ITE 221 Chapter 5 review questions

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For a two-dimensional storage medium like a disk platter, having the length and width of the area that stores one bit increases storage capacity by a factor of _____

4

A single disk sector usually holds ____ or 4096 bytes. a. 250 b. 512 c. 760 d. 1024

512

__________________ is the time required to perform one complete read or write operation.

ACCESS TIME

____ is the sum of average access delay and the time required to read a single sector. a. Average access time b. Rotational latency c. Track-to-track seek time d. Synchronization delay

Average access time

____ is a generic term for describing secondary storage data transfer units. a. Sector b. Wafer c. Cluster d. Block

Block

Sony and Philips originally developed compact disc (CD) technology for storing and distributing music in the ____ format. a. disk digital audio b. MPEG Layer 3 c. CD digital audio d. compressed digital audio

CD digital audio

______________________ is the capability of a substance or magnetic storage medium to accept and hold a magnetic charge.

COERCIVITY

A(n) _______________________ provides the interface between the storage device and system bus.

DEVICE CONTROLLER

____ stores each bit by using a single transistor and capacitor. a. Dynamic ROM b. Static ROM c. Dynamic RAM d. Static RAM

Dynamic RAM

______________ RAM is the most common non-volatile RAM used today

FLASH

Over time, file contents tend to become __________________ in many nonsequential sectors

FRAGMENTED

Block size is normally stated in bytes and is generally the same between storage devices, especially in a single storage device. a. True b. False

False

Communication channel capacity is generally a restriction on a single disk drive's data transfer rate. a. True b. False

False

Cost per unit decreases as an access method moves from serial to random to parallel. a. True b. False

False

HTH switching time is the most important component of access time. a. True b. False

False

Magnetic and optical storage are currently direct competitors. a. True b. False

False

Magnetic disk drives have an advantage over SSDs in power consumption. a. True b. False

False

Magnetic tape and disk are considered volatile storage media. a. True b. False

False

Magneto-optical technology peaked in the mid-1980s. a. True b. False

False

Rewritable DVDs use a single standard adopted by the entire industry. a. True b. False

False

SRAM has higher density then DRAM. a. True b. False

False

Secondary storage is generally expensive compared with primary storage. a. True b. False

False

The write operation for recordable discs is destructive, so recordable disc formats can be written only one time. a. True b. False

False

Wait states increase CPU and computer system performance. a. True b. False

False

With current technology, secondary storage speed is typically faster than primary storage speed. a. True b. False

False

Optical storage devices store bit values as variations in __________________

LIGHT REFLECTION

_______________ is the only widely used form of serial access storage.

MAGNETIC TAPE

____________________ is a read-ahead RAM that uses the same clock pulse as the system bus.

MAGNETORESISTIVE RAM (MRAM)

The ___________ data transfer rate is the fastest rate the drive can support.

MAXIMUM

A CPU with a 1 GHz clock rate needs a new instruction and supporting data every _________________________

NANOSECOND

A(n) _____________________ device can access multiple storage locations simultaneously.

PARRALLEL ACCESS

Magnetic disk media are flat, circular _____________ with metallic coatings that are rotated beneath read/write heads.

PLATTERS

The term ____ describes primary storage devices that are implemented as microchips, can read and write with equal speed, and can randomly access bytes, words, or larger data units. a. RAM b. PROM c. ROM d. semiconductor

RAM

. Average access time is computed under the assumption that two consecutive accesses are sent to _________________ locations.

RANDOM

The stored charge held within a bit of magnetic storage must be above the ______________________ for a read operation to be successful.

READ THRESHOLD

. In a magnetic disk drive, a(n) ___________________ is mounted on the end of an access arm for each platter surface.

READ/WRITE HEAD

Each refresh operation in DRAM is called a(n)_______________

REFRESH CYCLE

____ in the CPU are storage locations for instructions and data. a. ALUs b. Shifters c. Registers d. Controllers

Registers

The term ________________ describes the data transfer unit for magnetic disk and optical disc drives.

SECTOR

A storage device consists of a read/write mechanism and a(n) _________________________

SOLID-STATE DRIVE (SSD)

____ is the time required to read the second of two adjacent sectors on the same track and platter. a. Track-to-track seek time b. Rotational delay c. Sequential access time d. Average access time

Sequential access time

____ is the most important characteristic differentiating primary and secondary storage. a. Capacity b. Density c. Transfer rate d. Speed

Speed

____ is implemented entirely with transistors. a. Dynamic RAM b. Static RAM c. Dynamic ROM d. Static ROM

Static RAM

____ is a read-ahead RAM that uses the same clock pulse as the system bus. a. Synchronous DRAM b. Asynchronous DRAM c. Flash DRAM d. Continuous DRAM

Synchronous DRAM

A(n) ______________ is one concentric circle of a platter, or the surface area that passes under a read/write head when its position is fixed.

TRACK

. A disk drive's data _______________ rate is a summary performance number combining the physical aspects of data access with the electronic aspects of data transfer to the disk controller or system.

TRANSFER

. To increase capacity per platter, disk manufacturers divide tracks into two or more zones and vary the sectors per track in each zone. a. True b. False

True

512- and 4096-byte blocks are the most common data transfer units for magnetic disks. a. True b. False

True

A storage device consists of a read/write mechanism and a storage medium. a. True b. False

True

Because sequential access time is so much faster than average access time, disk performance is improved dramatically if related data is stored in sequential sectors. a. True b. False

True

Capacitors can charge and discharge much faster than batteries. a. True b. False

True

Coercible material per sector is greater at the center than in the platter edge. a. True b. False

True

Computing average access time is more complex when sectors are more densely packed on the platter's outer portions because the assumption that an average access requires moving the read/write head over half the tracks is no longer valid. a. True b. False

True

Disk drives share one set of read/write circuits among all read/write heads. a. True b. False

True

Electrical current can generate a magnetic field but a magnetic field cannot generate electricity. a. True b. False

True

Most optical storage media can retain data for decades because they aren't subject to magnetic decay and leakage. a. True b. False

True

Primary storage extends the limited capacity of CPU registers. a. True b. False

True

SSDs are much more tolerant to shock and other negative environmental factors commonly encountered with portable devices, such as multifunction cell phones, netbooks, and laptop computers. a. True b. False

True

Serial access time depends on the current position of the read/write mechanism and the position of the target data item in the storage medium. a. True b. False

True

The CPU moves data and instructions continually between registers and primary storage. a. True b. False

True

The physical structure of a storage device's read/write mechanism and storage medium determines the ways in which data can be accessed. a. True b. False

True

Volatility is a matter of degree and conditions. a. True b. False

True

Primary storage devices must closely match CPU speed and word size to avoid ___________________

WAIT STATES

Storage device speed is called ____. a. retrieval time b. access time c. movement time d. fetch time

access time

The surface area allocated to store on a bit is called the ____. a. bit density b. surface density c. areal density d. object density

areal density

A ____ consists of all tracks at an equivalent distance from the edge or spindle on all platter surfaces. a. cylinder b. sector c. block d. cluster

cylinder

Data is represented in the CPU as ____. a. analog electrical signals b. quantum signals c. digital electrical signals d. digital optical signals

digital electrical signals

A ____ reorganizes disk content so that a file's contents are stored in sequential sectors, tracks, and platters. a. disk defragmentation utility b. disk organization utility c. disk defragmentation firmware d. disk reorganization firmware

disk defragmentation utility

The ____, a newer packaging standard, is essentially a SIMM with independent electrical contacts on both sides of the module. a. double inline memory module b. dual inline package c. surface mount package d. zero-insertion force package

double inline memory module

Multiple hard drives can be enclosed in a single storage cabinet; this arrangement is referred to as a ____. a. drive cluster b. drive tray c. drive unit d. drive array

drive array

Software stored in NVM is called ____. a. software b. firmware c. flash storage d. system software

firmware

Current SSDs use ____ as the storage medium. a. SDRAM b. flash RAM c. EEPROMs d. PGAs

flash RAM

A disk with many program and data files scattered on it is said to be ____. a. partitioned b. segmented c. clustered d. fragmented

fragmented

In a CD, flat areas in the reflective layer that represent bit values are called "____." a. lands b. grooves c. rings d. plateaus

lands

The tendency of magnetically charged particles to lose their charge over time is called ____. a. magnetic half-life b. magnetic flux c. magnetic field d. magnetic decay

magnetic decay

A(n) ____ is a ribbon of plastic with a coercible (usually metallic oxide) coating. a. optical disk b. magnetic tape c. magnetic disk d. recordable disk

magnetic tape

Access times for secondary storage devices are typically expressed in ____ or microseconds. a. milliseconds b. exoseconds c. nanoseconds d. picoseconds

milliseconds

A storage device or medium is ____ if it holds data without loss over long periods. a. volatile b. dynamic c. nonvolatile d. Archival

nonvolatile

Memory devices comprised of semiconductors and other forms of RAM with long-term or permanent data retention are generically known as ____. a. volatile memory b. tertiary storage c. nonvolatile memory d. persistent memory

nonvolatile memory

. In a CD, concave dents in the reflective layer that are used to represent bit values are called "____." a. lands b. grooves c. hills d. pits

pits

A ____ device isn't restricted to any specific order when accessing data. a. random access b. serial access c. dynamic access d. linear access

random access

The time the disk controller must wait for the right sector to rotate beneath the heads is called ____. a. track-to-track seek time b. rotational delay c. average access time d. synchronization delay

rotational delay

Modern computers use memory implemented with ____. a. vacuum tubes b. resistors c. quasiconductors d. semiconductors

semiconductors

Programs usually access instructions and data items ____. a. randomly b. dynamically c. repeatedly d. sequentially

sequentially

.A ____ storage device stores and retrieves data items in a linear, or sequential, order. a. direct access b. random access c. dynamic access d. serial access

serial access

A ____ is a storage device that mimics the behavior of a magnetic disk drive but uses flash RAM or other NVM devices as the storage medium and read/write mechanism. a. traditional hard drive b. hybrid hard drive c. solid-state drive d. memory drive

solid-state drive

The ____ is the device or substance that actually holds data. a. storage device b. storage medium c. storage method d. storage speed

storage medium

Read/write circuitry uses ____ data to compensate for minor variations in rotation speed and other factors that might disturb the precise timing needed for reliable reading and writing. a. quantization b. aggregation c. synchronization d. averaging

synchronization

The time needed to move from one track to another is called ____, typically measured in milliseconds. a. track-to-track seek time b. random seek time c. average seek time d. relocation seek time

track-to-track seek time

. A storage device or medium is ____ if it can't hold data reliably for long periods. a. nonvolatile b. volatile c. transient d. archival

volatile

A ____ is a CPU cycle spent waiting for access to an instruction or data. a. wait state b. hold state c. purge state d. clock state

wait state

Modern SSDs use a technique called "____" to spread write operations around the storage medium, thus evening out the impact of destructive writes and extending the storage device's useful life. a. wear aggregation b. wear prevention c. wear mitigation d. wear leveling

wear leveling


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