'an)

The holy book of the Islam faith as revealed to Mohammed by the angel Gabriel. Teach the importance of believing in one God, Allah, and the importance of charity. -It carried on the beliefs of Islam and because it was recorded Islam has, throughout its history, emphasized the importance of learning, the value of human life, and the devotion to one god, Allah. It allowed for future generations to learn of Allah and Islam. ~The Qur'an provides the foundation for living a good life and pleasing God. The verses of the Qur'an describe God's nature and powers, human accountability to God, and reward or punishment in the Afterlife. --The stories in the Qur'an are similar to those found in the Hebrew Bible and the Christian New Testament. Many of the people mentioned in the Biblical tradition - Abraham, Joseph, Moses, Mary, and Jesus - are mentioned in the Qur'an. -Muslims believed that by doing good deed and being morally good, especially charitable, they would be granted a passage to Paradise and they would be forgiven for their sins.

What do you think is the benefit of using these methods to gain, consolidate, and maintain power?

The method of military conquest is very effective for increasing the size, diversity, and wealth of an empire. The method of providing education and protecting the citizens, regardless of their religion, made it a desirable place to live.In addition to this, he also made public works projects like bridges and roads. If the people are happy with where they live, they won't revolt and you won't have to worry about that possibility.

Muslims perspective of the Crusades

The perspective of the author is from the Muslims point of view. He describes the killing of the Muslims by Christians as "slaughtered" and "They begged for help, weeping so that their hearers wept with them as they described the sufferings of the Muslims in that Holy City: the men killed, the women and children taken prisoner, the homes pillaged." His opinion of these events are that the Christian's were extremely violent and merciless, while the Muslims were terrified and begging for help. He feels that the Muslims were helpless against the cruel Christians from the perspective of the Muslims. The Christians terrorized the Muslims while they were just practicing their religion. It was theft and destruction. Christians think it was right for them to do it, but the Muslims think it was wrong. Christians exult in the glory of God but the Muslims feel that it destroyed certain aspects of God since they killed religious leaders.

Europe in the Middle Ages- Feudalism

The political and social hierarchy that included landlords, vassals, and serfs. Created by exchanging grants of lands (fiefs) in return for formal, written oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service Greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords (vassals) in return for military service. Lords provided protection for serfs; serfs provided service for lords.

What are two of the main contributions made by the Muslims to math and science?

The reliance on scientific observations and experimentation AND to find mathematical solutions to old problems that weren't solved before

Five Pillars of Islam

They guide people to live charitably and to be morally good so they can please God. Purify oneself Make people feel closer to God They pray 5 times a day -Declaration of Faith (Shahada): It's a direct counter to the polytheistic religion. Counters polytheism. Addressing there is monotheism and there is one God, Allah. -Prayer (salat): People prayed five times a day to help them link Muslims to God and makes them feel more devoted. It helped them to remove sins. *They prayed 5 times a day and praying made them feel more devoted. -Charity/Alms (Zakat): Muslims are required to give charity because anything that is in their possession belongs to God, so they must share it. -Fasting (Sawm): Ramadan encourages self-purification by helping the fasting person gain empathy for those who go hungry, and enabling the fasting person to focus on his/her spiritual life. -The Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj): *Each year millions of people go to Mecca during the annual Hajj. They go to worship the birthplace of Muhammad and the first home of the Muslim house of worship. It is also the place where God commanded the Prophet Abraham and his son, Ishmael, to build. *Mecca is the birthplace of Muhammad and where the first Muslim house of worship is. God commanded the Prophet Abraham and his son, Ishmael, to build. _______________________________________________________________________________ --True Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

Why is it important that the Muslims were able to develop hospitals so long ago? How were they paid for?

They were paid for by charity from Zakat, which is the pillar of charity in Islam. It provided care for the sick and provided a place for physicians to study medicine.

Fall of the Byzantine Empire

Turks invaded from the east and conquered Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul) in 1453. In 1071, the Byzantines lost most of Anatolia (their breadbasket), which led to their ultimate demise (they had no food source). Ottomans outnumbered the Byzantine's. The Ottomans had an army of 140,000 men and more than 60 cannons. They also had gunpowder. They carried their ships overland to get their tools and supplies where they needed. They killed the emperor.

What were two innovations developed during the golden age? What were the effects of these innovations?

Two innovations developed during the golden age are paper and arabic numerals. Paper allowed for knowledge to be written down and easily spread across the whole caliphate, which makes the whole population more educated. Arabic numerals allowed for mathematics to be more legible and easy to write, which allowed more complex math to be tested and allowed it to be easier for people to understand it.

Significance of the veil

Veils, hijabs, are often obligatory. Some wear it to be closer with God -Women choose who sees their body -A symbol of faith -Symbol of devotion to their beliefs while deciding what they do with their body -Symbol of MODESTY

Sharia Law

the system of Islamic law, based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran --the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed

Golden Age of Byzantine Empire

~Justinian's Code: Everyone can read and follow the same laws. ~Constantinople: An Imperial Capital-He rebuilt the crumbling fortifications of Constantinople. The city's coasts were surrounded by a 14-mile stone wall. The city was also protected on its only land approach by a deep moat and three walls. The innermost of these was 25 feet thick and had towers 70 feet tall. **The main street running through Constantinople was the Mese or "Middle Way." It ran from the imperial complex through a series of public squares and then in two branches to the outer walls. Merchant stalls lined the main street and filled the side streets ***Hippodrome ~Churches- Hagia Sophia: the beauty of Hagia Sophia helped convince visiting Russian nobles that their country should adopt Byzantine Christianity. ~Public Works-Justinian enlarged his palace into a vast complex. He also built baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, and hospitals. ~Education: Byzantine families valued education and sent their children to monastic or public schools or hired private tutors. Basic courses focused on Greek and Latin grammar, philosophy, and rhetoric. The classics of Greek and Roman literature served as textbooks. Students memorized Homer. They learned geometry from Euclid, history from Herodotus, and medicine from Galen. ~Trade: The city attracted many foreigners who came to buy and sell in its bustling markets. Everything in the city was rigorously managed by the government. Byzantines were more than happy to trade with others as long as essential products were not exported. *The goods available from Constantinople's vast trade network and its location nestled between Asia and the Western Mediterranean made it a merchant's home away from home. In fact, many were known to settle and often stay for months in the city, though their movement was tightly controlled by the government. ~Challenges to the Empire: After Justinian's death in 565 AD, however, the empire suffered countless setbacks. There were street riots, religious quarrels, palace intrigues, and foreign dangers. Each time the empire moved to the edge of collapse, it found some way to revive—only to face another crisis. *The first crisis actually began before Justinian's death. It was a disease that resembled what we now know as the bubonic plague. This horrifying illness hit Constantinople in the later years of Justinian's reign. The plague probably arrived from India on ships infested with rats. *Destroyed a huge percentage of the Byzantine population. The smaller population left the empire exposed to its enemies.